Moshe Safdie: How to reinvent the apartment building

Prevodilac: Aleksandar Kovačević Lektor: Ivana Korom

When, in 1960, still a student,

1960. sam, kao student,

I got a traveling fellowship

dobio stipendiju za studije

to study housing in North America.

urbanizma u Severnoj Americi.

We traveled the country.

Proputovali smo državu.

We saw public housing high-rise buildings

Videli smo višespratnice sa socijalnim stanovima

in all major cities:

u svim većim gradovima:

New York, Philadelphia.

Njujorku, Filadelfiji.

Those who have no choice lived there.

Tamo žive oni koji nemaju gde drugde.

And then we traveled from suburb to suburb,

Zatim smo išli od predgrađa do predgrađa,

and I came back thinking,

i u povratku sam pomislio,

we've got to reinvent the apartment building.

moraćemo da preporodimo stambene zgrade.

There has to be another way of doing this.

Sigurno može i drugačije.

We can't sustain suburbs,

Predgrađa su pretrpana,

so let's design a building

hajde onda da osmislimo zgradu

which gives the qualities of a house

u kojoj će svaki stan

to each unit.

biti poput kuće.

Habitat would be all about gardens,

U Staništu bi glavne bile bašte,

contact with nature,

dodir sa prirodom,

streets instead of corridors.

ulice umesto hodnika.

We prefabricated it so we would achieve economy,

Unapred smo proizvedi delove da bismo uštedeli,

and there it is almost 50 years later.

i ovako izgleda nakon skoro 50 godina.

It's a very desirable place to live in.

Mnogi žele da žive u njoj.

It's now a heritage building,

Sada je deo kulturne baštine,

but it did not proliferate.

ali ideja nije zaživela.

In 1973, I made my first trip to China.

1973. sam prvi put otputovao u Kinu.

It was the Cultural Revolution.

Tad je trajala Kulturna revolucija.

We traveled the country,

Proputovali smo državu

met with architects and planners.

i sreli arhitekte i planere.

This is Beijing then,

Ovo je Peking iz tog vremena,

not a single high rise building

nije bilo nijedne višespratnice

in Beijing or Shanghai.

ni u Pekingu, ni u Šangaju.

Shenzhen didn't even exist as a city.

Šenđen tad nije ni postojao.

There were hardly any cars.

Skoro da nije bilo automobila.

Thirty years later,

Ovako Peking izgleda

this is Beijing today.

posle trideset godina.

This is Hong Kong.

Ovo je Hong Kong.

If you're wealthy, you live there,

Ako ste bogati, živite tu,

if you're poor, you live there,

ako niste, onda živite ovde,

but high density it is, and it's not just Asia.

ali svuda je gusto naseljeno, i to ne samo u Aziji.

São Paulo, you can travel

U Sao Paolu možete 45 minuta

in a helicopter 45 minutes

da letite helikopterom

seeing those high-rise buildings consume

i gledate kako višespratnice zamenjuju

the 19th-century low-rise environment.

prizemne kuće iz XIX veka.

And with it, comes congestion,

A uz njih dolazi gust saobraćaj,

and we lose mobility, and so on and so forth.

slaba pokretljivost i tako dalje.

So a few years ago, we decided to go back

Tako da smo pre nekoliko godina odlučili

and rethink Habitat.

da razvijemo Stanište iz početka.

Could we make it more affordable?

Može li da bude pristupačnije?

Could we actually achieve this quality of life

Može li se takav kvalitet života postići

in the densities that are prevailing today?

u gusto naseljenim oblastima današnjice?

And we realized, it's basically about light,

Shvatili smo da je u pitaju svetlost,

it's about sun, it's about nature,

sunce, priroda,

it's about fractalization.

fraktalizacija.

Can we open up the surface of the building

Može li površina zgrade da se otvori

so that it has more contact with the exterior?

kako bi se postigao veći kontakt sa spoljašnosti?

We came up with a number of models:

Razvili smo razne modele:

economy models, cheaper to build and more compact;

štedljive modele, jeftinije i kompaktnije;

membranes of housing

okvire stanova,

where people could design their own house

kod kojih ljudi sami dizajniraju kuću

and create their own gardens.

i stvaraju baštu.

And then we decided to take New York as a test case,

Odlučili smo da probu obavimo u Njujorku

and we looked at Lower Manhattan.

i okrenuli smo se ka južnom Menhetnu.

And we mapped all the building area in Manhattan.

Napravili smo mapu građevinskih zona u Menhetnu.

On the left is Manhattan today:

Levo je Menhetn sada:

blue for housing, red for office buildings, retail.

plavo su stanovi, crveno poslovne zgrade, prodavnice.

On the right, we reconfigured it:

Desno smo ga preuredili:

the office buildings form the base,

poslovne zgrade čine osnovu,

and then rising 75 stories above,

dok su stanovi

are apartments.

75 spratova iznad.

There's a street in the air on the 25th level,

Na 25. spratu se nalazi viseća ulica,

a community street.

javna ulica.

It's permeable.

Otvorena je.

There are gardens and open spaces

Tu su vrtovi

for the community,

i javne površine,

almost every unit with its own private garden,

skoro svaki stan ima sopstvenu baštu

and community space all around.

i svuda je javni prostor.

And most important, permeable, open.

I najvažnije je da je sve otvoreno.

It does not form a wall or an obstruction in the city,

Nema zidova koji bi zaklanjali pogled

and light permeates everywhere.

i svetlost može svuda da prodire.

And in the last two or three years,

Poslednje dve ili tri godine

we've actually been, for the first time,

smo čak prvi put uspeli

realizing the quality of life of Habitat

da u projektima širom Azije

in real-life projects across Asia.

ostvarimo kvalitet života kao u Staništu.

This in Qinhuangdao in China:

Ovo je Čingvandao u Kini:

middle-income housing, where there is a bylaw

stanovi za srednju klasu, ali postoji pravilo

that every apartment must receive

da svaki stan mora dnevno da primi

three hours of sunlight.

tri sata sunčeve svetlosti.

That's measured in the winter solstice.

Meri se tokom zimske kratkodnevnice.

And under construction in Singapore,

A i u Singapuru se grade

again middle-income housing, gardens,

stanovi za srednju klasu, bašte,

community streets and parks and so on and so forth.

javne ulice i parkovi i tako dalje.

And Colombo.

Kao i u Kolambu.

And I want to touch on one more issue,

Hteo bih još samo da se osvrnem

which is the design of the public realm.

na dizajn javnih površina.

A hundred years after we've begun building

Već stotinu godina

with tall buildings,

gradimo višespratnice

we are yet to understand

i još nismo shvatili

how the tall high-rise building

kako da neboder učinimo

becomes a building block in making a city,

osnovnim elementom pri stvaranju grada,

in creating the public realm.

stvaranju javnog prostora.

In Singapore, we had an opportunity:

U Singapuru smo imali priliku:

10 million square feet, extremely high density.

929.000 kvadratnih metara izuzetno gusto naseljenog prostora.

Taking the concept of outdoor and indoor,

Iskoristili smo koncept spoljnog i unutrašnjeg prostora,

promenades and parks integrated

šetališta i parkova spojenih

with intense urban life.

sa urbanom sredinom.

So they are outdoor spaces and indoor spaces,

Spoljni i unutrašnji prostor su spojeni,

and you move from one to the other,

prelazi se iz jednog u drugi,

and there is contact with nature,

postoji i dodir sa prirodom,

and most relevantly, at every level of the structure,

i što je najvažnije, na svakom nivou

public gardens and open space:

postoje bašte i javne površine.

on the roof of the podium,

Na vrhu osnove,

climbing up the towers,

čitavom visinom nebodera

and finally on the roof, the sky park,

i na krovu su viseći vrtovi,

two and a half acres, jogging paths, restaurants,

10.000 kvadratnih metara; staze za trčanje, restorani

and the world's longest swimming pool.

i najduži bazen na svetu.

And that's all I can tell you in five minutes.

To je sve što mogu da vam ispričam za pet minuta.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)