What the discovery of gravitational waves means | Allan Adams

756,502 views ใƒป 2016-03-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
1.3 billion years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 1.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”,
00:16
in a distant, distant galaxy,
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ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ืžืื“,
00:19
two black holes locked into a spiral,
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ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื ืœื›ื“ื• ื‘ืกื—ืจื•ืจ,
00:22
falling inexorably towards each other
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ื ืคืœื• ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ืืœ ื–ื”
00:25
and collided,
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ื•ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•,
00:26
converting three Suns' worth of stuff
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืžื™ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื•ื•ื”-ืขืจืš ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืžืฉื•ืช
00:29
into pure energy in a tenth of a second.
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ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืฉื ื™ื”.
00:33
For that brief moment in time,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจืฃ-ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
00:36
the glow was brighter than all the stars
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ื”ืœื”ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
00:39
in all the galaxies
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช
00:41
in all of the known Universe.
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ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ.
00:44
It was a very
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”
00:46
big
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ืžืคืฅ
00:47
bang.
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ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื“.
00:50
But they didn't release their energy in light.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืื•ืจ.
00:53
I mean, you know, they're black holes.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
00:57
All that energy was pumped into the fabric of space and time itself,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ื”ื“ืคื” ืœืชื•ืš ืžืืจื’ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ ืขืฆืžื•
01:02
making the Universe explode in gravitational waves.
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ื•ื’ืจืžื” ืœื™ืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ื’ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
01:05
Let me give you a sense of the timescale at work here.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
01:09
1.3 billion years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 1.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื,
01:11
Earth had just managed to evolve multicellular life.
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื–ื” ืขืชื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคืชื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘-ืชืื™ื™ื.
01:16
Since then, Earth has made and evolved
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ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ืฆืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื—
01:19
corals, fish, plants, dinosaurs, people and even -- God save us -- the Internet.
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ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ื“ื’ื™ื, ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• - ืฉืœื ื ื“ืข - ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
01:26
And about 25 years ago,
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื›-25 ืฉื ื”,
01:28
a particularly audacious set of people --
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื–ื™-ืžืฆื— ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ --
01:30
Rai Weiss at MIT, Kip Thorne and Ronald Drever at Caltech --
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ืจื™ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืก ืžื”ืื-ืื™ื™-ื˜ื™, ืงื™ืค ืชื•ืจืŸ ื•ืจื•ื ืœื“ ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ืจ ืž"ืงืืœื˜ืง" --
01:36
decided that it would be really neat
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืžื“ ืžืื“
01:37
to build a giant laser detector
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื’ืœืื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืขื ืงื™
01:40
with which to search for the gravitational waves
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ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ื’ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”
ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
01:43
from things like colliding black holes.
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01:46
Now, most people thought they were nuts.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื.
01:49
But enough people realized that they were brilliant nuts
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื,
01:53
that the US National Science Foundation decided to fund their crazy idea.
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:58
So after decades of development,
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ืื– ืื—ืจื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื—,
02:01
construction and imagination
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ื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ,
02:04
and a breathtaking amount of hard work,
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืจืช-ื ืฉื™ืžื”,
02:08
they built their detector, called LIGO:
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ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ืœืื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ืฉื›ื•ื ื” "ืœื™ื’ื•",
02:11
The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory.
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ืื• "ืžืฆืคื” ืžื“-ืื™ื‘ื•ืš ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื’ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”".
02:16
For the last several years,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืจืžืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ "ืœื™ื’ื•",
02:17
LIGO's been undergoing a huge expansion in its accuracy,
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02:21
a tremendous improvement in its detection ability.
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ื”ืฉืชืคืจื” ืขื“ ืžืื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืœื•,
02:24
It's now called Advanced LIGO as a result.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื "ืœื™ื’ื•" ืžืชืงื“ื.
02:28
In early September of 2015,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืกืคืžื˜ื‘ืจ 2015,
02:31
LIGO turned on for a final test run
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"ืœื™ื’ื•" ื”ื•ืคืขืœ ืœื”ืจืฆื” ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
02:33
while they sorted out a few lingering details.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
02:37
And on September 14 of 2015,
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ื•ื‘-14 ืœืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2015,
02:42
just days after the detector had gone live,
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ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื’ืœืื™ ื”ื•ืคืขืœ,
02:46
the gravitational waves from those colliding black holes
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ื’ืœื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื
02:50
passed through the Earth.
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ื—ืœืคื• ื“ืจืš ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:52
And they passed through you and me.
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ื”ื ื—ืœืคื• ื“ืจื›ื›ื ื•ื“ืจื›ื™,
02:55
And they passed through the detector.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ืœืคื• ื’ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ืœืื™.
02:59
(Audio) Scott Hughes: There's two moments in my life
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(ื”ืงืœื˜ื”) ืกืงื•ื˜ ื™ื•ื–: "ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืจืง 2 ืจื’ืขื™ื ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื”.
03:01
more emotionally intense than that.
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"ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื™ื“ืช ื‘ืชื™,
03:03
One is the birth of my daughter.
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03:04
The other is when I had to say goodbye to my father when he was terminally ill.
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"ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืžืื‘ื™ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœื” ืกื•ืคื ื™.
03:10
You know, it was the payoff of my career, basically.
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"ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื’ืžื•ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืคืขืœ ื—ื™ื™.
03:14
Everything I'd been working on -- it's no longer science fiction! (Laughs)
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"ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™!" (ืฆื•ื—ืง)
03:21
Allan Adams: So that's my very good friend and collaborator, Scott Hughes,
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ืืœืŸ ืื“ืžืก: ื–ื”ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื™, ืกืงื•ื˜ ื™ื•ื–,
03:25
a theoretical physicist at MIT,
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ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืื-ืื™ื™-ื˜ื™
03:27
who has been studying gravitational waves from black holes
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ืฉื—ืงืจ ื’ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื
03:30
and the signals that they could impart on observatories like LIGO,
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ื•ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฆืคื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืœื™ื’ื•",
03:34
for the past 23 years.
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ืžื–ื” 23 ืฉื ื”.
03:36
So let me take a moment to tell you what I mean by a gravitational wave.
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ื”ื‘ื” ืืงื“ื™ืฉ ืจื’ืข ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืœืžื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ื‘"ื’ืœ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”".
03:41
A gravitational wave is a ripple
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ื’ืœ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืื“ื•ื•ื”
03:44
in the shape of space and time.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
03:47
As the wave passes by,
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ืœ ื—ื•ืœืฃ,
03:49
it stretches space and everything in it
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืชื— ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•
03:51
in one direction,
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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“,
03:53
and compresses it in the other.
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ื•ื“ื•ื—ืก ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™.
03:55
This has led to countless instructors of general relativity
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ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช
03:58
doing a really silly dance to demonstrate in their classes on general relativity.
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ืœืจืงื•ื“ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
04:02
"It stretches and expands, it stretches and expands."
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"ื–ื” ื ืžืชื— ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ, ื–ื” ื ืžืชื— ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ."
04:08
So the trouble with gravitational waves
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื’ืœื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”
04:10
is that they're very weak; they're preposterously weak.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ; ื—ืœืฉื™ื ืขื“ ื’ื™ื—ื•ืš.
04:13
For example, the waves that hit us on September 14 --
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื’ืœ ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ื ื• ื‘-14 ืœืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ --
04:16
and yes, every single one of you stretched and compressed
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื ืžืชื—ืชื ื•ื ื“ื—ืกืชื
04:21
under the action of that wave --
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ืขืงื‘ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื’ืœ ื”ื–ื” --
04:23
when the waves hit, they stretched the average person
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ืœื™ื ืคื’ืขื•, ื”ื ืžืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข
04:26
by one part in 10 to the 21.
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 1 ื—ืœืงื™ 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 21.
04:29
That's a decimal place, 20 zeroes,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ ืขื 20 ืืคืกื™ื
04:32
and a one.
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ื•-1.
04:35
That's why everyone thought the LIGO people were nuts.
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ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ "ืœื™ื’ื•" ื”ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื.
04:39
Even with a laser detector five kilometers long -- and that's already crazy --
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื’ืœืื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืฉืื•ืจื›ื• 5 ืง"ืž -- ื•ื–ื” ืœื›ืฉืขืฆืžื• ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ --
04:45
they would have to measure the length of those detectors
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœืื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:49
to less than one thousandth of the radius of the nucleus
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ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ืช ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ
04:53
of an atom.
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ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ื.
04:54
And that's preposterous.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื’ื•ื—ืš.
04:56
So towards the end of his classic text on gravity,
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ืื– ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”,
05:00
LIGO co-founder Kip Thorne
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ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“-ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ "ืœื™ื’ื•", ืงื™ืค ืชื•ืจืŸ,
05:04
described the hunt for gravitational waves as follows:
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ืชื™ืืจ ื›ืš ืืช ืฆื™ื“ ื’ืœื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
05:07
He said, "The technical difficulties to be surmounted
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ: "ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืœื ื•
05:10
in constructing such detectors
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"ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื’ืœืื™ื ื›ืืœื”
"ื”ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื.
05:13
are enormous.
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05:15
But physicists are ingenious,
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"ืื‘ืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆืื”,
05:18
and with the support of a broad lay public,
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"ื•ืขื ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
05:21
all obstacles will surely be overcome."
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"ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื."
05:26
Thorne published that in 1973,
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ืชื•ืจืŸ ืคื™ืจืกื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘-1973,
05:29
42 years before he succeeded.
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42 ืฉื ื” ื‘ื˜ืจื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
05:35
Now, coming back to LIGO,
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ื›ืขืช, ืื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœ"ืœื™ื’ื•",
05:36
Scott likes to say that LIGO acts like an ear
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ืกืงื•ื˜ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉ"ืœื™ื’ื•" ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืžื• ืื•ื–ืŸ
05:39
more than it does like an eye.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืžื• ืขื™ืŸ.
05:41
I want to explain what that means.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืืช.
05:43
Visible light has a wavelength, a size,
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ืœืื•ืจ ื ืจืื” ื™ืฉ ืื•ืจืš-ื’ืœ, ื’ื•ื“ืœ,
05:46
that's much smaller than the things around you,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื,
05:48
the features on people's faces,
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ืžืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
05:50
the size of your cell phone.
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ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื.
05:53
And that's really useful,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืžืื“,
05:54
because it lets you make an image or a map of the things around you,
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื• ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื,
ืข"ื™ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื.
05:58
by looking at the light coming from different spots
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06:00
in the scene about you.
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06:01
Sound is different.
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ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ื”.
06:04
Audible sound has a wavelength that can be up to 50 feet long.
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ืœืฆืœื™ืœ ื ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉ ืื•ืจืš-ื’ืœ ืฉืื•ืจื›ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ 15 ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
06:07
And that makes it really difficult --
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืงืฉื” ืžืื“ --
06:09
in fact, in practical purposes, impossible -- to make an image
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื --
ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ื.
06:12
of something you really care about.
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06:14
Your child's face.
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ื›ืžื• ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
06:16
Instead, we use sound to listen for features like pitch
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ืืœื ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ื‘ื”,
06:20
and tone and rhythm and volume
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ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืžืงืฆื‘ ื•ืขื•ืฆืžื”
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื.
06:24
to infer a story behind the sounds.
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06:28
That's Alice talking.
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ื”ื ื” ืืœื™ืก ืžื“ื‘ืจืช.
06:29
That's Bob interrupting.
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ื”ื ื” ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืงื•ื˜ืข ืื•ืชื”.
06:31
Silly Bob.
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ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื˜ืžื‘ืœ.
06:33
So, the same is true of gravitational waves.
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ื›ืš ื’ื ืขื ื’ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
06:37
We can't use them to make simple images of things out in the Universe.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
06:42
But by listening to changes
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
06:44
in the amplitude and frequency of those waves,
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ื‘ืžืฉืจืขืช ื•ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืืœื”,
06:47
we can hear the story that those waves are telling.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื’ืœื™ื ืืœื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
06:52
And at least for LIGO,
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ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ืœื™ื’ื•", ืœืคื—ื•ืช,
06:53
the frequencies that it can hear are in the audio band.
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ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ืฉืžืข.
ืื– ืื ื ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื’ืœ ืœื’ืœื™ ืœื—ืฅ ื•ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืœืฆืœื™ืœ,
06:58
So if we convert the wave patterns into pressure waves and air, into sound,
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07:03
we can literally hear the Universe speaking to us.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื ื•.
07:07
For example, listening to gravity, just in this way,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื”ืื–ื ื” ืœื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง,
07:11
can tell us a lot about the collision of two black holes,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื,
07:13
something my colleague Scott has spent an awful lot of time thinking about.
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ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืกืงื•ื˜ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžืื“ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”.
07:17
(Audio) SH: If the two black holes are non-spinning,
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(ื”ืงืœื˜ื”) ืก"ื”: "ืื 2 ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืžืกืชื—ืจืจื™ื,
"ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื "ืฆ'ื™ืจืค"-"ื•ื•ืค" ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืื“.
07:20
you get a very simple chirp: whoop!
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07:22
If the two bodies are spinning very rapidly, I have that same chirp,
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"ืื ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืžืกืชื—ืจืจื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื•ืชื• ืฆ'ื™ืจืค,
07:26
but with a modulation on top of it,
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"ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืืคื ื•ืŸ,
07:27
so it kind of goes: whir, whir, whir!
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"ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืš: ื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืจ!
07:30
It's sort of the vocabulary of spin imprinted on this waveform.
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"ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื—ืจื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื’ืœ."
07:35
AA: So on September 14, 2015,
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ื"ื: ืื– ื‘-14 ืœืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2015,
07:38
a date that's definitely going to live in my memory,
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ืชืืจื™ืš ืฉืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื,
07:41
LIGO heard this:
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"ืœื™ื’ื•" ืฉืžืข ืืช ื–ื”:
07:43
[Whirring sound]
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[ืงื•ืœ ื–ืžื–ื•ื]
07:46
So if you know how to listen, that is the sound of --
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ื•ืื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื” ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ --
07:51
(Audio) SH: ... two black holes, each of about 30 solar masses,
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(ื”ืงืœื˜ื”) ืก"ื”: 2 ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื›"ื ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื›-30 ืฉืžืฉื•ืช,
07:54
that were whirling around at a rate
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ืฉื”ืกืชื—ืจืจื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘
07:56
comparable to what goes on in your blender.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืชื• ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
07:59
AA: It's worth pausing here to think about what that means.
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ื"ื: ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืœืจื’ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ.
08:02
Two black holes, the densest thing in the Universe,
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ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื“ื—ื•ืก ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
08:05
one with a mass of 29 Suns
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ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกื” ืฉืœ 29 ืฉืžืฉื•ืช
08:07
and one with a mass of 36 Suns,
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกื” ืฉืœ 36 ืฉืžืฉื•ืช,
08:10
whirling around each other 100 times per second
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ืžืกืชื—ืจืจื™ื ื–ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื–ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 100 ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”
08:13
before they collide.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•.
08:14
Just imagine the power of that.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ื–ืืช.
08:16
It's fantastic.
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ื–ื” ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™.
08:19
And we know it because we heard it.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ื›ื™ ืฉืžืขื ื• ื–ืืช.
08:23
That's the lasting importance of LIGO.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืœื™ื’ื•".
08:27
It's an entirely new way to observe the Universe
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ื–ืืช ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
08:30
that we've never had before.
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ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืขื“ ื›ื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื•.
08:32
It's a way that lets us hear the Universe
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ื–ืืช ื“ืจืš ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื
08:35
and hear the invisible.
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ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืจืื”.
08:39
And there's a lot out there that we can't see --
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช --
08:42
in practice or even in principle.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ.
08:44
So supernova, for example:
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ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ:
08:46
I would love to know why very massive stars explode in supernovae.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื“ืขืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืขื ืง ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
08:50
They're very useful;
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืชื•ืขืœืช:
08:51
we've learned a lot about the Universe from them.
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื”ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
08:54
The problem is, all the interesting physics happens in the core,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื”,
08:57
and the core is hidden behind thousands of kilometers
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ื•ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืกืชืจืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื
08:59
of iron and carbon and silicon.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืคื—ืžืŸ ื•ืฆื•ืจืŸ.
09:01
We'll never see through it, it's opaque to light.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื. ื”ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืœืื•ืจ.
09:04
Gravitational waves go through iron as if it were glass --
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ื’ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช --
09:08
totally transparent.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืงื•ืฃ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
09:10
The Big Bang: I would love to be able to explore
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ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ: ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื— ืื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ
09:12
the first few moments of the Universe,
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ืืช ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
09:15
but we'll never see them,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื,
09:17
because the Big Bang itself is obscured by its own afterglow.
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ื›ื™ ืืช ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกืชื™ืจ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืฉืœื• ืขืฆืžื•.
09:22
With gravitational waves,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”,
09:24
we should be able to see all the way back to the beginning.
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ืื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ, ืขื“ ืœื”ืชื—ืœื”.
09:28
Perhaps most importantly,
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ืื•ืœื™, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:30
I'm positive that there are things out there
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
09:33
that we've never seen
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ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ื ื•
09:34
that we may never be able to see
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช,
09:36
and that we haven't even imagined --
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ื•ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ืขืชื ื• --
09:39
things that we'll only discover by listening.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื’ืœื” ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืื–ื ื”.
09:43
And in fact, even in that very first event,
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
09:45
LIGO found things that we didn't expect.
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"ืœื™ื’ื•" ืžืฆื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืฆื™ืคื™ื ื• ืœื”ื.
09:49
Here's my colleague and one of the key members of the LIGO collaboration,
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ื”ื ื” ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช "ืœื™ื’ื•",
ืžืื˜ ืื•ื•ื ืก, ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื-ืื™ื™-ื˜ื™, ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœื›ืš.
09:53
Matt Evans, my colleague at MIT, addressing exactly that:
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09:56
(Audio) Matt Evans: The kinds of stars which produce the black holes
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(ื”ืงืœื˜ื”) ืžืื˜ ืื•ื•ื ืก: "ืกื•ื’ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื™ื”ื™ื ื• ื›ืืŸ,
09:59
that we observed here
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10:01
are the dinosaurs of the Universe.
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"ื”ื ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
"ืืœื• ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื, ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื,
10:03
They're these massive things that are old, from prehistoric times,
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10:06
and the black holes are kind of like the dinosaur bones
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"ื•ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื
10:09
with which we do this archeology.
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"ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
"ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™
10:11
So it lets us really get a whole nother angle
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10:13
on what's out there in the Universe
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"ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
10:15
and how the stars came to be, and in the end, of course,
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"ื•ืื™ืš ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืืœื”, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
10:18
how we came to be out of this whole mess.
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"ืื™ืš ื ื•ืฆืจื ื• ืื ื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื”."
10:22
AA: Our challenge now
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ื"ื: ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
10:23
is to be as audacious as possible.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื–ื™-ืžืฆื— ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
10:27
Thanks to LIGO, we know how to build exquisite detectors
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœ"ืœื™ื’ื•" ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื’ืœืื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื
10:30
that can listen to the Universe,
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ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืงื•ื,
10:32
to the rustle and the chirp of the cosmos.
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ืœืจืฉืจื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืฆืคืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก.
10:35
Our job is to dream up and build new observatories --
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ืžืฉื™ืžืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืฆืคื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื --
10:39
a whole new generation of observatories --
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ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฆืคื™ื --
10:41
on the ground, in space.
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ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
10:43
I mean, what could be more glorious than listening to the Big Bang itself?
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ื”ืจื™ ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื”ื“ืจ ืžืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื•?
10:48
Our job now is to dream big.
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ืžืฉื™ืžืชื ื• ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
10:51
Dream with us.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ื ืื™ืชื ื•.
10:52
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
10:53
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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