Moshe Safdie: How to reinvent the apartment building

譯者: Marssi Draw 審譯者: Adrienne Lin

When, in 1960, still a student,

1960 年我還是學生時，

I got a traveling fellowship

拿到出國留學的獎學金，

to study housing in North America.

研究北美的住宅建築。

We traveled the country.

我們遊遍美國，

We saw public housing high-rise buildings

看到所有大城市裡的公共住宅大樓：

in all major cities:

New York, Philadelphia.

像是紐約、費城。

Those who have no choice lived there.

那些人別無選擇，只能住在那裡。

And then we traveled from suburb to suburb,

之後我們參訪各個郊區，

and I came back thinking,

回來後我想

we've got to reinvent the apartment building.

我們應該重新創造公寓建築。

There has to be another way of doing this.

應該要有其它方式來蓋這些房子。

We can't sustain suburbs,

我們無法做到郊區般的住宅品質，

so let's design a building

那就設計一座建築，

which gives the qualities of a house

讓家家戶戶都能擁有 像一棟房屋般的品質。

to each unit.

Habitat would be all about gardens,

「棲地」最重要的就是花園，

contact with nature,

與自然和街道親近，

streets instead of corridors.

而非面對窄小迴廊。

We prefabricated it so we would achieve economy,

為了節省經費，我們運用組合屋，

and there it is almost 50 years later.

這個地方存在將近 50 年了，

It's a very desirable place to live in.

還是個讓人嚮往入住的地區。

It's now a heritage building,

現在已經是老建築了，

but it did not proliferate.

但這種建築並沒有擴張出去。

In 1973, I made my first trip to China.

我在 1973 年首次造訪中國，

It was the Cultural Revolution.

當時正值文化大革命時期。

We traveled the country,

我們走遍全國，

met with architects and planners.

和一些建築師、規劃師見面。

This is Beijing then,

這是當時的北京，

not a single high rise building

沒有一棟高樓大廈

in Beijing or Shanghai.

存在北京或上海之中。

Shenzhen didn't even exist as a city.

深圳甚至談不上是個城市，

There were hardly any cars.

那裡連車子都沒有。

Thirty years later,

30 年後，

this is Beijing today.

這是現在的北京。

This is Hong Kong.

這是香港。

If you're wealthy, you live there,

如果你很有錢，就會住在這，

if you're poor, you live there,

如果你很窮，就會住在這，

but high density it is, and it's not just Asia.

但並非只有亞洲的環境如此密集。

São Paulo, you can travel

聖保羅也是，

你可以花 45 分鐘在直升機上，

in a helicopter 45 minutes

seeing those high-rise buildings consume

看那些高樓大廈吞噬

the 19th-century low-rise environment.

19 世紀矮房子的環境。

And with it, comes congestion,

結果造成交通壅塞、

and we lose mobility, and so on and so forth.

城市擁擠等問題。

So a few years ago, we decided to go back

因此幾年前，

我們決定回頭重新思考「棲地」。

and rethink Habitat.

Could we make it more affordable?

我們能讓價格更平易近人嗎？

Could we actually achieve this quality of life

我們真能達到這樣的生活品質，

in the densities that are prevailing today?

即使是在現今普遍稠密的環境嗎？

And we realized, it's basically about light,

我們了解基本上和光源有關，

it's about sun, it's about nature,

和太陽有關，和自然有關，

it's about fractalization.

和碎形化有關。

Can we open up the surface of the building

我們能不能展開建築的表面，

so that it has more contact with the exterior?

讓它和外界有更多接觸？

We came up with a number of models:

我們想出一些模型：

economy models, cheaper to build and more compact;

經濟實惠的模型， 建造的費用更低、更精巧；

membranes of housing

大家可以設計自宅的外部，

where people could design their own house

and create their own gardens.

打造自己的花園。

And then we decided to take New York as a test case,

後來我們決定拿紐約做實驗案例，

and we looked at Lower Manhattan.

研究曼哈頓下城。

And we mapped all the building area in Manhattan.

我們畫出曼哈頓建築區的地圖。

On the left is Manhattan today:

左邊是現在的曼哈頓：

blue for housing, red for office buildings, retail.

藍色是住宅，紅色是辦公大樓和商場。

On the right, we reconfigured it:

右邊是我們重新配置的樣子：

the office buildings form the base,

辦公區做為底部，

and then rising 75 stories above,

向上延伸 75 層樓高，

are apartments.

做為公寓。

There's a street in the air on the 25th level,

在 25 樓高的空中有條街，

a community street.

是社區街道，

It's permeable.

可以通行。

There are gardens and open spaces

還有花園和開放空間

for the community,

供社區使用，

almost every unit with its own private garden,

幾乎每戶都有私家花園，

and community space all around.

四周有社區空間環繞。

And most important, permeable, open.

最重要、方便通行且開放的是，

It does not form a wall or an obstruction in the city,

城市沒有築起任何圍牆或障礙物，

and light permeates everywhere.

而且陽光能灑在每個角落。

And in the last two or three years,

一直到最近兩三年，

we've actually been, for the first time,

我們才首次真的

realizing the quality of life of Habitat

實現「棲地」的良好生活品質，

in real-life projects across Asia.

透過遍及亞洲的實地計畫達成。

This in Qinhuangdao in China:

這是中國的秦皇島市：

middle-income housing, where there is a bylaw

中所得家戶的住宅，

規定每間公寓都必須能擁有

that every apartment must receive

three hours of sunlight.

三小時的日照，

That's measured in the winter solstice.

以冬至那天為基準測量。

And under construction in Singapore,

這是在新加坡的施工現場，

again middle-income housing, gardens,

同樣是中所得家戶的住宅、花園、

community streets and parks and so on and so forth.

社區街道和公園…等等。

And Colombo.

接下來是可倫坡。

And I want to touch on one more issue,

我想再談一個議題，

which is the design of the public realm.

是關於公共空間的設計。

A hundred years after we've begun building

從百年前

我們開始蓋高樓大廈至今，

with tall buildings,

we are yet to understand

我們還是不了解

how the tall high-rise building

高樓大廈要怎麼變成組合、堆疊式建築，

becomes a building block in making a city,

同時打造城市

in creating the public realm.

和建立公共空間。

In Singapore, we had an opportunity:

在新加坡，我們有了機會：

10 million square feet, extremely high density.

一千萬平方英尺，密度非常高。

Taking the concept of outdoor and indoor,

以室外與室內的概念來看，

promenades and parks integrated

海濱步道和公園融入緊繃的都市生活。

with intense urban life.

So they are outdoor spaces and indoor spaces,

那裡有室外和室內空間，

and you move from one to the other,

你可以在不同的空間移動，

and there is contact with nature,

還能親近自然，

and most relevantly, at every level of the structure,

最貼切的是每一層樓都有

public gardens and open space:

公共花園和開放空間。

on the roof of the podium,

在墩座頂部，

climbing up the towers,

攀上高塔，

and finally on the roof, the sky park,

最後抵達屋頂上的空中花園，

two and a half acres, jogging paths, restaurants,

兩英畝半，有跑道、餐廳，

and the world's longest swimming pool.

還有世界上最長的游泳池。

And that's all I can tell you in five minutes.

以上就是我在五分鐘內能分享的一切。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）