A promising test for pancreatic cancer ... from a teenager | Jack Andraka

490,670 views ใƒป 2013-07-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: hila scherba ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
Have you ever experienced a moment in your life
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ื”ืื ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื ืคืขื ืจื’ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
00:16
that was so painful and confusing,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื›ื•ืื‘ ื•ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ
ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
00:20
that all you wanted to do
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ?
00:22
was learn as much as you could to make sense of it all?
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00:25
When I was 13, a close family friend who was like an uncle to me
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ 13, ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืงืจื•ื‘
ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™
00:30
passed away from pancreatic cancer.
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ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘.
00:33
When the disease hit so close to home,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื—ืœื” ืžื›ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืช,
00:35
I knew I needed to learn more.
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ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:37
So I went online to find answers.
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ืื– ื ื™ื’ืฉืชื™ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
00:40
Using the Internet, I found a variety of statistics on pancreatic cancer,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช
ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘,
00:45
and what I had found shocked me.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ื”ื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™.
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-85% ืžืžืงืจื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘
00:48
Over 85 percent of all pancreatic cancers are diagnosed late,
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ืžืื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ,
00:53
when someone has less than a two percent chance of survival.
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ื›ืฉืœื—ื•ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-2% ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช.
00:57
Why are we so bad at detecting pancreatic cancer?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘?
01:01
The reason?
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”? ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
01:03
Today's current "modern" medicine is a 60-year-old technique.
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื‘ืช 60 ืฉื ื”.
01:07
That's older than my dad.
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื‘ื ืฉืœื™.
01:09
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:13
But also, it's extremely expensive, costing 800 dollars per test,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื, ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื™ืงืจื” ืžืื•ื“,
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-800 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื”,
01:19
and it's grossly inaccurate, missing 30 percent of all pancreatic cancers.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื–ืขื–ืขืช,
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืคืกืคืกืช 30% ืžืžืงืจื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘.
01:25
Your doctor would have to be ridiculously suspicious that you have the cancer
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ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœืš ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืžืžืฉ ืœื—ืฉื•ื“
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืช ืœืš ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:29
in order to give you this test.
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01:31
Learning this, I knew there had to be a better way.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”, ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:35
So, I set up scientific criteria
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ืื– ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžื“ืขื™
01:37
as to what a sensor would have to look like
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ืœืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช
01:39
in order to effectively diagnose pancreatic cancer.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘.
01:43
The sensor would have to be:
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ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืงืจื”, ืžื”ื™ืจื”,
01:44
inexpensive, rapid, simple, sensitive,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืจื’ื™ืฉื”,ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
01:49
selective, and minimally invasive.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื” ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื•
01:54
Now, there's a reason why this test hasn't been updated in over six decades.
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ืœื ืขื•ื“ื›ื ื” ืžืขืœ ืœืฉื™ืฉื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื,
01:59
And that's because when we're looking for pancreatic cancer,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘,
02:02
we're looking at your bloodstream,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื–ืจื ื”ื“ื,
ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืœื ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
02:04
which is already abundant in all these tons and tons of protein,
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02:08
and you're looking for this miniscule difference in this tiny amount of protein.
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ื•ืืชื” ืžื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ืขื™ืจ
ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื–ืขืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ,
02:12
Just this one protein.
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ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
02:14
That's next to impossible.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืœื ื ืจืชืขืชื™ ืขืงื‘ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ --
02:16
However, undeterred due to my teenage optimism --
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02:19
(Laughter)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื) --
02:21
(Applause)
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02:25
I went online to a teenager's two best friends, Google and Wikipedia.
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ื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืœืฉื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ,
ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”.
02:30
I got everything for my homework from those two sources.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
02:33
(Laughter)
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืืžืจ
02:35
And what I had found was an article
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02:37
that listed a database of over 8,000 different proteins
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ืฉืจืฉื ืžืื’ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-8,000 ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
02:41
that are found when you have pancreatic cancer.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื“ื ื›ืฉืื“ื ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘.
02:43
So, I decided to go and make it my new mission
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื™
02:47
to go through all these proteins,
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื™ ืžื”ื
02:49
and see which ones could serve as a bio-marker for pancreatic cancer.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืกืžืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘.
ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœืขืฆืžื™,
02:53
And to make it a bit simpler for myself,
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02:55
I decided to map out scientific criteria, and here it is.
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืžืช ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช. ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื.
02:59
Essentially, first, the protein would have to be found in all pancreatic cancers,
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื
ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘, ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืจื ื”ื“ื,
03:03
at high levels in the bloodstream,
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
03:05
in the earliest stages, but also only in cancer.
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03:09
And so I'm just plugging and chugging through this gargantuan task,
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ืื– ื—ืงืจืชื™ ื•ื—ืคืจืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืขื ืงื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
03:12
and finally, on the 4,000th try,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”-4000,
03:15
when I'm close to losing my sanity,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืฉืคื™ื•ืช,
03:17
I find the protein.
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ.
03:19
And the name of the protein I'd located was called mesothelin,
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ื•ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™
ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื•ืชืœื™ืŸ (mesothelin)
03:23
and it's just your ordinary, run-of-the-mill type protein,
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืจื’ื™ืœ,
03:26
unless, of course, you have pancreatic, ovarian or lung cancer,
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ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ,ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘,
ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื, ืื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช,
03:29
in which case it's found at these very high levels in your bloodstream.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื.
03:32
But also, the key is that it's found in the earliest stages of the disease,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื
ืฉื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”,
03:37
when someone has close to 100 percent chance of survival.
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ื›ืฉืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-100% ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช.
.
ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช,
03:41
So now that I'd found a reliable protein I could detect,
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03:44
I then shifted my focus to actually detecting that protein,
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ื”ืชืžืงื“ืชื™ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ,
03:47
and thus, pancreatic cancer.
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ื•ื“ืจื›ื• - ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ,
03:50
Now, my breakthrough came in a very unlikely place,
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03:53
possibly the most unlikely place for innovation --
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ืžืฆืื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช:
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
03:56
my high school biology class, the absolute stifler of innovation.
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ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืžื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
04:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
04:02
(Applause)
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ื”ื’ื ื‘ืชื™ ืคื ื™ืžื” ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื
04:06
And I had snuck in this article on these things called carbon nanotubes,
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ื ื ื•-ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ, ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืืจื•ืš ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ,
04:09
and that's just a long, thin pipe of carbon
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04:12
that's an atom thick, and one 50,000th the diameter of your hair.
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ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ื
ื•ืื—ื“ ื—ืœืงื™ 50,000 ืžื”ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืขืจื”.
04:16
And despite their extremely small sizes,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื,
04:18
they have these incredible properties.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช.
04:20
They're kind of like the superheroes of material science.
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ื”ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืกืชืจ
04:23
And while I was sneakily reading this article under my desk in my biology class,
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
04:27
we were supposed to be paying attention to these other kind of cool molecules,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘
ืœืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช - ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื.
04:31
called antibodies.
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04:32
And these are pretty cool because they only react
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ื”ื ื“ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื
04:34
with one specific protein,
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ืจืง ืขื ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™,
04:36
but they're not nearly as interesting as carbon nanotubes.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื ื ื•-ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ.
ืื– ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ,
04:39
And so then, I was sitting in class, and suddenly it hit me:
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ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™:
04:44
I could combine what I was reading about, carbon nanotubes,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงืจืืชื™ ืขืœื™ื•,
ื ื ื•-ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ,
04:48
with what I was supposed to be thinking about, antibodies.
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ืขื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•, ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื.
04:51
Essentially, I could weave a bunch of these antibodies
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ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืจื•ื’ ื›ืžื” ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื›ืืœื”
04:54
into a network of carbon nanotubes,
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ืœืชื•ืš ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื ื ื•-ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคื—ืžื ื™ื•ืช
04:56
such that you have a network that only reacts with one protein,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืจืฉืช
ืฉืชื’ื™ื‘ ืจืง ืขื ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
05:00
but also, due to the properties of these nanotubes,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
05:03
it will change its electrical properties,
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ื”ื™ื ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”
05:05
based on the amount of protein present.
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ.
05:08
However, there's a catch.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื”.
05:10
These networks of carbon nanotubes are extremely flimsy.
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ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื ื•-ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“,
ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ื”.
05:14
And since they're so delicate, they need to be supported.
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05:17
So that's why I chose to use paper.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจ.
05:19
Making a cancer sensor out of paper is about as simple
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ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืื™ ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžื ื™ื™ืจ
ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืฆ'ื™ืคืก,
05:22
as making chocolate chip cookies, which I love.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘.
05:24
(Laughs)
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05:27
You start with some water, pour in some nanotubes,
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ืงืฆืช ืžื™ื, ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ื ืงืฆืช ื ื ื•-ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
05:30
add antibodies, mix it up, take some paper, dip it, dry it,
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ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื, ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœ,
ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื ื™ื™ืจ, ื˜ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ืžื™ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
05:35
and you can detect cancer.
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:39
(Applause)
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05:45
Then, suddenly, a thought occurred
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ื•ืื–, ืคืชืื•ื, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœืชื”
05:48
that kind of put a blemish on my amazing plan here.
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ืฉืคื’ืžื” ืงืฆืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•.
05:53
I can't really do cancer research on my kitchen countertop.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
ืขืœ ื”ื“ืœืคืง ืฉื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืฉืœื™.
05:56
My mom wouldn't really like that.
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ืื™ืžื ืฉืœื™ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืฆื”.
05:58
So instead, I decided to go for a lab.
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
06:01
So I typed up a budget, a materials list, a timeline, and a procedure,
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ืื– ื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘, ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
ืฆื™ืจ ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš,
06:06
and I emailed it to 200 different professors
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ื•ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ื‘ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœ-200 ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
06:08
at Johns Hopkins University and the National Institutes of Health --
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื’'ื•ื ืก ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก
ื•ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
06:12
essentially, anyone that had anything to do with pancreatic cancer.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ืงืจ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘.
06:15
I sat back waiting for these positive emails to be pouring in,
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ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื•ื—ื™ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœืื™ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื–ืจื•ื,
06:18
saying, "You're a genius! You're going to save us all!"
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ืฉื™ื’ื™ื“ื• - "ืืชื” ื’ืื•ืŸ!"
"ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•"
06:21
And --
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ื• - (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:22
(Laughter)
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06:25
Then reality took hold, and over the course of a month,
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ืื– ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืชืคืกื”
ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ
06:29
I got 199 rejections out of those 200 emails.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ 199 ื“ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš 200 ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืฉืœื—ืชื™.
ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœื™,
06:34
One professor even went through my entire procedure,
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06:36
painstakingly -- I'm not really sure where he got all this time --
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืคื“ื ื™, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
06:39
and he went through and said why each and every step
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ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื•ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื•ื›ืœ ืฆืขื“
06:43
was like the worst mistake I could ever make.
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
06:46
Clearly, the professors did not have as high of an opinion of my work as I did.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
ื“ืขื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื”.
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืื•ืจ.
06:52
However, there is a silver lining.
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06:54
One professor said, "Maybe I might be able to help you, kid."
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืืžืจ - "ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš, ื™ืœื“."
06:57
So, I went in that direction.
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ืื– ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
06:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:03
As you can never say no to a kid.
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ื›ื™ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืจื‘ ืœื™ืœื“.
07:06
And so then, three months later,
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3 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:08
I finally nailed down a harsh deadline with this guy,
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ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืงื‘ืขืชื™ ื“ื“ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”,
07:11
and I get into his lab, I get all excited, and then I sit down,
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ื•ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื•,
ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืื– ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™,
07:15
I start opening my mouth and talking,
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืคื” ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ,
ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ืœื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
07:17
and five seconds later, he calls in another Ph.D.
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07:19
Ph.D.s just flock into this little room,
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ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื—ื“ืจ,
07:23
and they're just firing these questions at me,
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืœืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช,
07:25
and by the end, I kind of felt like I was in a clown car.
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ื•ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื™ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ืฆื ื™ื.
07:28
There were 20 Ph.D.s, plus me and the professor
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื 20 ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืืœื™ื™ ื•ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ
ืžืฆื˜ื•ืคืคื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืฉืจื“ ืงื˜ืŸ
07:30
crammed into this tiny office space,
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07:32
with them firing these rapid-fire questions at me,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืœืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช,
07:35
trying to sink my procedure.
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœื™.
07:37
How unlikely is that? I mean, pshhh.
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ื›ืžื” ืœื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื–ื”? ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืคืฉืฉืฉ.
07:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:44
However, subjecting myself to that interrogation --
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•,
07:47
I answered all their questions, and I guessed on quite a few
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ืขื ื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
ื•ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื™ ื—ืœืง ืœื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ื ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื™ืชื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
07:50
but I got them right --
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื’ืชื™ ืืช ื—ืœืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš.
07:51
and I finally landed the lab space I needed.
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07:55
But it was shortly afterwards that I discovered my once brilliant procedure
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™
ืฉื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื™
07:59
had something like a million holes in it,
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ื”ื›ื™ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื™ื,
08:01
and over the course of seven months,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื
08:03
I painstakingly filled each and every one of those holes.
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ืžื™ืœืืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืคื“ื ื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
08:06
The result?
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”? ื’ืœืื™ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืื—ื“
08:07
One small paper sensor that costs three cents and takes five minutes to run.
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ืฉืขื•ืœื” 3 ืกื ื˜ ื•ืœื•ืงื— ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื• ื›-3 ื“ืงื•ืช.
08:12
This makes it 168 times faster,
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืคื™ 168 ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:16
over 26,000 times less expensive,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-26,000 ืคืขื ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:19
and over 400 times more sensitive than our current standard
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ื•ืคื™ 400 ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืžื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘.
08:22
for pancreatic cancer detection.
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:25
(Applause)
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08:34
One of the best parts of the sensor, though,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืœืื™
ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-100% ื“ื™ื•ืง,
08:37
is that it has close to 100 percent accuracy,
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08:39
and can detect the cancer in the earliest stages,
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื›ืฉืœื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-100% ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช.
08:42
when someone has close to 100 percent chance of survival.
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08:45
And so in the next two to five years,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘-2-5 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
08:47
this sensor could potentially lift the pancreatic cancer survival rates
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ืœื’ืœืื™ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘
08:50
from a dismal 5.5 percent to close to 100 percent,
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ืž- 5.5% ืขื’ื•ื
ืœืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-100%,
08:54
and it would do similar for ovarian and lung cancer.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื’ื ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื ื•ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช.
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื™ื’ืžืจ ืฉื.
08:58
But it wouldn't stop there.
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09:00
By switching out that antibody,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ,
09:01
you can look at a different protein, thus, a different disease --
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ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ,
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื—ืœื” ืื—ืจืช,
09:05
potentially any disease in the entire world.
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ื•ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ื” - ื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
09:08
So that ranges from heart disease, to malaria, HIV, AIDS,
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ื›ืš ืฉืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘
ืœืžืœืจื™ื”, HIV, ืื™ื™ื“ืก,
09:13
as well as other forms of cancer -- anything.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ -- ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
09:16
And so, hopefully one day,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืจื‘ื”, ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“
09:18
we can all have that one extra uncle,
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ,
09:20
that one mother, that one brother, sister,
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ื”ืื™ืžื, ื”ืื—, ืื—ื•ืช,
ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื,
09:24
we can have that one more family member to love.
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ื•ืฉื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื™ืคื˜ืจื• ืžื”ืžืขืžืกื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื”
09:27
And that our hearts will be rid of that one disease burden
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09:31
that comes from pancreatic, ovarian and lung cancer,
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘, ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื ื•ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช,
09:34
and potentially any disease.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื”,
09:36
But through the Internet, anything is possible.
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ืฉื“ืจืš ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจื™.
09:39
Theories can be shared,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
09:40
and you don't have to be a professor with multiple degrees
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ื•ืืชื” ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ
ืขื ืชืืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื™ื•ืขืจื›ื•.
09:43
to have your ideas valued.
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09:45
It's a neutral space, where what you look like, age or gender --
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ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™,
ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืš ืฉืืชื” ื ืจืื”, ื”ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœืš, ื•ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœืš,
09:49
it doesn't matter.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืฉื ื™ื.
09:50
It's just your ideas that count.
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ืจืง ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื”ื›ืœ ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
09:53
For me, it's all about looking at the Internet in an entirely new way,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™
09:57
to realize that there's so much more to it
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ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ
09:59
than just posting duck-face pictures of yourself online.
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ืœืœืฉืœื•ื— ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื– ืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ.
10:03
(Laughter)
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
10:05
You could be changing the world.
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10:08
So if a 15 year-old who didn't even know what a pancreas was
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื‘ืŸ 15
ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžื” ื–ื” ืœื‘ืœื‘
10:13
could find a new way to detect pancreatic cancer --
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘
ืจืง ืชื ืกื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
10:17
just imagine what you could do.
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10:19
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
10:20
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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