A promising test for pancreatic cancer ... from a teenager | Jack Andraka

490,670 views

2013-07-11 ใƒป TED


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A promising test for pancreatic cancer ... from a teenager | Jack Andraka

490,670 views ใƒป 2013-07-11

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Kwangmin Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Hanyi Kim
00:12
Have you ever experienced a moment in your life
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
00:16
that was so painful and confusing,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŒํผ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์€
๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด
00:20
that all you wanted to do
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์‚ถ์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์œผ์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
00:22
was learn as much as you could to make sense of it all?
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00:25
When I was 13, a close family friend who was like an uncle to me
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์ œ๊ฐ€ 13์‚ด์ด์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์นœํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ
์ €์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์‚ผ์ดŒ๊ฐ™์•˜๋˜ ๋ถ„์ด
00:30
passed away from pancreatic cancer.
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์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
When the disease hit so close to home,
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๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ์ œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์ผ๋กœ ๋‹ฅ์ณ์˜ค์ž
00:35
I knew I needed to learn more.
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์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ๋˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ณ 
00:37
So I went online to find answers.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
Using the Internet, I found a variety of statistics on pancreatic cancer,
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์ €๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜๊ณ 
00:45
and what I had found shocked me.
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๊ทธ์ค‘ ์ €๋ฅผ ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์€
์ทŒ์žฅ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ 85% ์ด์ƒ์ด
00:48
Over 85 percent of all pancreatic cancers are diagnosed late,
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์•” ๋ง๊ธฐ์— ์ง„๋‹จ๋˜๊ณ 
00:53
when someone has less than a two percent chance of survival.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์กด ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ 2%์—๋„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
Why are we so bad at detecting pancreatic cancer?
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์™œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ทŒ์žฅ์•” ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ง„๋‹จ์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:01
The reason?
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ทŒ์žฅ์•” ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด
01:03
Today's current "modern" medicine is a 60-year-old technique.
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60๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
That's older than my dad.
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์ œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋„ค์š”.
01:09
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:13
But also, it's extremely expensive, costing 800 dollars per test,
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๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ ์ด ์ง„๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋น„์‹ธ์„œ
ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋ฐ์—, 800 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์š”๋˜๊ณ 
01:19
and it's grossly inaccurate, missing 30 percent of all pancreatic cancers.
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•ด์„œ
์ทŒ์žฅ์•” ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ 30% ์ด์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
Your doctor would have to be ridiculously suspicious that you have the cancer
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์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์ƒ
์ด ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ถŒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
in order to give you this test.
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01:31
Learning this, I knew there had to be a better way.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
So, I set up scientific criteria
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
01:37
as to what a sensor would have to look like
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์„ผ์„œ๋ž€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
01:39
in order to effectively diagnose pancreatic cancer.
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๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ธ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
The sensor would have to be:
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์ด ์„ผ์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ’์‹ธ๊ณ  ๋น ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ
01:44
inexpensive, rapid, simple, sensitive,
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์„ ํƒ์ ์ด๊ณ 
01:49
selective, and minimally invasive.
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์™ธ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ๋˜์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด์ œ, ์ด ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด
01:54
Now, there's a reason why this test hasn't been updated in over six decades.
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60๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
And that's because when we're looking for pancreatic cancer,
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์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ• ๋•Œ
02:02
we're looking at your bloodstream,
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์ด๋ฏธ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”
ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:04
which is already abundant in all these tons and tons of protein,
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02:08
and you're looking for this miniscule difference in this tiny amount of protein.
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์ด๋•Œ ๋ฏธ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ
๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
Just this one protein.
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๋‹จ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„์š”.
๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์š”.
02:14
That's next to impossible.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์— ๊ตฌ์• ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์‹ญ๋Œ€์˜ ๋‚™๊ด€์— ์˜ํ•ด--
02:16
However, undeterred due to my teenage optimism --
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02:19
(Laughter)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜) --
02:21
(Applause)
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02:25
I went online to a teenager's two best friends, Google and Wikipedia.
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์ €๋Š” ์‹ญ๋Œ€ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ์ ˆ์นœํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ธ
๊ตฌ๊ธ€๊ณผ ์œ„ํ‚คํ”ผ๋””์•„๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
I got everything for my homework from those two sources.
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์ „ ์ œ ์ˆ™์ œ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ์ด๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:33
(Laughter)
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋Š”
02:35
And what I had found was an article
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02:37
that listed a database of over 8,000 different proteins
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์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์„๋•Œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š”
02:41
that are found when you have pancreatic cancer.
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8000๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
So, I decided to go and make it my new mission
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” 8000์ข… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ 
02:47
to go through all these proteins,
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์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„
02:49
and see which ones could serve as a bio-marker for pancreatic cancer.
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์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ €์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์„ธ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์ œ ์ผ์„ ๋” ๊ฐ„ํŽธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
02:53
And to make it a bit simpler for myself,
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02:55
I decided to map out scientific criteria, and here it is.
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๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
Essentially, first, the protein would have to be found in all pancreatic cancers,
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์—์„œ ์•” ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—
ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์™€์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
03:03
at high levels in the bloodstream,
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์ด ์ง•ํ›„๊ฐ€ ์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
in the earliest stages, but also only in cancer.
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03:09
And so I'm just plugging and chugging through this gargantuan task,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:12
and finally, on the 4,000th try,
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด 4000๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๋„์—
03:15
when I'm close to losing my sanity,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ธฐ ์ผ๋ณด ์ง์ „์—,
03:17
I find the protein.
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๊ทธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
And the name of the protein I'd located was called mesothelin,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ์€ ์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€
๋ฉ”์†Œํ…”๋ฆฐ์ธ๋ฐ,
03:23
and it's just your ordinary, run-of-the-mill type protein,
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์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
unless, of course, you have pancreatic, ovarian or lung cancer,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์ด๋‚˜
๋‚œ์†Œ์•”, ํ์•”์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฐ€์ • ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:29
in which case it's found at these very high levels in your bloodstream.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์•”๋“ค์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฉ”์†Œํ…”๋ฆฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
But also, the key is that it's found in the earliest stages of the disease,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:37
when someone has close to 100 percent chance of survival.
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์ด๋•Œ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” 100% ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด
์ƒ์กด ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด์ œ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์„๋งŒํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ
03:41
So now that I'd found a reliable protein I could detect,
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03:44
I then shifted my focus to actually detecting that protein,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ 
03:47
and thus, pancreatic cancer.
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์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ž, ์ €์˜ ํ˜์‹ ์€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ณณ,
03:50
Now, my breakthrough came in a very unlikely place,
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03:53
possibly the most unlikely place for innovation --
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์‡„์‹ ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์—†๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
์ œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๊ต์‹ค,
03:56
my high school biology class, the absolute stifler of innovation.
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๋˜๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์–ต์ œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:00
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ) (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
04:02
(Applause)
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์ €๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ž˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
04:06
And I had snuck in this article on these things called carbon nanotubes,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ธธ๊ณ , ์–‡์€ ํƒ„์†Œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ด€์ด๋ฉฐ,
04:09
and that's just a long, thin pipe of carbon
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04:12
that's an atom thick, and one 50,000th the diameter of your hair.
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์›์ž์˜ ๊ตต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ ๋ณด๋‹ค 5๋งŒ ๋ฐฐ ๋” ์•์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
And despite their extremely small sizes,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ทนํžˆ ์ž‘์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
04:18
they have these incredible properties.
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๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
They're kind of like the superheroes of material science.
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์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์˜์›…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์ƒ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ชฐ๋ž˜
04:23
And while I was sneakily reading this article under my desk in my biology class,
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ์ˆ˜์—…์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์— ์ฝ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ,
04:27
we were supposed to be paying attention to these other kind of cool molecules,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ฒด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
called antibodies.
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04:32
And these are pretty cool because they only react
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ๊ฝค ๋ฉ‹์ง„๋ฐ์š”, ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
04:34
with one specific protein,
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์˜ค์ง ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
but they're not nearly as interesting as carbon nanotubes.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ํƒ„์†Œ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ๋งŒํผ์€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
04:39
And so then, I was sitting in class, and suddenly it hit me:
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๋ถˆํ˜„๋“ฏ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
04:44
I could combine what I was reading about, carbon nanotubes,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ํƒ„์†Œ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ์™€,
04:48
with what I was supposed to be thinking about, antibodies.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์›๋ž˜ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•ญ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
04:51
Essentially, I could weave a bunch of these antibodies
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๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ํ•ญ์ฒด๋“ค์„
04:54
into a network of carbon nanotubes,
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ํƒ„์†Œ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ์—ฎ์Œ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
04:56
such that you have a network that only reacts with one protein,
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์ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€
๋‹จ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
05:00
but also, due to the properties of these nanotubes,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ๋“ค์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ
05:03
it will change its electrical properties,
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์ „๊ธฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์„
05:05
based on the amount of protein present.
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๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์–‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
However, there's a catch.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
These networks of carbon nanotubes are extremely flimsy.
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ํƒ„์†Œ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์กฐ์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋˜ ์•ฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
And since they're so delicate, they need to be supported.
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05:17
So that's why I chose to use paper.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:19
Making a cancer sensor out of paper is about as simple
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์•” ์ง„๋‹จ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ข…์ด๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€,
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š”, ์ดˆ์ฝ”์นฉ ์ฟ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ
05:22
as making chocolate chip cookies, which I love.
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๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒํผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
(Laughs)
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05:27
You start with some water, pour in some nanotubes,
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๋จผ์ € ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ, ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์–ด๋„ฃ๊ณ ,
05:30
add antibodies, mix it up, take some paper, dip it, dry it,
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ํ•ญ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๊ณ  ์ €์€ ๋‹ค์Œ,
์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ณ  ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
05:35
and you can detect cancer.
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์•”์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
05:39
(Applause)
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05:45
Then, suddenly, a thought occurred
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ €์˜ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์˜
05:48
that kind of put a blemish on my amazing plan here.
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ํ ์ง‘์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
I can't really do cancer research on my kitchen countertop.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์•” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ
๋ถ€์—Œ ์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋Œ€์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ์š”.
05:56
My mom wouldn't really like that.
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์ œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์‹œ์ง„ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:58
So instead, I decided to go for a lab.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋งˆ์Œ๋จน์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
So I typed up a budget, a materials list, a timeline, and a procedure,
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ, ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž์žฌ์˜ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ,
์‹œ๊ฐํ‘œ์™€ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•ด์„œ
06:06
and I emailed it to 200 different professors
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์กด์Šค ํ™‰ํ‚จ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์™€
06:08
at Johns Hopkins University and the National Institutes of Health --
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๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ์œ„์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š”
200๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
essentially, anyone that had anything to do with pancreatic cancer.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:15
I sat back waiting for these positive emails to be pouring in,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋“ค์ด ์Ÿ์•„์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ
06:18
saying, "You're a genius! You're going to save us all!"
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"๋„ˆ๋Š” ์ฒœ์žฌ์•ผ!"
"๋„ˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์–ด!"
06:21
And --
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. โ€” (์›ƒ์Œ)
06:22
(Laughter)
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06:25
Then reality took hold, and over the course of a month,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„์‹ค์ด ๋ˆˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด์™€์„œ,
ํ•œ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ
06:29
I got 199 rejections out of those 200 emails.
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200๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ์ค‘ 199๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ์„ ๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•œ๋ช…์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ชจ์กฐ๋ฆฌ ํ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ--
06:34
One professor even went through my entire procedure,
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06:36
painstakingly -- I'm not really sure where he got all this time --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฑธ ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์–ด๋””์„œ ๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ--
06:39
and he went through and said why each and every step
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€
06:43
was like the worst mistake I could ever make.
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์˜€๋˜ ๋“ฏ ๋งํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
06:46
Clearly, the professors did not have as high of an opinion of my work as I did.
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์ด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์ €๋งŒํผ
์ €์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋†’์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์•ˆ ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ถˆํ–‰ ์†, ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ ํฌ๋ง์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
However, there is a silver lining.
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06:54
One professor said, "Maybe I might be able to help you, kid."
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ํ•œ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ "๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋„์™€์ค„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๊ตฌ๋‚˜, ์–˜์•ผ." ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
So, I went in that direction.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ”์ฃ .
06:59
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:03
As you can never say no to a kid.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ฐจ๋งˆ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ์„ ๋ชปํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:06
And so then, three months later,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 3๋‹ฌ ๋’ค,
07:08
I finally nailed down a harsh deadline with this guy,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ํž˜๋“  ๊ธฐํ•œ์„ ์žก์€ ํ›„,
07:11
and I get into his lab, I get all excited, and then I sit down,
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์ด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ,
์‹ ์ด ๋‚œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ, ์•‰์•„์„œ
07:15
I start opening my mouth and talking,
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์ž…์„ ๋–ผ๊ณ  ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š”๋ฐ,
5์ดˆ ๋’ค์— ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
and five seconds later, he calls in another Ph.D.
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07:19
Ph.D.s just flock into this little room,
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๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐฉ์— ๋–ผ์ง€์–ด ๋“ค์–ด์™€์„œ
07:23
and they're just firing these questions at me,
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๋‹ฌ์•„ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:25
and by the end, I kind of felt like I was in a clown car.
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๋์—๋Š” ์ถœ๊ทผ๊ธธ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์— ๊ฐ‡ํžŒ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:28
There were 20 Ph.D.s, plus me and the professor
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20๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋“ค, ์ €๋ฅผ ๋„์™€์ฃผ์‹  ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜๊ณผ ์ œ๊ฐ€
์กฐ๊ทธ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์— ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐจ์„œ
07:30
crammed into this tiny office space,
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07:32
with them firing these rapid-fire questions at me,
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์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:35
trying to sink my procedure.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์ €์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ง์น˜๋ ค๋Š”๋“ฏ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
How unlikely is that? I mean, pshhh.
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๋ญ, ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ์ผ์ด์ž–์•„์š”?
07:39
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:44
However, subjecting myself to that interrogation --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
07:47
I answered all their questions, and I guessed on quite a few
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๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ,
๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ์€ ์ง€๋ ˆ์ง์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋งž์ถ”๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
07:50
but I got them right --
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
and I finally landed the lab space I needed.
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07:55
But it was shortly afterwards that I discovered my once brilliant procedure
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋’ค์—
์ €๋Š” ํ•œ๋•Œ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
07:59
had something like a million holes in it,
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๋ฌด์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
08:01
and over the course of seven months,
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7๊ฐœ์›”์— ๊ฑธ์ณ
08:03
I painstakingly filled each and every one of those holes.
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๊ณต๋“ค์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
The result?
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”? ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งˆํ•œ ์„ผ์„œ์ธ๋ฐ,
08:07
One small paper sensor that costs three cents and takes five minutes to run.
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๋น„์šฉ์ด 3์„ผํŠธ๋งŒ ๋“ค๊ณ , ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 5๋ถ„ ๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ผ์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
This makes it 168 times faster,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ทŒ์žฅ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋ณด๋‹ค 168๋ฐฐ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ ,
08:16
over 26,000 times less expensive,
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2๋งŒ6์ฒœ ๋ฐฐ ๋” ์‹ธ๋ฉฐ,
08:19
and over 400 times more sensitive than our current standard
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4๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ ๋” ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ
๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์„ผ์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
for pancreatic cancer detection.
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
08:25
(Applause)
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08:34
One of the best parts of the sensor, though,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ์ง„๋‹จ ์„ผ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”,
100% ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
08:37
is that it has close to 100 percent accuracy,
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08:39
and can detect the cancer in the earliest stages,
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์ทŒ์žฅ์•” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ทŒ์žฅ์•” ์ง•ํ›„๋ฅผ ์ง„๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
์ด๋•Œ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” 100%์˜ ์ƒ์กดํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
when someone has close to 100 percent chance of survival.
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08:45
And so in the next two to five years,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ฐจํ›„ 2~5๋…„๋™์•ˆ
08:47
this sensor could potentially lift the pancreatic cancer survival rates
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์ด ์ง„๋‹จ์„ผ์„œ๋Š” ์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์˜ ์ƒ์กดํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ
08:50
from a dismal 5.5 percent to close to 100 percent,
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ํ˜•ํŽธ์—†์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ 5.5%์—์„œ
100% ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
and it would do similar for ovarian and lung cancer.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚œ์†Œ์•”์ด๋‚˜ ํ์•”์—์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
But it wouldn't stop there.
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09:00
By switching out that antibody,
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ํ•ญ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๋ฉด
09:01
you can look at a different protein, thus, a different disease --
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ๋˜๊ณ 
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ‘์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
09:05
potentially any disease in the entire world.
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณ‘์„ ์ง„๋‹จ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
So that ranges from heart disease, to malaria, HIV, AIDS,
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์ด๋Š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ณ‘์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„, HIV, ์—์ด์ฆˆ
09:13
as well as other forms of cancer -- anything.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์•”, ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
And so, hopefully one day,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š”
09:18
we can all have that one extra uncle,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ผ์ดŒ,
09:20
that one mother, that one brother, sister,
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์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ, ํ˜•์ œ, ์ž๋งค
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์„ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์—์„œ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ ,
09:24
we can have that one more family member to love.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด
09:27
And that our hearts will be rid of that one disease burden
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09:31
that comes from pancreatic, ovarian and lung cancer,
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์ทŒ์žฅ์•”, ๋‚œ์†Œ์•”, ํ์•”
09:34
and potentially any disease.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋„ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์›Œ ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
But through the Internet, anything is possible.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ญ๋“ ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
Theories can be shared,
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์ด๋ก ๋“ค์„ ๊ณต์œ  ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
09:40
and you don't have to be a professor with multiple degrees
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์ค‘์š”์‹œ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ•™์œ„๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
to have your ideas valued.
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09:45
It's a neutral space, where what you look like, age or gender --
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์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ฉฐ,
์ƒ๊น€์ƒˆ, ๋‚˜์ด, ์„ฑ๋ณ„์€
09:49
it doesn't matter.
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์ƒ๊ด€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
It's just your ideas that count.
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„
09:53
For me, it's all about looking at the Internet in an entirely new way,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ 
09:57
to realize that there's so much more to it
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋”์šฑ ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
than just posting duck-face pictures of yourself online.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ํฌ์ฆˆ๋กœ ์ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ ๋ง๊ณ ์š”.
10:03
(Laughter)
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
You could be changing the world.
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10:08
So if a 15 year-old who didn't even know what a pancreas was
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15์‚ด ๋‚œ
์ทŒ์žฅ์ด ๋ญ”์ง€๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋˜ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€
10:13
could find a new way to detect pancreatic cancer --
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์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
10:17
just imagine what you could do.
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10:19
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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