A promising test for pancreatic cancer ... from a teenager | Jack Andraka

489,444 views ・ 2013-07-11

TED


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翻译人员: Ron Chao 校对人员: Jennifer Lien
00:12
Have you ever experienced a moment in your life
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你是否经历过
00:16
that was so painful and confusing,
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非常痛苦和困惑的时刻
恨不得
00:20
that all you wanted to do
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立刻就能搞懂一切
00:22
was learn as much as you could to make sense of it all?
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00:25
When I was 13, a close family friend who was like an uncle to me
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我13岁时,有一位家庭挚友
亲如我的叔叔
00:30
passed away from pancreatic cancer.
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因为胰腺癌过世了
00:33
When the disease hit so close to home,
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当这么亲近的人遭逢病变,
00:35
I knew I needed to learn more.
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我明白我需要更深入暸解
00:37
So I went online to find answers.
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于是我上网找答案
00:40
Using the Internet, I found a variety of statistics on pancreatic cancer,
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在互联网上找到了
各种胰腺癌的统计数据
00:45
and what I had found shocked me.
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结果让我大吃一惊
85%以上的胰腺癌
00:48
Over 85 percent of all pancreatic cancers are diagnosed late,
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到晚期才被诊断出来
00:53
when someone has less than a two percent chance of survival.
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晚期的存活率只有2%
00:57
Why are we so bad at detecting pancreatic cancer?
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检测胰腺癌为何成效不佳?
01:01
The reason?
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原因是现代的医疗方法
01:03
Today's current "modern" medicine is a 60-year-old technique.
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是60年前的老旧技术
01:07
That's older than my dad.
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比我的父亲还要老
01:09
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
01:13
But also, it's extremely expensive, costing 800 dollars per test,
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而且很昂贵
检测一次需800美元
01:19
and it's grossly inaccurate, missing 30 percent of all pancreatic cancers.
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而且极不准确
30%的胰腺癌检测不出来
01:25
Your doctor would have to be ridiculously suspicious that you have the cancer
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除非医生反常地怀疑
病人罹癌才会安排检测
01:29
in order to give you this test.
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01:31
Learning this, I knew there had to be a better way.
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我得知后,觉得一定有更佳方法
01:35
So, I set up scientific criteria
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所以我建立了科学标准
01:37
as to what a sensor would have to look like
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界定了传感器的必备功能
01:39
in order to effectively diagnose pancreatic cancer.
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以便有效地诊断胰腺癌
01:43
The sensor would have to be:
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传感器必须便宜、快速
01:44
inexpensive, rapid, simple, sensitive,
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简单、敏感、又能筛选
01:49
selective, and minimally invasive.
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并且是微创的检测
但是现有的检测方法
01:54
Now, there's a reason why this test hasn't been updated in over six decades.
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六十多年不变也有原因
01:59
And that's because when we're looking for pancreatic cancer,
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因为诊断胰腺癌
02:02
we're looking at your bloodstream,
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是透过验血
血液富含巨量蛋白质
02:04
which is already abundant in all these tons and tons of protein,
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02:08
and you're looking for this miniscule difference in this tiny amount of protein.
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要找出微小的差异
微量的蛋白质
02:12
Just this one protein.
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单单一种蛋白质
几乎不可能
02:14
That's next to impossible.
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然而我年少乐观所以不怕困难
02:16
However, undeterred due to my teenage optimism --
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02:19
(Laughter)
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(掌声)
02:21
(Applause)
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02:25
I went online to a teenager's two best friends, Google and Wikipedia.
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我上网找青少年的两位益友
谷歌和维基百科
02:30
I got everything for my homework from those two sources.
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我从中得到了所需的资料
02:33
(Laughter)
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我读到一篇文章
02:35
And what I had found was an article
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02:37
that listed a database of over 8,000 different proteins
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该文列举了8000多种蛋白质
02:41
that are found when you have pancreatic cancer.
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是胰腺癌患者血液裡有的
02:43
So, I decided to go and make it my new mission
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所以我开始了新的任务
02:47
to go through all these proteins,
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逐一筛选这些蛋白质
02:49
and see which ones could serve as a bio-marker for pancreatic cancer.
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找出胰腺癌的生物标志物
为了让任务更简单一点
02:53
And to make it a bit simpler for myself,
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02:55
I decided to map out scientific criteria, and here it is.
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我订定了下列科学标准
02:59
Essentially, first, the protein would have to be found in all pancreatic cancers,
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首先,符合条件的蛋白质
必须存在于所有类型的胰腺癌
03:03
at high levels in the bloodstream,
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早期血液裡的含量要高,但仅限于患者
03:05
in the earliest stages, but also only in cancer.
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03:09
And so I'm just plugging and chugging through this gargantuan task,
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我按部就班地执行艰巨的任务
03:12
and finally, on the 4,000th try,
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终于在第4000次筛选的时候
03:15
when I'm close to losing my sanity,
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在我快发疯的时候
03:17
I find the protein.
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找到了符合标准的蛋白质
03:19
And the name of the protein I'd located was called mesothelin,
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这种蛋白质叫做
间皮素(mesothelin)
03:23
and it's just your ordinary, run-of-the-mill type protein,
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是再普通不过的蛋白质
03:26
unless, of course, you have pancreatic, ovarian or lung cancer,
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但是如果患了胰腺癌
卵巢癌或肺癌,自然另当别论
03:29
in which case it's found at these very high levels in your bloodstream.
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患者血液里间皮素的浓度极高
03:32
But also, the key is that it's found in the earliest stages of the disease,
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但关键还在于
间皮素在胰腺癌最早期就出现
03:37
when someone has close to 100 percent chance of survival.
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在此时期几乎100%的病人
都可以存活
既然找到了赖以检测的蛋白质
03:41
So now that I'd found a reliable protein I could detect,
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03:44
I then shifted my focus to actually detecting that protein,
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我把焦点转向如何测出该蛋白质
03:47
and thus, pancreatic cancer.
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进而诊断胰腺癌
突破来自意想不到的地方
03:50
Now, my breakthrough came in a very unlikely place,
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03:53
possibly the most unlikely place for innovation --
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或许是最不可能创新的地方:
高中生物课
03:56
my high school biology class, the absolute stifler of innovation.
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绝对是扼杀创新的地方
04:00
(Laughter)
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(笑声)(掌声)
04:02
(Applause)
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我读到关于碳纳米管的文章
04:06
And I had snuck in this article on these things called carbon nanotubes,
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是一种长薄的管状碳
04:09
and that's just a long, thin pipe of carbon
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04:12
that's an atom thick, and one 50,000th the diameter of your hair.
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只有一个原子的厚度
是头发的直径的五万分之一
04:16
And despite their extremely small sizes,
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尽管碳纳米管的尺寸极小
04:18
they have these incredible properties.
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却有惊人的性质
04:20
They're kind of like the superheroes of material science.
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有点像物质科学的超级英雄
我偷偷地阅读这篇文章
04:23
And while I was sneakily reading this article under my desk in my biology class,
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是在上生物课的时候
04:27
we were supposed to be paying attention to these other kind of cool molecules,
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当时应该专心学习的是
另一种叫做抗体的酷分子
04:31
called antibodies.
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04:32
And these are pretty cool because they only react
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他们之所以酷是因为
04:34
with one specific protein,
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只与特定的蛋白质起反应
04:36
but they're not nearly as interesting as carbon nanotubes.
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但抗体远不如碳纳米管有趣
然后我在课堂上
04:39
And so then, I was sitting in class, and suddenly it hit me:
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突然灵光一现
04:44
I could combine what I was reading about, carbon nanotubes,
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我能把读到的
有关碳纳米管的特性
04:48
with what I was supposed to be thinking about, antibodies.
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和我应该学习的抗体结合起来
04:51
Essentially, I could weave a bunch of these antibodies
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基本上我可以把抗体
04:54
into a network of carbon nanotubes,
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植入碳纳米管的网络中
04:56
such that you have a network that only reacts with one protein,
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因此这种网络
只会与一种蛋白质起反应
05:00
but also, due to the properties of these nanotubes,
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但也由于碳纳米管的特性
05:03
it will change its electrical properties,
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网络的电性会改变
05:05
based on the amount of protein present.
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根据蛋白质的含量而变
05:08
However, there's a catch.
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然而,有一个弱点
05:10
These networks of carbon nanotubes are extremely flimsy.
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碳纳米管的网络非常脆弱
这么纤弱的东西需要支撑物
05:14
And since they're so delicate, they need to be supported.
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05:17
So that's why I chose to use paper.
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因此我决定使用纸张
05:19
Making a cancer sensor out of paper is about as simple
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用纸制作癌症传感器
就像制作巧克力饼干一样简单
05:22
as making chocolate chip cookies, which I love.
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我很喜欢
05:24
(Laughs)
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05:27
You start with some water, pour in some nanotubes,
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要先把纳米管倒入水中
05:30
add antibodies, mix it up, take some paper, dip it, dry it,
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再加入抗体混合起来
把纸浸入混合液,然后弄干
05:35
and you can detect cancer.
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就可以检测癌症
(掌声)
05:39
(Applause)
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05:45
Then, suddenly, a thought occurred
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然后我突然想到
05:48
that kind of put a blemish on my amazing plan here.
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我这个妙计有点瑕疵
05:53
I can't really do cancer research on my kitchen countertop.
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我没有办法在厨房的台面上
研究癌症
05:56
My mom wouldn't really like that.
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妈妈应该不会乐意
05:58
So instead, I decided to go for a lab.
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所以我决定找一间实验室
06:01
So I typed up a budget, a materials list, a timeline, and a procedure,
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我拟定预算和材料列表
实验进度和程序
06:06
and I emailed it to 200 different professors
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寄给200位不同的教授
06:08
at Johns Hopkins University and the National Institutes of Health --
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约翰霍普金斯大学的教授
以及国家卫生研究院的人员
06:12
essentially, anyone that had anything to do with pancreatic cancer.
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基本上与胰腺癌相关的任何人员
06:15
I sat back waiting for these positive emails to be pouring in,
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我坐在那儿期待赞美的电邮涌入
06:18
saying, "You're a genius! You're going to save us all!"
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说“你真是天才”
“你会拯救全人类”
06:21
And --
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(笑声)
06:22
(Laughter)
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06:25
Then reality took hold, and over the course of a month,
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然后现实来临
在一个月内
06:29
I got 199 rejections out of those 200 emails.
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200件电邮中有199件遭到回绝
一位教授甚至费心检查了整个程序
06:34
One professor even went through my entire procedure,
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06:36
painstakingly -- I'm not really sure where he got all this time --
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真不知道他哪来的时间
06:39
and he went through and said why each and every step
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说明为什么我的每一个步骤
06:43
was like the worst mistake I could ever make.
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都像犯了有生以来最大的错误
06:46
Clearly, the professors did not have as high of an opinion of my work as I did.
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显然教授们对此事的看法
不如我自认的那么重要
然而还有一线曙光
06:52
However, there is a silver lining.
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06:54
One professor said, "Maybe I might be able to help you, kid."
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一位教授说“年轻人,也许我能帮你”
06:57
So, I went in that direction.
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于是我就锁定他了
06:59
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
07:03
As you can never say no to a kid.
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因为你总不好拒绝一位小孩
07:06
And so then, three months later,
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所以三个月后
07:08
I finally nailed down a harsh deadline with this guy,
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我终于和他敲定了严格的期限
07:11
and I get into his lab, I get all excited, and then I sit down,
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我去他的实验室
我兴奋极了,然后坐下来
07:15
I start opening my mouth and talking,
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开口说话
五秒钟后他召来另一位博士
07:17
and five seconds later, he calls in another Ph.D.
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07:19
Ph.D.s just flock into this little room,
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接着一群博士涌入小办公室
07:23
and they're just firing these questions at me,
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他们连番问我犀利的问题
07:25
and by the end, I kind of felt like I was in a clown car.
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结束时我觉得像在小丑车上
07:28
There were 20 Ph.D.s, plus me and the professor
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20位博士再加上我和教授
挤在小小的办公室里
07:30
crammed into this tiny office space,
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07:32
with them firing these rapid-fire questions at me,
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他们连珠炮似地质问着我
07:35
trying to sink my procedure.
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想要搞垮我设计的程序
07:37
How unlikely is that? I mean, pshhh.
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他们能得逞吗?谁怕谁
07:39
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
07:44
However, subjecting myself to that interrogation --
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然而我被审讯的时候
07:47
I answered all their questions, and I guessed on quite a few
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回答了所有的问题
不少是用猜的,但我都答对了
07:50
but I got them right --
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我终于有了需求的实验室
07:51
and I finally landed the lab space I needed.
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07:55
But it was shortly afterwards that I discovered my once brilliant procedure
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但我不久之后就发现
我曾经认为绝妙的程序
07:59
had something like a million holes in it,
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似乎有100万个漏洞
08:01
and over the course of seven months,
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在七个月内
08:03
I painstakingly filled each and every one of those holes.
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我煞费苦心地弥补每个漏洞
08:06
The result?
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成果是这张小的纸制传感器
08:07
One small paper sensor that costs three cents and takes five minutes to run.
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成本三美分,检测时间五分钟
08:12
This makes it 168 times faster,
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速度快了168 倍
08:16
over 26,000 times less expensive,
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成本便宜26000倍
08:19
and over 400 times more sensitive than our current standard
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敏感了400倍
远超乎目前的胰腺癌检测标准
08:22
for pancreatic cancer detection.
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(掌声)
08:25
(Applause)
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08:34
One of the best parts of the sensor, though,
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传感器的最佳效能之一
是近乎100%的准确度
08:37
is that it has close to 100 percent accuracy,
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08:39
and can detect the cancer in the earliest stages,
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并且可以在癌症最早期测出
最早期的存活率接近100%
08:42
when someone has close to 100 percent chance of survival.
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08:45
And so in the next two to five years,
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所以未来两到五年
08:47
this sensor could potentially lift the pancreatic cancer survival rates
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传感器可能提高胰腺癌的存活率
08:50
from a dismal 5.5 percent to close to 100 percent,
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从令人沮丧的5.5%
到接近100%
08:54
and it would do similar for ovarian and lung cancer.
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对于卵巢癌和肺癌也将有类似效果
但是不止于此
08:58
But it wouldn't stop there.
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09:00
By switching out that antibody,
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如果变更抗体
09:01
you can look at a different protein, thus, a different disease --
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可以检测不同的蛋白质
从而检测不同的疾病
09:05
potentially any disease in the entire world.
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也有可能适用于世上任何疾病
09:08
So that ranges from heart disease, to malaria, HIV, AIDS,
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所以从心脏疾病
到疟疾、 艾滋病毒、 艾滋病
09:13
as well as other forms of cancer -- anything.
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以及其他形式的癌症——任何疾病
09:16
And so, hopefully one day,
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希望有一天
09:18
we can all have that one extra uncle,
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我们都可以多保有一位叔叔
09:20
that one mother, that one brother, sister,
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一位母亲、 一位兄弟姐妹
可以多保有一位挚爱的家人
09:24
we can have that one more family member to love.
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可以免除疾病造成的心里负担
09:27
And that our hearts will be rid of that one disease burden
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09:31
that comes from pancreatic, ovarian and lung cancer,
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包括胰腺癌、 卵巢癌、肺癌
09:34
and potentially any disease.
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任何疾病都有可能
09:36
But through the Internet, anything is possible.
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透过互联网一切都有可能
09:39
Theories can be shared,
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理论是可以共享的
09:40
and you don't have to be a professor with multiple degrees
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你不必成为多个学位的教授
想法才会受到重视
09:43
to have your ideas valued.
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09:45
It's a neutral space, where what you look like, age or gender --
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互联网是没有偏见的地方
长相、年龄、性别
09:49
it doesn't matter.
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都不重要
09:50
It's just your ideas that count.
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你的想法才重要
对我来说重点是
09:53
For me, it's all about looking at the Internet in an entirely new way,
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要全新看待互联网
09:57
to realize that there's so much more to it
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要认识到其功能太大了
09:59
than just posting duck-face pictures of yourself online.
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不只是上网贴自己的嘟嘴照片
10:03
(Laughter)
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你可以改变世界
10:05
You could be changing the world.
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10:08
So if a 15 year-old who didn't even know what a pancreas was
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如果有一位15岁的少年
连胰腺是什么都不知道
10:13
could find a new way to detect pancreatic cancer --
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却能找出检测胰腺癌的新方法
想想看你能做些什么
10:17
just imagine what you could do.
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10:19
Thank you.
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谢谢
10:20
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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