Jonathan Haidt: The moral roots of liberals and conservatives

712,181 views ใƒป 2008-09-18

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Joon Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Young-ho Park
00:18
Suppose that two American friends are traveling together in Italy.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋‘๋ช…์ด ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:22
They go to see Michelangelo's "David,"
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ์ผˆ๋ž€์ ค๋กœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋น„๋“œ์ƒ์„
00:24
and when they finally come face-to-face with the statue,
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์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ทธ ๋™์ƒ ์•ž์— ์„ฐ์ง€์š”.
00:26
they both freeze dead in their tracks.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์„์ƒ ์•ž์—์„œ ํฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
The first guy -- we'll call him Adam --
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์•„๋‹ด์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š”
00:30
is transfixed by the beauty of the perfect human form.
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์ธ์ฒด ์กฐํ˜•๋ฏธ์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์— ๊ฐํƒ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
The second guy -- we'll call him Bill --
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๋นŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š”
00:35
is transfixed by embarrassment, at staring at the thing there in the center.
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๋™์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์‘ฅ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
So here's my question for you:
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์ž ์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
00:42
Which one of these two guys was more likely to have voted for George Bush,
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์ด ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ง€ ๋ถ€์‰ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:46
which for Al Gore?
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์•Œ ๊ณ ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€์š”?
00:48
I don't need a show of hands,
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์† ๋“œ์‹ค ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
because we all have the same political stereotypes.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋…์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
00:52
We all know that it's Bill.
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๋ถ€์‰ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋นŒ์ด๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
00:54
And in this case, the stereotype corresponds to reality.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋…์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ๊ฝค ๋งž์•„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
It really is a fact that liberals are much higher than conservatives
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์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค
01:01
on a major personality trait called openness to experience.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:04
People who are high in openness to experience
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
01:06
just crave novelty, variety, diversity, new ideas, travel.
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์ง„๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ, ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ๋ฐ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:10
People low on it like things that are familiar,
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๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ์ง€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ณ , ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏฟ์„์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:12
that are safe and dependable.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉด
01:16
If you know about this trait,
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01:17
you can understand a lot of puzzles about human behavior,
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ’€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ํšŒ๊ณ„์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:20
like why artists are so different from accountants.
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01:22
You can predict what kinds of books they like to read,
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฑ…์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ• ์ง€
์–ด๋–ค ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ข‹์•„ํ• ์ง€
01:25
what kinds of places they like to travel to
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์–ด๋–ค ์Œ์‹์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ• ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:27
and what kinds of food they like to eat.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€
01:29
Once you understand this trait,
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01:30
you can understand why anybody would eat at Applebee's,
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์™œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์• ํ”Œ๋น„์—์„œ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋จน๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ . ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
01:33
but not anybody that you know.
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01:34
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:40
This trait also tells us a lot about politics.
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์ด๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
The main researcher of this trait, Robert McCrae,
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์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ €๋ช…ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์ธ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋งฅํฌ๋ ˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
says that "Open individuals have an affinity
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๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ณ  ์ง„๋ณด์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ขŒํŒŒ์ ์ธ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฒฌํ•ด์— ๊ณต๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ 
01:48
for liberal, progressive, left-wing political views ..."
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01:50
They like a society which is open and changing,
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๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค."
"๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ํ์‡„์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์šฐํŒŒ์ ์ธ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค."
01:53
"... whereas closed individuals prefer
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01:55
conservative, traditional, right-wing views."
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01:57
This trait also tells us a lot about the kinds of groups people join.
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์ด ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ์†Œ์†๋˜๋ คํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ์ฃผ์ง€์š”.
02:01
Here's the description of a group I found on the web.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ธ ์–ด๋–ค ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
What kinds of people would join
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•ด์„œ
02:05
"a global community ... welcoming people from every discipline and culture,
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์ „๋ฌธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ
์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:09
who seek a deeper understanding of the world,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
02:11
and who hope to turn that understanding into a better future for us all"?
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๋‹ค๋ฆ„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ TED ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด์ง€์š”.
02:14
This is from some guy named Ted.
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:16
Well, let's see now.
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ 
02:17
If openness predicts who becomes liberal,
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02:20
and openness predicts who becomes a TEDster,
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ TED ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ฃ .
02:22
then might we predict that most TEDsters are liberal?
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๊ณผ์—ฐ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ TED ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:25
Let's find out.
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์•Œ์•„๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ด์Šˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜(์ขŒํŒŒ)๋‚˜ ์ค‘๋„์ขŒํŒŒ์ธ์ง€,
02:27
I'll ask you to raise your hand, whether you are liberal, left of center --
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02:30
on social issues, primarily --
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜์ž์ธ์ง€, ์•„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘์—
02:32
or conservative.
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์ž์œ ๋ฐฉ์ž„์ฃผ์˜์ž(์šฐํŒŒ)๋„ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๋กœ
02:33
And I'll give a third option,
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02:34
because I know there are libertarians in the audience.
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์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ 3๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ ํƒ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์ง€์š”.
์ž, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด์ œ ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
02:37
So please raise your hand -- in the simulcast rooms too.
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๋ฐฉ์†ก์‹ค์— ๊ณ„์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋™์ฐธํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:40
Let's let everybody see who's here.
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02:41
Please raise your hand if you'd say that you're liberal or left of center.
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์ž์‹ ์ด ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž(์ขŒํŒŒ) ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘๋„์ขŒํŒŒ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
์ง€๊ธˆ ์†์„ ๋†’์ด ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
02:45
Please raise your hand high right now. OK.
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02:47
Please raise your hand if you'd say you're libertarian.
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์ž์‹ ์ด ์ž์œ ๋ฐฉ์ž„์ฃผ์˜์ž(์šฐํŒŒ)๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
02:50
OK. About two dozen.
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24๋ช… ์ •๋„ ๋˜๋Š”๊ตฐ์š”.
02:53
And please raise your hand if you'd say you are right of center or conservative.
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—” ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜์ž๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๋„ ์šฐํŒŒ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๋‘˜, ์…‹, ๋„ท, ๋‹ค์„ฏ.. ๋Œ€๋žต ์—ฌ๋Ÿ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ถ„ ์ •๋„๊ตฐ์š”.
02:57
One, two, three, four, five -- about eight or 10.
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03:01
OK.
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์˜ค์ผ€์ด, ์ข€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋„ค์š”.
03:03
This is a bit of a problem.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ(TED)์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ --
03:06
Because if our goal is to seek a deeper understanding of the world,
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์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ์ด์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜
03:09
our general lack of moral diversity here is going to make it harder.
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๋„๋•์  ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ํž˜๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“คํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
03:13
Because when people all share values, when people all share morals,
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€๊ณผ ๋„๋•๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉด
03:17
they become a team.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—ด๋ฆฐ
03:18
And once you engage the psychology of teams,
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03:20
it shuts down open-minded thinking.
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์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋น„์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
03:25
When the liberal team loses,
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2004๋…„ ๋Œ€์„ ์—์„œ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์กŒ์„๋•Œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๊ณ ,
03:27
[United States of Canada / Jesusland]
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03:29
as it did in 2004, and as it almost did in 2000,
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2000๋…„๋„์— ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์„๋•Œ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์œ„์•ˆํ•˜์ง€์š”.
03:31
we comfort ourselves.
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03:33
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:34
We try to explain why half of America voted for the other team.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŽธ์„ ์ฐ์€ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
03:38
We think they must be blinded by religion
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์ข…๊ต์— ๋ˆˆ์ด ๋ฉ€์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋ณด๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์ง€์š”.
03:41
[Post-election US map: America / Dumbf*ckistan]
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03:44
or by simple stupidity.
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:45
(Laughter)
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03:47
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
03:50
(Laughter)
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์„ ์ฐ์€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€
03:56
So if you think that half of America votes Republican
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04:01
because they are blinded in this way,
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์–ด๋ฆฌ์„๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:04
then my message to you is that you're trapped in a moral Matrix,
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋„๋•์  ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค์— ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
04:07
in a particular moral Matrix.
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๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
And by "the Matrix," I mean literally the Matrix, like the movie "The Matrix."
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๋„ค. ์˜ํ™” ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
But I'm here today to give you a choice.
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์˜ํ™”์—์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”.
04:14
You can either take the blue pill and stick to your comforting delusions,
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ํŒŒ๋ž€ ์•ฝ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•œ ํ™˜์ƒ์†์— ๊ณ„์† ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์•ฝ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์„œ ๋„๋•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
04:19
or you can take the red pill,
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04:20
learn some moral psychology
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ๋„์ ์  ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
04:21
and step outside the moral Matrix.
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04:23
Now, because I know --
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์•„๊นŒ๋„ ๋ณด์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
04:24
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
04:28
I assume that answers my question.
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๋„ค, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ํ•˜์‹  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
I was going to ask which one you picked, but no need.
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์–ด๋–ค ์•ฝ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์‹ค์ง€ ์—ฌ์ญค๋ณด๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ตฐ์š”.
04:32
You're all high in openness to experience,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ์ง€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„
04:34
and it looks like it might even taste good, and you're all epicures.
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๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์•ฝ์ด ๋” ๋ง›์žˆ์–ด ๋ณด์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”. ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฏธ์‹๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด์‹œ๊ตฐ์š”.
์ž ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋นจ๊ฐ„์•ฝ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์ฃ .
04:38
Anyway, let's go with the red pill, study some moral psychology
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๋„๋• ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
04:41
and see where it takes us.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
Let's start at the beginning: What is morality, where does it come from?
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๋„๋•์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚œ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
04:45
The worst idea in all of psychology
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ
04:47
is the idea that the mind is a blank slate at birth.
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์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฑ์ง€์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
04:50
Developmental psychology has shown that kids come into the world
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
๋ง‰ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์‹ ์ƒ์•„๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ
04:53
already knowing so much about the physical and social worlds
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
04:56
and programmed to make it really easy for them to learn certain things
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์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํž˜๋“ค๊ฒŒ
05:00
and hard to learn others.
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ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋ผ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
05:01
The best definition of innateness I've seen,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ
05:03
which clarifies so many things for me,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋šœ๋ ท์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
05:05
is from the brain scientist Gary Marcus.
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๋‡Œ๊ณผํ•™์ž ๊ฐœ๋ฆฌ ๋งˆ์ปค์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
05:07
He says, "The initial organization of the brain
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"๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ง์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
05:09
does not depend that much on experience.
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05:11
Nature provides a first draft, which experience then revises.
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์ž์—ฐ์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋„์•ˆ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ํ›„์— ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.
05:15
'Built-in' doesn't mean unmalleable;
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ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‚œ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์€ ๋ณ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ,
05:17
it means organized in advance of experience."
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์„ธ์ƒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์งœ์—ฌ์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค."
05:20
OK, so what's on the first draft of the moral mind?
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๋„ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋„๋•์‹ฌ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋„์•ˆ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
05:22
To find out, my colleague Craig Joseph and I read through the literature
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ €์™€ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ ํฌ๋ž™ ์ฃ ์…‰์€
๋„๋•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™
05:26
on anthropology, on culture variation in morality
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๋ถ„์•ผ์™€ ์ง„ํ™” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ
05:29
and also on evolutionary psychology,
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์ผ์น˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
05:30
looking for matches:
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์œ„์˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธํ™”, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
05:32
What sorts of things do people talk about across disciplines
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05:34
that you find across cultures and even species?
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๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ณตํ†ต ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
์œ„์˜ ๋‘ ์ „๋ฌธ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์š”์†Œ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ.
05:37
We found five best matches, which we call the five foundations of morality.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋„๋•์˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ† ๋Œ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
The first one is harm/care.
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๊ทธ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๊ณ ํ†ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๋ ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
We're all mammals here, we all have a lot of neural and hormonal programming
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์ด๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์—
05:46
that makes us really bond with others, care for others,
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์˜ํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ณด๊ณ  ์• ์ฐฉ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ํ—ˆ์•ฝํ•œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ ,
05:48
feel compassion for others, especially the weak and vulnerable.
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์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋™์ •์‹ฌ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋ฉฐ
05:51
It gives us very strong feelings about those who cause harm.
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๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€์š”.
์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ด ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋„๋•์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ TED ์—์„œ ์ ‘ํ•œ
05:55
This moral foundation underlies about 70 percent
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05:57
of the moral statements I've heard here at TED.
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๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์•ฝ 70%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
05:59
The second foundation is fairness/reciprocity.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธํ˜ธํ˜œ์„ฑ์ด์ง€์š”.
06:02
There's actually ambiguous evidence
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๊ฐ„์— ์ƒํ˜ธํ˜ธํ˜œ์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
06:04
as to whether you find reciprocity in other animals,
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์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ์• ๋งคํ•˜์ง€์š”.
06:06
but the evidence for people could not be clearer.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜๋ฌธ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†์ฃ .
06:08
This Norman Rockwell painting is called "The Golden Rule" --
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๋…ธ๋งŒ ๋กœํฌ์›ฐ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์˜ ์ œ๋ชฉ์€ "ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๋ฅ "์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
TED์—์„œ ์นด๋ Œ ์•”์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑ์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด
06:11
as we heard from Karen Armstrong, it's the foundation of many religions.
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๊ต์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
06:15
That second foundation underlies the other 30 percent
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋„๋•์  ํ† ๋Œ€๋Š” TED์—์„œ
06:17
of the moral statements I've heard here at TED.
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์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ ๋„๋•์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์•ฝ 30%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
06:19
The third foundation is in-group/loyalty.
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์†ํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถฉ์„ฑ์‹ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
You do find cooperative groups in the animal kingdom,
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๋™๋ฌผ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—๋„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
--์„œ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ --
06:24
but these groups are always either very small or they're all siblings.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™๋ฌผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋“ค์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ˜•์ œ๊ฐ„์ด์ง€์š”.
06:28
It's only among humans that you find very large groups of people
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด ์„œ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š”
06:31
who are able to cooperate and join together into groups,
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์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
but in this case, groups that are united to fight other groups.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ง‘๋‹จ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹จ๊ฒฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
06:37
This probably comes from our long history of tribal living, of tribal psychology.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ค๋žœ ๋ถ€์กฑ ์ƒํ™œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ถ€์กฑ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
And this tribal psychology is so deeply pleasurable
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๋ถ€์กฑ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด
06:44
that even when we don't have tribes, we go ahead and make them,
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๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑ์—
์†ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์žฌ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋ผ๋„ ๋ถ€์กฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€์š”
06:47
because it's fun.
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06:49
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:52
Sports is to war as pornography is to sex.
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์Šคํฌ์ธ ์™€ ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ํฌ๋ฅด๋…ธ์™€ ์„น์Šค๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ฃ .
06:55
We get to exercise some ancient drives.
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๊ณ ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜ค๋Š” ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์  ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
๋„ค๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๊ถŒ์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กด๊ฒฝ์‹ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
The fourth foundation is authority/respect.
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07:01
Here you see submissive gestures
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์€ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ข…์˜ ๋ณต์ข… ์ œ์Šค์ณ๋ฅผ
07:02
from two members of very closely related species.
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๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค -- ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋Š” ์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜
07:05
But authority in humans is not so closely based on power and brutality
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07:08
as it is in other primates.
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ํญ๋ ฅ์— ์˜๊ฑฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€์š”.
07:10
It's based on more voluntary deference and even elements of love, at times.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณต์ข…์€ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์กด๊ฒฝ์— ๋” ์˜๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ
๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๋„ ์ด์— ํฌํ•จ๋ผ์ง€์š”.
07:14
The fifth foundation is purity/sanctity.
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๋‹ค์„ฏ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ ์„ฑํ•จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
This painting is called "The Allegory Of Chastity,"
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์˜ ์ œ๋ชฉ์€ "์ˆœ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์•Œ๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
but purity is not just about suppressing female sexuality.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ˆœ๊ฒฐ์ด๋ž€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ์„ ์–ต์••ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋งŒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€์š”.
07:22
It's about any kind of ideology, any kind of idea
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฆ‰ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ
07:25
that tells you that you can attain virtue by controlling what you do with your body
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๋‹จ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชธ ์†์— ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ๋•์„ ํ•จ์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜
์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋…์ด๋‚˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
and what you put into your body.
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07:30
And while the political right may moralize sex much more,
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์ •์น˜์  ์šฐํŒŒ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์„ฑ(ๆ€ง)์˜ ๋„๋•์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ
07:34
the political left is doing a lot of it with food.
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์ขŒํŒŒ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์Œ์‹์˜ ๋„๋•์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์ง€์š”.
07:36
Food is becoming extremely moralized nowadays.
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์Œ์‹์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋งค์šฐ ๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์†Œ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:38
A lot of it is ideas about purity,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์Œ์‹๋“ค์ด ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์Œ์ด๊ณ 
07:40
about what you're willing to touch or put into your body.
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๋งŒ์ ธ๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€์ง€ ๋จน์–ด๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
I believe these are the five best candidates
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์ €๋Š” ์œ„์˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด
07:45
for what's written on the first draft of the moral mind.
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ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‚œ ๋„๋•์„ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋„์•ˆ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„
07:48
I think this is what we come with, a preparedness to learn all these things.
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๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ํƒœ์–ด ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
But as my son Max grows up in a liberal college town,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ๋Œ€ํ•™์ดŒ์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ ์•„๋“ค ๋งฅ์Šค์˜
07:55
how is this first draft going to get revised?
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋„์•ˆ์€ ์ž๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋€”๊นŒ์š”?
07:58
And how will it end up being different
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ๋„๋•์„ฑ์€ ์ €ํฌ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ 60๋งˆ์ผ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„
07:59
from a kid born 60 miles south of us, in Lynchburg, Virginia?
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๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋ฆฐ์น˜๋ฒ„๊ทธ์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„์ด์™€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
08:02
To think about culture variation, let's try a different metaphor.
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๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์œ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ง€์š”.
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ ์†์— ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋‹ค์„ฏ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋„๋•์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด
08:06
If there really are five systems at work in the mind,
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08:08
five sources of intuitions and emotions,
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์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ฆ‰ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ •์˜
08:10
then we can think of the moral mind as one of those audio equalizers
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์›์ฒœ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋„๋•์„ฑ์ด
๋‹ค์„ฏ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฑ„๋„์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ ์ฑ„๋„์˜ ์…‹ํŒ…์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
08:13
that has five channels,
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08:14
where you can set it to a different setting on every channel.
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์˜ค๋””์˜ค ์ดํ€„๋ผ์ด์ €์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ๋…ธ์ , ์ œ์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ—˜๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ €๋Š”
08:17
My colleagues Brian Nosek and Jesse Graham and I
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www.YourMorals.org ๋ผ๋Š” ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€์—์„œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
made a questionnaire, which we put up on the web at www.YourMorals.org.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ 3๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•˜์‹ค์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
And so far, 30,000 people have taken this questionnaire, and you can, too.
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08:29
Here are the results from about 23,000 American citizens.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” 2๋งŒ 3์ฒœ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
On the left are the scores for liberals;
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์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
08:35
on the right, conservatives; in the middle, moderates.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์ค‘๋„ํŒŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
The blue line shows people's responses on the average of all the harm questions.
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ํŒŒ๋ž€์„ ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ€ํ•ด(ๅŠ ๅฎณ)์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ
์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ต์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์น˜ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
So as you see, people care about harm and care issues.
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์™€ ๋Œ๋ด„์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
They highly endorse these sorts of statements all across the board,
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์ด ์ ์€ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž์™€ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜์ž๊ฐ€
๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”์‹œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜์ž ๋ณด๋‹ค
08:47
but as you also see,
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08:48
liberals care about it a little more than conservatives; the line slopes down.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋” ์ค‘์š”์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์ธก์—์„œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€์ง€์š”.
๊ณต์ •์„ฑ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๊ฐ€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ง€์š”.
08:52
Same story for fairness.
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08:53
But look at the other three lines.
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
08:55
For liberals, the scores are very low.
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์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์ง€์š”.
08:57
They're basically saying, "This is not morality.
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์ด๋“ค ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•ด "์ง‘๋‹จ๋‚ด์˜
08:59
In-group, authority, purity -- this has nothing to do with morality. I reject it."
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๊ถŒ์œ„, ์ˆœ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฑด ๋„๋•๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์„œ ์ธ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค"๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜์ž ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ด๋“ค์„ ๋” ์ค‘์š”์‹œ ํ•˜์ฃ .
09:03
But as people get more conservative, the values rise.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๋„๋•์‹ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฑ„๋„
09:05
We can say liberals have a two-channel or two-foundation morality.
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ํ˜น์€ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ๋„๋• ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
Conservatives have more of a five-foundation,
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๋ณด์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์„ฏ๊ฐœ ์ •๋„, ์•„๋‹ˆ
๋‹ค์„ฏ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฑ„๋„์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:11
or five-channel morality.
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09:12
We find this in every country we look at.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ฃ .
์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์ธ 1,100 ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
Here's the data for 1,100 Canadians. I'll flip through a few other slides.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋”๋“ค๋„ ์งง๊ฒŒ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
09:17
The UK, Australia, New Zealand, Western Europe, Eastern Europe,
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์˜๊ตญ, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„, ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ, ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ, ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ
09:20
Latin America, the Middle East, East Asia and South Asia.
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๋ผํ‹ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด, ์ค‘๋™, ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์™€ ๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ๋„
09:24
Notice also that on all of these graphs,
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์ขŒํŒŒ์™€ ์šฐํŒŒ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
09:26
the slope is steeper on in-group, authority, purity,
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์ง‘๋‹จ ์ถ”์ข…, ๊ถŒ์œ„ ์ˆญ์ƒ, ์ˆœ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์— ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
which shows that, within any country,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋˜์ง€ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์™€ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ์—
09:31
the disagreement isn't over harm and fairness.
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๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ฐ„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:33
I mean, we debate over what's fair,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
09:35
but everybody agrees that harm and fairness matter.
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๊ฐ€ํ•ดํ–‰์œ„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€์™€ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
09:39
Moral arguments within cultures
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ ์ด๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๋•์  ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€
09:41
are especially about issues of in-group, authority, purity.
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์ฃผ๋กœ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ถฉ์„ฑ์‹ฌ, ๊ถŒ์œ„์™€ ๋ณต์ข…, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆœ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
09:44
This effect is so robust, we find it no matter how we ask the question.
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์ด ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•ด์„œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ฃ .
09:47
In a recent study, we asked people,
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
09:49
suppose you're about to get a dog,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์• ์™„๊ฒฌ์„ ํ•œ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ 
09:51
you picked a particular breed, learned about the breed.
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์‘๋‹ต์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ ๋ฅธ ํ›„
๊ทธ ํ’ˆ์ข…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ
09:53
Suppose you learn that this particular breed is independent-minded
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์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ฃผ์ธ์„ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์ง€์œ„์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋กœ
09:56
and relates to its owner as a friend and an equal.
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์—ฌ๊ธด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•ด์คฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
09:59
If you're a liberal, you say, "That's great!"
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋ผ๋ฉด "์•„, ์ž˜๋๋‹ค!" ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
10:01
because liberals like to say, "Fetch! Please."
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"๋ฌผ์–ด๋‹ค์ค˜, ๋ถ€ํƒํ• ๊ป˜." ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
10:03
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:08
But if you're a conservative, that's not so attractive.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐœ์— ๋ณ„๋กœ ํฅ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
10:11
If you're conservative and learn that a dog's extremely loyal
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๋ณด์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ธ๋ง์„ ์ž˜ ๋“ฃ๊ณ 
10:14
to its home and family
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๋‚ฏ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์œผ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ ค์•ผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
and doesn't warm up to strangers,
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10:16
for conservatives, loyalty is good; dogs ought to be loyal.
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๋ณด์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜์ž๋Š” ์ถฉ์„ฑ์‹ฌ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ถฉ์„ฑ์‹ฌ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
10:19
But to a liberal,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐœ๋Š”
10:20
it sounds like this dog is running for the Republican nomination.
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๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ๊ณต์ฒœ ํ›„๋ณด ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
10:23
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ด์ œ, "์ข‹์•„.
10:25
You might say, OK, there are differences between liberals and conservatives,
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์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž์™€ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜์ž์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์•Œ๊ฒ ๋Š”๋ฐ
10:28
but what makes the three other foundations moral?
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์™œ ์•„๋ž˜ ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋„๋•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€?" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์œผ์‹ค์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ .
10:30
Aren't they the foundations of xenophobia, authoritarianism and puritanism?
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋„๋•์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ํ˜์˜ค์ฆ์ด๋‚˜
๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ํ˜น์€ ์ฒญ๊ต๋„์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๋Š”๊ฑฐ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
10:34
What makes them moral?
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์–ด์งธ์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋„๋•์ด ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
10:35
The answer, I think, is contained in this incredible triptych from Hieronymus Bosch,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ํžˆ์—๋กœ๋‹ˆ๋ฌด์Šค ๋ณด์‰ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ "์„ธ์†์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์˜ ์ •์›"
์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ ํญ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€์š”.
10:39
"The Garden of Earthly Delights."
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
In the first panel, we see the moment of creation.
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10:43
All is ordered, all is beautiful,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋ˆ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šฐ๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด
10:45
all the people and animals are doing what they're supposed to be doing,
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๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์†Œ์ž„์„ ๋‹คํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณธ์—ฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์— ์ถฉ์‹คํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
are where they're supposed to be.
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10:50
But then, given the way of the world, things change.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ธ์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ 
10:53
We get every person doing whatever he wants,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ์œก์ฒด์  ์š•๋ง๋งŒ์„
10:55
with every aperture of every other person and every other animal.
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์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐ€์ง€์š”.
10:58
Some of you might recognize this as the '60s.
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60๋Œ€๋…„๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์ƒ๋ ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 60๋…„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ 70๋…„๋Œ€๋กœ
11:02
But the '60s inevitably gives way to the '70s,
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11:05
where the cuttings of the apertures hurt a little bit more.
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์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ ค์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ๋งŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•…ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
11:08
Of course, Bosch called this hell.
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๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ณด์‰ฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ์ง€์˜ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
So this triptych, these three panels,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด ์„ธํญ์งœ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ”๋Š”
์งˆ์„œ๋Š” ์‡ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ณ€์˜ ์ง„๋ฆฌ์ด์ง€์š”.
11:15
portray the timeless truth that order tends to decay.
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11:19
The truth of social entropy.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง„์‹ค์ด์ฃ .
11:21
But lest you think this is just some part of the Christian imagination
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ํ˜น์‹œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ์พŒ๋ฝ์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š”
11:24
where Christians have this weird problem with pleasure,
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ดด์ƒํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ง€์š”.
11:27
here's the same story, the same progression,
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11:29
told in a paper that was published in "Nature" a few years ago,
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๋„ค์ด์ณ์ง€์— ๋ช‡๋…„์ „์— ์‹ค๋ ธ๋˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ
11:32
in which Ernst Fehr and Simon Gรคchter had people play a commons dilemma,
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž ์—๋ฅธ์ŠคํŠธ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์™€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋จผ ๊ดดํžˆํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋จธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
11:36
a game in which you give people money,
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์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ์‹œ์ž‘ํ• ๋•Œ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์€ ์ผ์ •๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ .
11:38
and then, on each round of the game,
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๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ํŒ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ
11:40
they can put money into a common pot,
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๊ฐ์ž ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒํผ์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ์ €๊ธˆํ†ต์— ๋„ฃ์ง€์š”.
11:42
then the experimenter doubles what's there,
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๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ํ•œํŒ ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋Š” ์ €๊ธˆํ†ต์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ˆ์˜ 2๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ
11:44
and then it's all divided among the players.
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์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
So it's a nice analog for all sorts of environmental issues,
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ํฌ์ƒ์„ ์น˜๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
11:49
where we're asking people to make a sacrifice
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์ •์ž‘ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๋•๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†๋Š”
11:51
and they don't really benefit from their own sacrifice.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ด์Šˆ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ ์ด ๋งŽ์ง€์š”.
11:53
You really want everybody else to sacrifice,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž๊ธฐ๋งŒ ๋นผ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํฌ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
11:55
but everybody has a temptation to free ride.
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๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ๋˜‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
์ด ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
11:58
What happens is that, at first, people start off reasonably cooperative.
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12:01
This is all played anonymously.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ ์ด์–ด์„œ
12:03
On the first round, people give about half of the money that they can.
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์ฒซ ํŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ˆ์˜ ์•ฝ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋ƒˆ์ง€์š”.
12:06
But they quickly see other people aren't doing so much.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณง ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ . "๋ญ์•ผ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๋งŒํผ ์•ˆ ๋‚ด์ž–์•„.
12:09
"I don't want to be a sucker. I won't cooperate."
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๋‚˜๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๋ณด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ตด์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ง€. ๋” ์ด์ƒ ํ˜‘์กฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์–ด."
12:11
So cooperation quickly decays
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ˜‘๋™์‹ฌ์€ ์žฌ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋ˆ์„ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:13
from reasonably good down to close to zero.
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12:15
But then -- and here's the trick --
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์ด์ œ ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
Fehr and Gรคchter, on the seventh round, told people,
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7๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŒ์ด ๋˜๋ฉด ํŽ˜๋ฅด์™€ ๊ดดํžˆํ„ฐ ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”.
"์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ทœ์น™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
"You know what? New rule.
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12:21
If you want to give some of your own money
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์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์— ํ˜‘์กฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
12:23
to punish people who aren't contributing,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ˆ์„ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
12:26
you can do that."
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12:27
And as soon as people heard about the punishment issue going on,
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์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•˜์ž๋งˆ์ž ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
12:30
cooperation shoots up.
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋Š”๋ฐ
12:32
It shoots up and it keeps going up.
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๊ทธ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์€ ๊ณ„์† ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜์ฃ .
12:33
Lots of research shows that to solve cooperative problems, it really helps.
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์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
12:37
It's not enough to appeal to people's good motives.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์„ ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์— ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋ก  ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:39
It helps to have some sort of punishment.
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์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ๊ฑด ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
12:41
Even if it's just shame or embarrassment or gossip,
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ํฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ˜‘๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋ฉด ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ชปํ•ด
์ˆ˜์น˜์‹ฌ์„ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋’ท๊ณต๋ก ์„
12:44
you need some sort of punishment
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12:45
to bring people, when they're in large groups, to cooperate.
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ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
12:48
There's even some recent research suggesting that religion --
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์‹ ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
12:51
priming God, making people think about God --
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์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
12:53
often, in some situations, leads to more cooperative, more pro-social behavior.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋” ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์นœ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
12:58
Some people think that religion is an adaptation
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ข…๊ต๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
13:00
evolved both by cultural and biological evolution
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์„œ๋กœ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋“ค๊ณผ
13:03
to make groups to cohere,
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๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
13:04
in part for the purpose of trusting each other
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๊ทธ๋ฃน๋“ค์„ ์‘์ง‘์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ
13:07
and being more effective at competing with other groups.
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์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์†Œ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€์š”.
13:09
That's probably right, although this is a controversial issue.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์Ÿ์ ์ ์ธ ์ด์Šˆ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•œ ๋ง์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
But I'm particularly interested in religion and the origin of religion
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์ €๋Š” ์ข…๊ต์˜ ๊ธฐ์›, ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ฐ
์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์— ํŠนํžˆ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:16
and in what it does to us and for us,
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์ €๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ด์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ์บ๋…„์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:18
because I think the greatest wonder in the world is not the Grand Canyon.
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13:21
The Grand Canyon is really simple --
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๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ์บ๋…„์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜์ง€์š”.
13:23
a lot of rock and a lot of water and wind and a lot of time,
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ”์œ„์— ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฉด
13:26
and you get the Grand Canyon.
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๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ์บ๋…„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
13:28
It's not that complicated.
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๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ• ๊ฒŒ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:29
This is what's complicated:
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
13:30
that people lived in places like the Grand Canyon, cooperating with each other,
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๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ์บ๋…„, ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋‚˜ ์ดˆ์›,
๋˜๋Š” ์–ผ์–ด๋ถ™์€ ์•Œ๋ผ์Šค์นด์˜ ํ•ด์•ˆ์—์„œ
13:34
or on the savannahs of Africa or the frozen shores of Alaska.
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ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•ด์„œ ์‚ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋งˆ์„๋“ค์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€
13:37
And some of these villages grew into the mighty cities of Babylon
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๋ฐ”๋นŒ๋ก ์ด๋‚˜ ๋กœ๋งˆ, ํ…Œ๋…ธ์น˜ํ‹ฐํ‹€๋ž€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
13:40
and Rome and Tenochtitlan.
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13:42
How did this happen?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
13:43
It's an absolute miracle, much harder to explain than the Grand Canyon.
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์ด๊ฑฐ์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ์บ๋…„์€ ์ด์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ฌด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
13:46
The answer, I think, is that they used every tool in the toolbox.
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ์žฅํ†ต์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
13:50
It took all of our moral psychology to create these cooperative groups.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋„๋• ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋™์› ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
13:53
Yes, you need to be concerned about harm, you need a psychology of justice.
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๋„ค, ํƒ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
์ •์˜์‹ฌ ์—ญ์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
13:56
But it helps to organize a group if you have subgroups,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์œก์š•์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ 
13:59
and if those subgroups have some internal structure,
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์ข€ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
14:02
and if you have some ideology that tells people
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๋‚ด์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฑด
14:04
to suppress their carnality -- to pursue higher, nobler ends.
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๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ํฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ฃ .
๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž์™€
14:09
Now we get to the crux of the disagreement between liberals and conservatives:
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๋ณด์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์ง€์š”.
14:12
liberals reject three of these foundations.
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์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋Š” ์ด ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
"๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์ฐฌ๋ฏธํ•ด์•ผ์ง€. ํš์ผ์ ์ธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์•„." ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:15
They say, "Let's celebrate diversity, not common in-group membership,"
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"๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ์˜์‹ฌํ•˜์ž."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
14:18
and, "Let's question authority," and, "Keep your laws off my body."
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๋‹น์‹ ๋„ค์˜ ์œจ๋ฒ•์„ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ"๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€์š”.
14:21
Liberals have very noble motives for doing this.
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์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰๋™์—๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ณ ๊ฒฐํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
14:23
Traditional authority and morality can be quite repressive and restrictive
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์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ถŒ์œ„์™€ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋„๋•์€ ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค
14:27
to those at the bottom, to women, to people who don't fit in.
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๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถ€์ ์‘์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ต์••์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์†์  ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
Liberals speak for the weak and oppressed.
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์ฆ‰, ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋Š” ์•ฝ์ž์™€ ์–ต์••๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
14:32
They want change and justice, even at the risk of chaos.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜์ฃ .
์ด ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์…”์ธ ์— ์“ฐ์ธ ๋ง์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”. "๋ถˆํ‰์€ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘๊ณ  ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ๋ผ."
14:35
This shirt says, "Stop bitching, start a revolution."
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14:37
If you're high in openness to experience, revolution is good; it's change, it's fun.
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๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ์ง€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€, ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
์ƒ‰๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ฏธ๋„ ์žˆ์„ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
14:41
Conservatives, on the other hand, speak for institutions and traditions.
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์ œ๋„์™€ ์ „ํ†ต์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€์š”.
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜์ฃ .
14:45
They want order, even at some cost, to those at the bottom.
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14:47
The great conservative insight is that order is really hard to achieve.
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๋ณด์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ณผ์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์งˆ์„œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ์ƒ์‹คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
14:51
It's precious, and it's really easy to lose.
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14:53
So as Edmund Burke said, "The restraints on men,
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์—๋“œ๋จผ๋“œ ๋ฒ„ํฌ๋Š” "์ธ๊ถŒ์—๋Š” ์ž์œ ์˜ ๊ตฌ์†๊ณผ ์ž์œ ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋ผ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
14:55
as well as their liberties, are to be reckoned among their rights."
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์ž์œ ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค."
ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€ ํ›„์— ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
14:59
This was after the chaos of the French Revolution.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด
15:01
Once you see that liberals and conservatives
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์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž์™€ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„
15:03
both have something to contribute,
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15:05
that they form a balance on change versus stability,
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๋งž์ถ”๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€
15:08
then I think the way is open to step outside the moral Matrix.
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๋„๋•์  ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:11
This is the great insight
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์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๊ต๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์ฃ .
15:13
that all the Asian religions have attained.
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15:16
Think about yin and yang.
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์Œ์–‘์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
15:17
Yin and yang aren't enemies; they don't hate each other.
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์Œ๊ณผ ์–‘์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์–‘์€ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์›Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:20
Yin and yang are both necessary, like night and day,
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์Œ๊ณผ ์–‘ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ . ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ฐค๊ณผ ๋‚ฎ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:22
for the functioning of the world.
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์„ธ์ƒ์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
15:24
You find the same thing in Hinduism.
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ํžŒ๋‘๊ต์—๋„ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:26
There are many high gods in Hinduism.
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ํžŒ๋‘๊ต์— ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
15:28
Two of them are Vishnu, the preserver, and Shiva, the destroyer.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋น„์‰ฌ๋ˆ„๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์กด์†์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฐ”๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:31
This image, actually, is both of those gods
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—๋Š” ์ด๋“ค ๋‘ ์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชธ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
15:33
sharing the same body.
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15:34
You have the markings of Vishnu on the left,
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์™ผํŽธ์— ๋น„์‰ฌ๋ˆ„์˜ ํ˜„์‹ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
15:36
so we could think of Vishnu as the conservative god.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋น„์‰ฌ๋ˆ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜์ž์˜ ์‹ ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
15:39
You have the markings of Shiva on the right -- Shiva's the liberal god.
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์˜ค๋ฅธํŽธ์— ์‹œ๋ฐ”์˜ ํ˜„์‹ ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
์‹œ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์  ์‹ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผํ•˜์ฃ .
15:42
And they work together.
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15:43
You find the same thing in Buddhism.
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๋ถˆ๊ต ์—ญ์‹œ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:45
These two stanzas contain, I think, the deepest insights
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์ด์ œ ๋“ค๋ ค ๋“œ๋ฆด ๋ฒ•์–ด์—๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„๋• ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ด ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์€
๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ฌ์˜คํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ์ด ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:48
that have ever been attained into moral psychology.
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15:50
From the Zen master Sฤ“ngcร n:
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์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์Šน์ฐฌ ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๊ธด ๋ฒ•์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:52
"If you want the truth to stand clear before you, never be 'for' or 'against.'
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"๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€๋„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ๋ง์ง€์–ด๋‹ค.
์ฐฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ฒˆ๋‡Œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ณ‘์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค."
15:57
The struggle between 'for' and 'against' is the mind's worst disease."
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16:00
Unfortunately, it's a disease that has been caught
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋ถˆ์šดํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ
์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:03
by many of the world's leaders.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์กฐ์ง€ ๋ถ€์‰ฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋‚ซ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ
16:05
But before you feel superior to George Bush,
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16:07
before you throw a stone, ask yourself:
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๋Œ์„ ๋˜์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์Šน์ฐฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ž์‹ ์— ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
16:09
Do you accept this?
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16:11
Do you accept stepping out of the battle of good and evil?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์„ ๊ณผ ์•…์ด ์‹ธ์šด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋…์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
16:14
Can you be not for or against anything?
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์ฐฌ์„ฑ๋„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ์ง€์— ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๋„๋‹ฌํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
16:17
So what's the point? What should you do?
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์ œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์š”์ ์ด ๋ฌด์–ผ๊นŒ์š”? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜์‹ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
16:20
Well, if you take the greatest insights
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๋„ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ฒ ํ•™๊ณผ
16:23
from ancient Asian philosophies and religions
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์ข…๊ต์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๊ณผ
16:25
and combine them with the latest research on moral psychology,
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๋„๋• ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณด๋ฉด
๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:28
I think you come to these conclusions:
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์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋‹ค ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์—
16:30
that our righteous minds were designed by evolution
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16:33
to unite us into teams,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
16:35
to divide us against other teams
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16:36
and then to blind us to the truth.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:39
So what should you do?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ๋„๋•์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?
16:41
Am I telling you to not strive?
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16:43
Am I telling you to embrace Sฤ“ngcร n and stop,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์Šน์ฐฌ ์„ ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
16:46
stop with the struggle of for and against?
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์ฐฌ์„ฑ๋„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?
16:49
No, absolutely not. I'm not saying that.
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์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ . ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:51
This is an amazing group of people who are doing so much,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์žฌ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์žฌ๊ธฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„
16:54
using so much of their talent,
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์•„๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ• ์• ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ข€ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ,
16:56
their brilliance, their energy, their money,
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16:58
to make the world a better place,
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๋ถ€์ •๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น๋ฉดํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ
16:59
to fight wrongs,
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:01
to solve problems.
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17:04
But as we learned from Samantha Power
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งŒ๋‹ค ํŒŒ์›Œ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๋ฅด์ง€์˜ค ๋น„์—์ด๋ผ ๋“œ ๋ฉœ๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
17:06
in her story about Sรฉrgio Vieira de Mello,
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๋“ค๋ ค์ค€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ๋ฌด์ž‘์ • ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
17:11
you can't just go charging in, saying, "You're wrong, and I'm right,"
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"๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ‹€๋ ธ์–ด. ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์˜ณ์•„."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ง€์š”.
17:15
because, as we just heard, everybody thinks they are right.
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜ณ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
17:19
A lot of the problems we have to solve
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์€
17:20
are problems that require us to change other people.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋“์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€์š”.
17:23
And if you want to change other people,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋“์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋” ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
17:25
a much better way to do it is to first understand who we are --
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์šฐ์„  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฆ‰ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋„๋• ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ 
17:29
understand our moral psychology,
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17:30
understand that we all think we're right --
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž๊ธฐ์ธก์ด ์˜ณ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ ํ›„์—
17:33
and then step out,
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17:34
even if it's just for a moment, step out -- check in with Sฤ“ngcร n.
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์ž ๊น์ด๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์Šน์ฐฌ ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด
17:38
Step out of the moral Matrix,
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๋„๋•์  ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:40
just try to see it as a struggle playing out,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋‹ค ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜ณ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
17:42
in which everybody thinks they're right, and even if you disagree with them,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ์ž๊ธฐ์˜
ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์˜ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ
17:46
everybody has some reasons for what they're doing.
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์ƒํ™ฉํ•˜์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋ฒ„๋‘ฅ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
17:48
Step out.
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๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค์—์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.
17:49
And if you do that, that's the essential move to cultivate moral humility,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์ด ์˜ณ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ธ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„
17:53
to get yourself out of this self-righteousness,
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๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ๋„๋•์  ๊ฒธ์†์„
๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:55
which is the normal human condition.
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๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ด ๋ผ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
17:57
Think about the Dalai Lama.
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17:58
Think about the enormous moral authority of the Dalai Lama.
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๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ด ๋ผ๋งˆ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋„๋•์  ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
18:01
It comes from his moral humility.
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๊ทธ์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋„๋•์  ๊ฒธ์†ํ•จ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:05
So I think the point --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์š”์ ์€
18:06
the point of my talk and, I think, the point of TED --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— TED์˜ ์š”์ ์€
18:10
is that this is a group that is passionately engaged
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TED๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋Š”
18:13
in the pursuit of changing the world for the better.
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์—ด์ •์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์ž„์ด์ง€์š”.
18:15
People here are passionately engaged
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
18:17
in trying to make the world a better place.
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์—ด์ •์„ ๋‹คํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:19
But there is also a passionate commitment to the truth.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง„์‹ค์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์—ด์ •์„ ๋‹คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
18:23
And so I think the answer is to use that passionate commitment to the truth
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ์— ์•ž์„œ ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์ œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋‹ต์€ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ด์ •์„
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
18:28
to try to turn it into a better future for us all.
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18:31
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:32
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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