A promising test for pancreatic cancer ... from a teenager | Jack Andraka

Prevodilac: Jovana Zorić Lektor: Tatjana Jevdjic

Have you ever experienced a moment in your life

Jeste li ikad u svom životu doživeli trenutak

that was so painful and confusing,

koji je bio toliko bolan i zbunjujuć

da ste samo želeli

that all you wanted to do

da saznate što više o njemu kako bi on imao smisla?

was learn as much as you could to make sense of it all?

When I was 13, a close family friend who was like an uncle to me

Kada mi je bilo 13 godina, blizak porodični prijatelj

koji mi je bio poput ujaka

passed away from pancreatic cancer.

umro je od raka pankreasa.

When the disease hit so close to home,

Kada je bolest udarila tako blizu mog doma,

I knew I needed to learn more.

znao sam da moram da saznam više,

So I went online to find answers.

pa sam otišao na internet da nađem odgovore.

Using the Internet, I found a variety of statistics on pancreatic cancer,

Koristeći internet, naišao sam na mnoštvo statistika

u vezi sa rakom pankreasa,

and what I had found shocked me.

a ono što sam otkrio šokiralo me je.

Više od 85% svih slučajeva raka pankreasa

Over 85 percent of all pancreatic cancers are diagnosed late,

otkrije se kasno,

when someone has less than a two percent chance of survival.

kada osoba ima šansu manju od 2% da preživi.

Why are we so bad at detecting pancreatic cancer?

Zašto nam toliko loše ide otkrivanje raka pankreasa?

The reason?

Razlog tome je da današnja moderna medicina

Today's current "modern" medicine is a 60-year-old technique.

koristi tehniku staru 60 godina.

That's older than my dad.

To znači da je starija od mog tate.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But also, it's extremely expensive, costing 800 dollars per test,

Ali takođe, veoma je skupa

i košta 800 dolara po testu.

and it's grossly inaccurate, missing 30 percent of all pancreatic cancers.

Pri tome je i veoma nepouzdana

i ne otkrije 30% slučajeva raka pankreasa.

Your doctor would have to be ridiculously suspicious that you have the cancer

Vaš lekar bi morao da ima ogromnu sumnju

da imate rak kako bi vas poslao na ovo testiranje.

in order to give you this test.

Learning this, I knew there had to be a better way.

Saznavši ovo, znao sam da mora postojati bolji način.

So, I set up scientific criteria

Tako da sam napravio naučne kriterijume

as to what a sensor would have to look like

o tome kakav bi senzor morao da bude

in order to effectively diagnose pancreatic cancer.

kako bi efikasno otkrivao rak pankreasa.

The sensor would have to be:

Senzor bi trebalo da bude jeftin, brz,

inexpensive, rapid, simple, sensitive,

jednostavan, osetljiv, selektivan

selective, and minimally invasive.

i minimalno invazivan.

Međutim, postoji razlog zašto se ovaj test

Now, there's a reason why this test hasn't been updated in over six decades.

nije modernizovao preko 6 decenija,

And that's because when we're looking for pancreatic cancer,

a to je zato što kada tražimo rak pankreasa,

we're looking at your bloodstream,

posmatramo vaš krvotok

koji već u sebi ima gomilu proteina,

which is already abundant in all these tons and tons of protein,

and you're looking for this miniscule difference in this tiny amount of protein.

a mi tražimo neku malecnu razliku

u toj malenoj količini proteina,

Just this one protein.

samo tog jednog proteina.

To je skoro nemoguće.

That's next to impossible.

Ipak, ohrabren svojim tinejdžerskim optimizmom -

However, undeterred due to my teenage optimism --

(Laughter)

(Aplauz) -

(Applause)

I went online to a teenager's two best friends, Google and Wikipedia.

posetio sam na internetu dva najbolja prijatelja jednog tinejdžera,

Gugl i Vikipediju.

I got everything for my homework from those two sources.

Sve što mi treba za domaće zadatke, dobijam sa ta dva izvora.

(Laughter)

I pronašao sam članak

And what I had found was an article

that listed a database of over 8,000 different proteins

koji je sadržao bazu podataka sa preko 8.000 raličitih proteina

that are found when you have pancreatic cancer.

koji su prisutni kada imate rak pankreasa.

So, I decided to go and make it my new mission

Tako da sam odlučio da sebi zadam cilj -

to go through all these proteins,

da prođem kroz sve te proteine i nađem one

and see which ones could serve as a bio-marker for pancreatic cancer.

koji bi mogli da posluže kao biomarkeri u raku pankreasa.

A da bih to sebi malo pojednostavio

And to make it a bit simpler for myself,

I decided to map out scientific criteria, and here it is.

odlučio sam da postavim naučne kriterijume, koji su sledeći:

Essentially, first, the protein would have to be found in all pancreatic cancers,

prvo i osnovno, morao bi da postoji visok nivo

tog proteina u krvi u svim slučajevima raka pankreasa

at high levels in the bloodstream,

u ranim fazama, ali samo u slučaju raka.

in the earliest stages, but also only in cancer.

And so I'm just plugging and chugging through this gargantuan task,

I tako ja rontam kroz informacije u ovom ogromnom zadatku

and finally, on the 4,000th try,

i konačno, iz 4.000-og pokušaja,

when I'm close to losing my sanity,

kada sam već blizu gubljenja razuma,

I find the protein.

pronađem taj protein.

And the name of the protein I'd located was called mesothelin,

A ime proteina koji sam našao

je mezotelin

and it's just your ordinary, run-of-the-mill type protein,

i on je najobičniji, vrlo zastupljeni protein,

unless, of course, you have pancreatic, ovarian or lung cancer,

sem ako, naravno, imate rak pankreasa,

jajnika ili pluća.

in which case it's found at these very high levels in your bloodstream.

A u tom slučaju, u vašoj krvi će se nalaziti visok nivo ovog proteina.

But also, the key is that it's found in the earliest stages of the disease,

Ali takođe, ključno je

da je prisutan u najranijim fazama bolesti,

when someone has close to 100 percent chance of survival.

onda kada neko ima skoro 100% šansu

da preživi.

Sada, kad sam pronašao pouzdan protein koji bih mogao da tražim,

So now that I'd found a reliable protein I could detect,

I then shifted my focus to actually detecting that protein,

fokusirao sam se na to da ga zaista i nađem,

and thus, pancreatic cancer.

a, na taj način, i rak pankreasa.

Moje otkriće se desilo na veoma neobičnom mestu,

Now, my breakthrough came in a very unlikely place,

possibly the most unlikely place for innovation --

moguće najneverovatnijem mestu za inovaciju:

u kabinetu za biologiju moje srednje škole,

my high school biology class, the absolute stifler of innovation.

apsolutnom gušitelju inovacije.

(Laughter)

(Smeh) (Aplauz)

(Applause)

Tu sam krišom uneo članak o nečemu što se zove

And I had snuck in this article on these things called carbon nanotubes,

nano-cevi od ugljenika i to je duga, tanka cev od ugljenika

and that's just a long, thin pipe of carbon

that's an atom thick, and one 50,000th the diameter of your hair.

koja je debljine atoma,

a to je 50.000-ti deo prečnika dlake vaše kose.

And despite their extremely small sizes,

Ali i pored ove ekstremno male veličine,

they have these incredible properties.

ove cevi imaju izuzetne osobine.

They're kind of like the superheroes of material science.

One su kao superheroji nauke o materijalima.

I dok sam na času biologije

And while I was sneakily reading this article under my desk in my biology class,

ispod stola krišom čitao ovaj članak,

we were supposed to be paying attention to these other kind of cool molecules,

trebalo je da pratim predavanje

o drugim kul molekulima, antitelima.

called antibodies.

And these are pretty cool because they only react

A oni su prilično kul jer reaguju samo

with one specific protein,

sa jednim posebnim proteinom,

but they're not nearly as interesting as carbon nanotubes.

ali nisu ni izbliza zanimljivi kao nano-cevi od ugljenika.

Dakle, sedeo sam tako na času

And so then, I was sitting in class, and suddenly it hit me:

i odjednom mi je sinulo:

I could combine what I was reading about, carbon nanotubes,

mogao bih da kombinujem ono o čemu sam čitao,

o nano-cevima od ugljenika,

with what I was supposed to be thinking about, antibodies.

sa onim o čemu je trebalo da razmišljam, o antitelima.

Essentially, I could weave a bunch of these antibodies

U osnovi, mogao bih da prepletem gomilu antitela

into a network of carbon nanotubes,

u mrežu nano-cevi od ugljenika,

such that you have a network that only reacts with one protein,

tako da se napravi mreža

koja reaguje samo sa jednim proteinom,

but also, due to the properties of these nanotubes,

ali koja bi takođe, zbog osobina ovih nano-cevi,

it will change its electrical properties,

promenila svoje električne osobine

based on the amount of protein present.

u zavisnosti od količine prisutnog proteina.

However, there's a catch.

Međutim, ima jedna kvaka.

These networks of carbon nanotubes are extremely flimsy.

Ove mreže nano-cevi od ugljenika su izuzetno slabe,

a, pošto su toliko osetljive, moraju se pridržati.

And since they're so delicate, they need to be supported.

So that's why I chose to use paper.

Zato sam izabrao papir.

Making a cancer sensor out of paper is about as simple

Napraviti senzor za rak od papira

je jednostavno poput pravljenja čokoladnih keksića,

as making chocolate chip cookies, which I love.

koje obožavam.

(Laughs)

You start with some water, pour in some nanotubes,

Počnemo sa vodom, sipamo malo nano-cevi,

add antibodies, mix it up, take some paper, dip it, dry it,

dodamo antitela, pomešamo,

uzmemo malo papira, umočimo ga, osušimo

and you can detect cancer.

i možemo da otkrijemo rak.

(Aplauz)

(Applause)

Then, suddenly, a thought occurred

A onda mi je, iznenada, sinula jedna misao

that kind of put a blemish on my amazing plan here.

koja je malo pokvarila moj neverovatni plan.

I can't really do cancer research on my kitchen countertop.

Baš i ne mogu da radim istraživanje o raku

u svojoj kuhinji.

My mom wouldn't really like that.

Mojoj mami se to ne bi baš svidelo.

So instead, I decided to go for a lab.

Umesto toga, odlučio sam se za laboratoriju.

So I typed up a budget, a materials list, a timeline, and a procedure,

Zatim sam otkucao budžet, spisak materijala,

vremenski okvir i postupak

and I emailed it to 200 different professors

i poslao imejl na adrese 200 profesora

at Johns Hopkins University and the National Institutes of Health --

sa Univerziteta Džons Hopkins

i Nacionalnog instituta za zdravlje,

essentially, anyone that had anything to do with pancreatic cancer.

zapravo svima koji su bilo kako povezani sa rakom pankreasa.

I sat back waiting for these positive emails to be pouring in,

I zavalio sam se čekajući da počnu da stižu pozitivni odgovori,

saying, "You're a genius! You're going to save us all!"

koji kažu: "Ti si genije!

Sve ćeš nas spasiti!"

And --

Ali... (Smeh)

(Laughter)

Then reality took hold, and over the course of a month,

Onda me je dočekala realnost

i u roku od mesec dana,

I got 199 rejections out of those 200 emails.

dobio sam 199 odbijenica od tih 200 imejlova.

Jedan profesor je čak prošao kroz čitav moj postupak,

One professor even went through my entire procedure,

painstakingly -- I'm not really sure where he got all this time --

vrlo pažljivo - ne znam odakle mu vreme za to -

and he went through and said why each and every step

i objasnio mi zašto je svaki moj korak

was like the worst mistake I could ever make.

najgora greška koju sam mogao da napravim.

Clearly, the professors did not have as high of an opinion of my work as I did.

Očigledno je da profesori nisu imali toliko visoko

mišljenje o mom radu kao ja.

Međutim, postojalo je i nešto dobro.

However, there is a silver lining.

One professor said, "Maybe I might be able to help you, kid."

Jedan od profesora je rekao: "Možda bih ja mogao da ti pomognem, mali."

So, I went in that direction.

Pa sam se uputio u tom pravcu.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

As you can never say no to a kid.

Jer nikad ne možete detetu reći "ne".

And so then, three months later,

Tako da sam posle tri meseca

I finally nailed down a harsh deadline with this guy,

konačno uspeo da odredim tačan rok sa ovim tipom.

and I get into his lab, I get all excited, and then I sit down,

I odem u njegovu laboratoriju,

sav uzbuđen, a onda sednem

I start opening my mouth and talking,

i otvorim usta da progovorim

i pet sekundi kasnije, on pozove još jednog doktora.

and five seconds later, he calls in another Ph.D.

Ph.D.s just flock into this little room,

Doktori se sjate u tu malu prostoriju

and they're just firing these questions at me,

i počnu da me rešetaju pitanjima.

and by the end, I kind of felt like I was in a clown car.

Naposletku smo bili zbijeni kao sardine.

There were 20 Ph.D.s, plus me and the professor

U prostoriji je bilo 20 doktora, profesor i ja,

svi nagurani u tu malu kancelariju,

crammed into this tiny office space,

with them firing these rapid-fire questions at me,

a oni su me rešetali tom gomilom pitanja

trying to sink my procedure.

pokušavajući da obore moj postupak.

How unlikely is that? I mean, pshhh.

Kolike su šanse za tako nešto? Mislim, stvarno.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

However, subjecting myself to that interrogation --

Međutim, budući da sam prošao to ispitivanje,

I answered all their questions, and I guessed on quite a few

i odgovorio na sva njihova pitanja,

a dosta odgovora sam samo uspešno pogodio,

but I got them right --

konačno sam dobio laboratoriju koja mi je bila potrebna.

and I finally landed the lab space I needed.

But it was shortly afterwards that I discovered my once brilliant procedure

Ali sam ubrzo shvatio

da moj, naizgled, sjajan plan

had something like a million holes in it,

ima oko milion rupa

and over the course of seven months,

koje sam u narednih sedam meseci

I painstakingly filled each and every one of those holes.

pažljivo morao da popunim, jednu po jednu.

The result?

Rezultat je jedan mali papirni senzor

One small paper sensor that costs three cents and takes five minutes to run.

koji košta tri centa i deluje za pet minuta.

This makes it 168 times faster,

Ovo čini da je ovaj postupak 168 puta brži,

over 26,000 times less expensive,

preko 26.000 puta jeftiniji

and over 400 times more sensitive than our current standard

i preko 400 puta osetljiviji

od standardnog postupka za otkrivanje raka pankreasa.

for pancreatic cancer detection.

(Aplauz)

(Applause)

One of the best parts of the sensor, though,

Ipak, jedna od najboljih osobina ovog senzora

je da je približno stoprocentno tačan

is that it has close to 100 percent accuracy,

and can detect the cancer in the earliest stages,

i može da otkrije rak u najranijim fazama,

onda kada osoba ima šansu od skoro 100% da preživi.

when someone has close to 100 percent chance of survival.

And so in the next two to five years,

Tako da bi u sledećih 2-5 godina

this sensor could potentially lift the pancreatic cancer survival rates

ovaj senzor mogao podići stopu preživljavanja raka pankreasa

from a dismal 5.5 percent to close to 100 percent,

sa žalosnih 5,5%

na blizu 100%,

and it would do similar for ovarian and lung cancer.

a isto bi učinio i sa rakom jajnika i pluća.

Ali ne bi se na tome zaustavilo.

But it wouldn't stop there.

By switching out that antibody,

Isključujući to antitelo,

you can look at a different protein, thus, a different disease --

mogu da se posmatraju drugi proteini,

stoga, i druge bolesti.

potentially any disease in the entire world.

Potencijalno, bilo koja bolest koja postoji igde u svetu.

So that ranges from heart disease, to malaria, HIV, AIDS,

Dakle, od srčanih bolesti

preko malarije, HIV-a, side

as well as other forms of cancer -- anything.

pa sve do drugih vrsta raka - praktično bilo čega.

And so, hopefully one day,

Tako da jednog dana

we can all have that one extra uncle,

svi možemo imati tog još jednog ujaka,

that one mother, that one brother, sister,

jednu majku, jednog brata ili sestru,

možemo imati tog još jednog voljenog člana porodice,

we can have that one more family member to love.

a naša srca biće oslobođena tog tereta bolesti

And that our hearts will be rid of that one disease burden

that comes from pancreatic, ovarian and lung cancer,

koji dolazi sa rakom pankreasa, jajnika ili pluća

and potentially any disease.

i potencijalno sa bilo kojom drugom bolesti.

But through the Internet, anything is possible.

Sve je moguće zahvaljujući internetu.

Theories can be shared,

Mogu da se podele teorije

and you don't have to be a professor with multiple degrees

i ne morate da budete profesor

sa nekoliko diploma da bi se vaše ideje cenile.

to have your ideas valued.

It's a neutral space, where what you look like, age or gender --

To je neutralan prostor

u kojem vaš izgled, godine ili pol

it doesn't matter.

nisu bitni.

It's just your ideas that count.

Računaju se samo vaše ideje.

Za mene, ključ je u posmatranju interneta

For me, it's all about looking at the Internet in an entirely new way,

na sasvim novi način

to realize that there's so much more to it

kako biste shvatili da postoji mnogo više

than just posting duck-face pictures of yourself online.

od postavljanja slika na kojima ste napućeni.

(Laughter)

Mogli biste da promenite svet.

You could be changing the world.

So if a 15 year-old who didn't even know what a pancreas was

Znači, ako je petnaestogodišnje dete

koje nije znalo ni šta je pankreas

could find a new way to detect pancreatic cancer --

moglo da pronađe novi način da se otkrije rak pankreasa,

samo zamislite šta biste vi mogli da uradite.

just imagine what you could do.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)