What the discovery of gravitational waves means | Allan Adams

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković

1.3 billion years ago,

Pre 1,3 milijarde godina,

in a distant, distant galaxy,

u dalekoj, dalekoj galaksiji

two black holes locked into a spiral,

dve crne rupe su obrazovale spiralu,

falling inexorably towards each other

padajući neumoljivo jedna prema drugoj

and collided,

i sudarivši se

converting three Suns' worth of stuff

pretvorile su materiju u vrednosti tri sunca

into pure energy in a tenth of a second.

u čistu energiju za jednu desetinu sekunde.

For that brief moment in time,

Za taj kratak vremenski interval,

the glow was brighter than all the stars

blesak je bio svetliji od svih zvezda

in all the galaxies

u svim galaksijama

in all of the known Universe.

u svom poznatom univerzumu.

It was a very

To je bio veoma

big

veliki

bang.

prasak.

But they didn't release their energy in light.

Međutim nisu oslobodile energiju u vidu svetlosti.

I mean, you know, they're black holes.

Mislim, znate, to su crne rupe.

All that energy was pumped into the fabric of space and time itself,

Sva ta energija je upumpana u samo tkanje prostora i vremena

making the Universe explode in gravitational waves.

zbog čega je univerzum eksplodirao u vidu gravitacionih talasa.

Let me give you a sense of the timescale at work here.

Dozvolite da vam predočim vremenski razmak koji je u igri ovde.

1.3 billion years ago,

Pre 1,3 milijarde godina,

Earth had just managed to evolve multicellular life.

na zemlji je tek uspeo da evoluira višećelijski život.

Since then, Earth has made and evolved

Od tad su na zemlji uspeli da evoluiraju

corals, fish, plants, dinosaurs, people and even -- God save us -- the Internet.

korali, ribe, biljke, dinosaurusi, ljudi, pa čak i - bože nas sačuvaj - internet.

And about 25 years ago,

I pre oko 25 godina,

a particularly audacious set of people --

naročito odvažna grupa ljudi -

Rai Weiss at MIT, Kip Thorne and Ronald Drever at Caltech --

Rej Vajs sa MIT-a, Kip Torn i Ronald Drever sa univerziteta Kaltek -

decided that it would be really neat

odlučili su da bi bilo uistinu zgodno

to build a giant laser detector

kad bi sagradili džinovski laserski detektor

with which to search for the gravitational waves

kojim bi tragali za gravitacionim talasima

from things like colliding black holes.

koji nastaju, na primer, tokom sudara crnih rupa.

Now, most people thought they were nuts.

Sad, većina ljudi je smatrala da su ludi.

But enough people realized that they were brilliant nuts

Ali dovoljan broj ljudi je shvatio da se radi o briljantnim ludacima,

that the US National Science Foundation decided to fund their crazy idea.

te je američka Nacionalna naučna fondacija odlučila da finansira njihovu ludu ideju.

So after decades of development,

Pa su nakon decenija razvoja,

construction and imagination

izgradnje i imaginacije

and a breathtaking amount of hard work,

i vrednog rada koji oduzima dah,

they built their detector, called LIGO:

sagradili detektor, nazvan LIGO:

The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory.

laserski interferometar opservatorije za gravitacione talase.

For the last several years,

Poslednjih nekoliko godina,

LIGO's been undergoing a huge expansion in its accuracy,

LIGO je prolazio kroz golemo povećanje njegove preciznosti,

a tremendous improvement in its detection ability.

ogromno poboljšanje u njegovoj sposobnosti detekcije.

It's now called Advanced LIGO as a result.

Zato se on danas zove napredni LIGO.

In early September of 2015,

Ranog septembra 2015,

LIGO turned on for a final test run

LIGO je uključen zbog poslednjeg testiranja

while they sorted out a few lingering details.

dok su oni razvrstavali nekoliko preostalih detalja.

And on September 14 of 2015,

A 14. septembra 2015,

just days after the detector had gone live,

samo nekoliko dana nakon uključivanja detektora,

the gravitational waves from those colliding black holes

gravitacioni talasi od tih sudarajućih crnih rupa

passed through the Earth.

su prošli kroz zemlju.

And they passed through you and me.

I prošli su kroz vas i mene.

And they passed through the detector.

I prošli su kroz detektor.

(Audio) Scott Hughes: There's two moments in my life

(Zvuk) Skot Hjuz: Samo su dva trenutka u mom životu

more emotionally intense than that.

emocionalno snažnija od ovog.

One is the birth of my daughter.

Prvi je rođenje moje kćerke.

The other is when I had to say goodbye to my father when he was terminally ill.

Drugi je kad sam morao da se oprostim od mog oca dok je bio smrtno bolestan.

You know, it was the payoff of my career, basically.

Znate, tim je u suštini podmirena moja karijera.

Everything I'd been working on -- it's no longer science fiction! (Laughs)

Sve na čemu sam radio - to više nije naučna fantastika! (Smeh)

Allan Adams: So that's my very good friend and collaborator, Scott Hughes,

Alan Adams: Dakle, to je bio moj dobar prijatelj i saradnik, Skot Hjuz,

a theoretical physicist at MIT,

teoretičar fizike sa MIT-a,

who has been studying gravitational waves from black holes

koji izučava gravitacione talase nastale od crnih rupa

and the signals that they could impart on observatories like LIGO,

i signale koje bi mogle da odaju na opservatorijama, poput LIGO-a,

for the past 23 years.

protekle 23 godine.

So let me take a moment to tell you what I mean by a gravitational wave.

Dozvolite da vam za tren objasnim šta podrazumevam pod gravitacionim talasima.

A gravitational wave is a ripple

Gravitacioni talas je talasanje

in the shape of space and time.

oblika prostora i vremena.

As the wave passes by,

Kako talas prolazi,

it stretches space and everything in it

on rasteže prostor i sve u njemu

in one direction,

u jednom pravcu,

and compresses it in the other.

a sabija ga u drugom.

This has led to countless instructors of general relativity

Zbog ovog bezbroj nastavnika principa relativiteta

doing a really silly dance to demonstrate in their classes on general relativity.

izvodi uistinu blesave plesove da bi na časovima pokazali princip relativiteta.

"It stretches and expands, it stretches and expands."

"Rasteže se i širi, rasteže se i širi."

So the trouble with gravitational waves

Problem s gravitacionim talsima

is that they're very weak; they're preposterously weak.

je što su veoma slabi; oni su smešno slabi.

For example, the waves that hit us on September 14 --

Na primer, talasi koji su nas pogodili 14. septembra -

and yes, every single one of you stretched and compressed

i da, svako od vas je rastegnut i sabijen

under the action of that wave --

pod uticajem tog talasa -

when the waves hit, they stretched the average person

kada vas talasi pogode, prosečna osoba je rastegnuta

by one part in 10 to the 21.

jednom desetinom na 21.

That's a decimal place, 20 zeroes,

To je decimalni zapis, 20 nula

and a one.

i jedinica.

That's why everyone thought the LIGO people were nuts.

Zato su svi smatrali da su ljudi s LIGO-om ludi.

Even with a laser detector five kilometers long -- and that's already crazy --

Čak i sa laserskim detektorom dugim pet kilometara - a to je ludost -

they would have to measure the length of those detectors

morali bi da mere dužinu tih detektora

to less than one thousandth of the radius of the nucleus

manju od jednog hiljaditog poluprečnika jezgra

of an atom.

atoma.

And that's preposterous.

A to je apsurdno.

So towards the end of his classic text on gravity,

Pa je pred kraj svog klasičnog teksta o gravitaciji,

LIGO co-founder Kip Thorne

saosnivač LIGO-a, Kip Torn,

described the hunt for gravitational waves as follows:

opisao lov na gravitacione talase na sledeći način -

He said, "The technical difficulties to be surmounted

rekao je: "Tehničke poteškoće koje treba prevazići

in constructing such detectors

kako bi se sagradili slični detektori

are enormous.

su ogromne.

But physicists are ingenious,

Ali fizičari su genijalci

and with the support of a broad lay public,

i uz pomoć širokog dela laičke javnosti,

all obstacles will surely be overcome."

sve prepreke će sigurno biti prevaziđene."

Thorne published that in 1973,

Torn je to objavio 1973,

42 years before he succeeded.

42 godine pre nego što je uspeo.

Now, coming back to LIGO,

Sad, vraćamo se LIGO-u,

Scott likes to say that LIGO acts like an ear

Skot voli da kaže da se LIGO ponaša poput uha

more than it does like an eye.

više nego poput oka.

I want to explain what that means.

Želim da vam objasnim šta to znači.

Visible light has a wavelength, a size,

Vidljiva svetlost ima talasnu dužinu, veličinu,

that's much smaller than the things around you,

koja je znatno manja od stvari koje vas okružuju;

the features on people's faces,

crta na ljudskim licima,

the size of your cell phone.

veličine vašeg mobilnog telefona.

And that's really useful,

A to je veoma korisno

because it lets you make an image or a map of the things around you,

jer vam omogućuje da pravite slike ili mape stvari koje vas okružuju

posmatrajući svetlost koja dolazi iz različitih tačaka

by looking at the light coming from different spots

in the scene about you.

u prostoru oko vas.

Sound is different.

Zvuk je drugačiji.

Audible sound has a wavelength that can be up to 50 feet long.

Čujni zvuk ima talasnu dužinu koja može da bude duga i do 15 metara.

And that makes it really difficult --

A zbog toga je izuzetno teško -

in fact, in practical purposes, impossible -- to make an image

zapravo, praktično nemoguće - napraviti sliku

of something you really care about.

nečega što vam je izuzetno važno;

Your child's face.

lica vašeg deteta.

Instead, we use sound to listen for features like pitch

Umesto toga, koristimo zvuk da bismo slušali svojstva, poput visine

and tone and rhythm and volume

i tona i ritma i opsega

to infer a story behind the sounds.

kako bismo izveli zaključak o priči iza zvuka.

That's Alice talking.

Ovo govori Alis.

That's Bob interrupting.

Bob je prekida.

Silly Bob.

Blesavi Bob.

So, the same is true of gravitational waves.

Dakle, isto važi i za gravitacione talase.

We can't use them to make simple images of things out in the Universe.

Ne možemo da ih koristimo da bismo pravili jednostavne slike stvari u univerzumu.

But by listening to changes

Međutim, slušajući promene

in the amplitude and frequency of those waves,

u amplitudi i frekvenciji tih talasa,

we can hear the story that those waves are telling.

možemo da čujemo priču koju ti talasi pričaju.

And at least for LIGO,

I, bar za LIGO,

the frequencies that it can hear are in the audio band.

frekvencije koje može da čuje su u zvučnoj traci.

So if we convert the wave patterns into pressure waves and air, into sound,

Pa, ako preobratimo obrasce talasa u talase pritiska i vazduha, u zvuk,

we can literally hear the Universe speaking to us.

bukvalno možemo da čujemo univerzum kako nam se obraća.

For example, listening to gravity, just in this way,

Na primer, slušanje gravitacije, samo na ovaj način,

can tell us a lot about the collision of two black holes,

može mnogo da nam kaže o sudaru dve crne rupe,

something my colleague Scott has spent an awful lot of time thinking about.

o čemu je moj kolega Skot proveo užasno mnogo vremena razmišljajući.

(Audio) SH: If the two black holes are non-spinning,

(Zvuk) SH: Ako se dve crne rupe ne okreću,

you get a very simple chirp: whoop!

dobijate veoma prost cvrkut: vup!

If the two bodies are spinning very rapidly, I have that same chirp,

Ako se dva tela okreću veoma brzo, dobijamo taj isti cvrkut,

but with a modulation on top of it,

ali s modulacijom povrh njega,

so it kind of goes: whir, whir, whir!

pa zvuči nekako ovako: vir, vir, vir!

It's sort of the vocabulary of spin imprinted on this waveform.

To je nekakav rečnik vrćenja odštampan na ovom talasnom obrascu.

AA: So on September 14, 2015,

AA: Dakle, 14. septembra 2015,

a date that's definitely going to live in my memory,

datum koji će definitivno da živi u mom sećanju,

LIGO heard this:

LIGO je čuo sledeće:

[Whirring sound]

[zvuk zujanja]

So if you know how to listen, that is the sound of --

Ako znate kako da slušate, to je zvuk -

(Audio) SH: ... two black holes, each of about 30 solar masses,

(Zvuk) SH: ...dve crne rupe, svaka mase 30 sunaca,

that were whirling around at a rate

koje su se vrtele pri brzini

comparable to what goes on in your blender.

koja je približna onom što se dešava u vašem blenderu.

AA: It's worth pausing here to think about what that means.

AA: Vredelo bi da zastanemo ovde i razmislimo šta to znači.

Two black holes, the densest thing in the Universe,

Dve crne rupe, najgušće stvari u univerzumu,

one with a mass of 29 Suns

jedna mase 29 sunaca,

and one with a mass of 36 Suns,

a druga mase 36 sunaca,

whirling around each other 100 times per second

vrte se jedna oko druge 100 puta u sekundi

before they collide.

pre nego što se sudare.

Just imagine the power of that.

Samo zamislite snagu toga.

It's fantastic.

To je fantastično.

And we know it because we heard it.

A mi znamo jer smo to čuli.

That's the lasting importance of LIGO.

To je trajni značaj LIGO-a.

It's an entirely new way to observe the Universe

To je potpuno novi način za posmatranje univerzuma,

that we've never had before.

koji nismo imali nikad pre.

It's a way that lets us hear the Universe

Ovim putem nam je omogućeno da čujemo univerzum

and hear the invisible.

i da čujemo nevidljivo.

And there's a lot out there that we can't see --

Mnogo toga što postoji ne možemo da čujemo -

in practice or even in principle.

u praksi, pa čak ni u teoriji.

So supernova, for example:

Pa, supernova, na primer:

I would love to know why very massive stars explode in supernovae.

voleo bih da znam zašto veoma masivne zvezde eksplodiraju u spernove.

They're very useful;

Veoma su korisne;

we've learned a lot about the Universe from them.

od njih smo naučili mnogo o univerzumu.

The problem is, all the interesting physics happens in the core,

Problem je što se sva ineresantna fizika dešava u jezgru,

and the core is hidden behind thousands of kilometers

a jezgro je skriveno iza hiljada kilometara

of iron and carbon and silicon.

gvožđa, ugljenika i silikona.

We'll never see through it, it's opaque to light.

Nikad nećemo videti kroz njega, neproziran je.

Gravitational waves go through iron as if it were glass --

Gravitacioni talasi prolaze kroz gvožđe kao da je staklo -

totally transparent.

potpuno prozirno.

The Big Bang: I would love to be able to explore

Veliki prasak: voleo bih kad bih mogao da istražujem

the first few moments of the Universe,

prvih nekoliko trenutaka univerzuma,

but we'll never see them,

ali nikad ih nećemo videti

because the Big Bang itself is obscured by its own afterglow.

jer je sam Veliki prasak pomračen sopstvenim naknadnim sjajem.

With gravitational waves,

Uz pomoć gravitacionih talasa,

we should be able to see all the way back to the beginning.

trebalo bi da budemo u stanju da vidimo skroz do početka.

Perhaps most importantly,

Možda i najvažnije,

I'm positive that there are things out there

siguran sam da postoje stvari

that we've never seen

koje nikad nismo videli,

that we may never be able to see

koje možda nikad nećemo moći da vidimo

and that we haven't even imagined --

i koje čak ni ne zamišljamo -

things that we'll only discover by listening.

stvari koje ćemo jedino da otkrijemo slušanjem.

And in fact, even in that very first event,

I zapravo, čak i tokom tog prvobitnog događaja,

LIGO found things that we didn't expect.

LIGO je otkrio stvari koje nismo očekivali.

Here's my colleague and one of the key members of the LIGO collaboration,

Ovo je moj kolega i jedan od ključnih članova saradnika na LIGO-u,

Matt Evans, my colleague at MIT, addressing exactly that:

Mat Evans, moj kolega s MIT-a, objašnjava upravo to:

(Audio) Matt Evans: The kinds of stars which produce the black holes

(Zvuk) Mat Evans: Tip zvezda koje proizvode crne rupe

that we observed here

koje posmatramo ovde

are the dinosaurs of the Universe.

su univerzumski dinosaurusi.

They're these massive things that are old, from prehistoric times,

To su nekakve masivne stvari koje su stare, iz praistorijskog doba,

and the black holes are kind of like the dinosaur bones

a crne rupe su poput kostiju dinosaurusa

with which we do this archeology.

na kojima obavljamo ovu arheologiju.

So it lets us really get a whole nother angle

Pa nam to omogućuje da imamo potpuno novu perspektivu

on what's out there in the Universe

o onom što se nalazi u univerzumu

and how the stars came to be, and in the end, of course,

i kako nastaju zvezde i, naposletku, naravno,

how we came to be out of this whole mess.

kako smo mi nastali iz svog ovog nereda.

AA: Our challenge now

AA: Naš je izazov sad

is to be as audacious as possible.

da budemo što odvažniji.

Thanks to LIGO, we know how to build exquisite detectors

Zhavaljujući LIGO-u znamo kako da sagradimo izvrsne detektore

that can listen to the Universe,

koji mogu da čuju univerzum,

to the rustle and the chirp of the cosmos.

buku i cvrkut kosmosa.

Our job is to dream up and build new observatories --

Naš posao je da sanjamo više i da gradimo nove opservatorije -

a whole new generation of observatories --

potpuno novu generaciju opservatorija -

on the ground, in space.

na tlu, u svemiru.

I mean, what could be more glorious than listening to the Big Bang itself?

Mislim, šta bi moglo da bude uzvišenije od slušanja samog Velikog praska?

Our job now is to dream big.

Naš posao je sad da sanjamo velike snove.

Dream with us.

Sanjajte s nama.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)