Moshe Safdie: How to reinvent the apartment building

Prevoditelj: Ivan Stamenković Recezent: Senzos Osijek

When, in 1960, still a student,

1960., još kao student,

I got a traveling fellowship

dobio sam putujuću stipendiju

to study housing in North America.

kako bih proučavao kuće u Sjevernoj Americi.

We traveled the country.

Putovali smo zemljom.

We saw public housing high-rise buildings

Vidio sam nebodere za javni smještaj

in all major cities:

u svim velikim gradovima:

New York, Philadelphia.

New York, Philadelphia.

Those who have no choice lived there.

Oni koji nisu imali izbor živjeli su ondje.

And then we traveled from suburb to suburb,

I potom smo putovali od pregrađa do pregrađa,

and I came back thinking,

i vratio sam se s idejom,

we've got to reinvent the apartment building.

trebamo ponovno izmisliti stambenu zgradu.

There has to be another way of doing this.

Mora postojati drugi način da se ovo radi.

We can't sustain suburbs,

Ne možemo održati predgrađa,

so let's design a building

pa dizajnirajmo zgradu

which gives the qualities of a house

koja daje kvalitete kuće

to each unit.

svakoj stambenoj jedinici.

Habitat would be all about gardens,

U Habitatu će biti važni vrtovi,

contact with nature,

kontakt s prirodom,

streets instead of corridors.

ulice umjesto hodnika.

We prefabricated it so we would achieve economy,

Prethodno smo ih iztradili kako bi bile ekonomične,

and there it is almost 50 years later.

i evo ih, gotovo 50 godina kasnije.

It's a very desirable place to live in.

To je vrlo poželjno mjesto za život.

It's now a heritage building,

To je sada zgrada naslijeđa,

but it did not proliferate.

ali njen broj se nije povećao.

In 1973, I made my first trip to China.

1973. prvi put sam otputovao u Kinu.

It was the Cultural Revolution.

Trajala je Kulturna Revolucija.

We traveled the country,

Putovali smo zemljom,

met with architects and planners.

sastajali se sa arhitektima i planerima.

This is Beijing then,

Ovo je Peking tada,

not a single high rise building

bez ijednog nebodera

in Beijing or Shanghai.

u Pekingu ili Šangaju.

Shenzhen didn't even exist as a city.

Šenzen nije postojao kao grad.

There were hardly any cars.

Nije bilo automobila.

Thirty years later,

Trideset godina kasnije,

this is Beijing today.

ovo je Peking danas.

This is Hong Kong.

Ovo je Hong Kong.

If you're wealthy, you live there,

Ako ste bogati, živite ondje,

if you're poor, you live there,

ako ste siromašni,živite ovdje,

but high density it is, and it's not just Asia.

ali velika je gustoća, i nije tako samo u Aziji.

São Paulo, you can travel

Sao Paulo, možete putovati

in a helicopter 45 minutes

u helikopteru 45 minuta

seeing those high-rise buildings consume

i vidjeti kako neboderi konzumiraju

the 19th-century low-rise environment.

niski okoliš 19. stoljeća.

And with it, comes congestion,

I s tim, dolazi zagušenje,

and we lose mobility, and so on and so forth.

gubimo mobilnost, i tako dalje i tako bliže.

So a few years ago, we decided to go back

Prije par godina, odlučili smo se vratiti

and rethink Habitat.

i ponovno promisliti Habitat.

Could we make it more affordable?

Možemo li ju učiniti pristupačnijom?

Could we actually achieve this quality of life

Možemo li postići ovu kvalitetu života

in the densities that are prevailing today?

u gustoćama koje danas prevladavaju?

And we realized, it's basically about light,

I shvatili smo, radi se o svjetlosti,

it's about sun, it's about nature,

suncu, prirodi,

it's about fractalization.

radi se o fraktalizaciji.

Can we open up the surface of the building

Možemo li otvoriti površinu zgrade

so that it has more contact with the exterior?

tako da ima više dodira s vanjštinom?

We came up with a number of models:

Smislili smo velik broj modela:

economy models, cheaper to build and more compact;

ekonomične modele, kompaktnije i lakše za gradnju;

membranes of housing

membrane kuća

where people could design their own house

gdje ljudi mogu dizajnirati svoju kuću

and create their own gardens.

i stvoriti vlastite vrtove.

And then we decided to take New York as a test case,

I uzeli smo New York kao testni slučaj,

and we looked at Lower Manhattan.

i pogledali smo Manhattan.

And we mapped all the building area in Manhattan.

I mapirali smo sva područja za građenje na Manhattanu.

On the left is Manhattan today:

Lijevo je Manhattan danas:

blue for housing, red for office buildings, retail.

plavo su kuće, crveno uredi, trgovine.

On the right, we reconfigured it:

Desno, rekonfigurirali smo ga:

the office buildings form the base,

uredi čine bazu,

and then rising 75 stories above,

i onda, 75 katova iznad,

are apartments.

nalaze se stanovi.

There's a street in the air on the 25th level,

Nalazi se ulica u zraku na 25 katu,

a community street.

društvena ulica.

It's permeable.

Propusna je.

There are gardens and open spaces

Postoje vrtovi i otvoreni prostori

for the community,

za društvo,

almost every unit with its own private garden,

svaka jedinica ima svoj vlastiti privatni vrt,

and community space all around.

i društveni prostor unaokolo.

And most important, permeable, open.

I najvažnije, propusno je, otvoreno.

It does not form a wall or an obstruction in the city,

Ne stvara zid ili prepreku u gradu,

and light permeates everywhere.

i svjetlost je propuštena posvuda.

And in the last two or three years,

I zadnje dvije ili tri godine,

we've actually been, for the first time,

smo zapravo, prvi puta,

realizing the quality of life of Habitat

shvatili kvalitetu života Habitata

in real-life projects across Asia.

u stvarnim projektima diljem Azije.

This in Qinhuangdao in China:

Ovo je Qinhuangdao u Kini:

middle-income housing, where there is a bylaw

kuće za srednji stalež, gdje je pravilo

that every apartment must receive

da svaki stan mora primiti

three hours of sunlight.

tri sata sunčeve svjetlosti.

That's measured in the winter solstice.

To se mjeri u zimskom solsticiju.

And under construction in Singapore,

I u izgradnji u Singapuru,

again middle-income housing, gardens,

ponovno kuće za srednji stalež, vrtovi,

community streets and parks and so on and so forth.

društvene ulice i parkovi i tako dalje.

And Colombo.

I Colombo.

And I want to touch on one more issue,

I želim se dotaknuti još jednog problema,

which is the design of the public realm.

a to je dizajniranje javne stvarnosti.

A hundred years after we've begun building

Sto godina nakon što smo počeli graditi

with tall buildings,

visoke zgrade,

we are yet to understand

još nismo shvatili

how the tall high-rise building

kako visoki neboderi

becomes a building block in making a city,

postaju gradivni temelji u stvaranju grada,

in creating the public realm.

u stvaranju javne stvarnosti.

In Singapore, we had an opportunity:

U Singapuru, imali smo priliku:

10 million square feet, extremely high density.

10 milijuna četvornih stopa, ekstremno visoka gustoća.

Taking the concept of outdoor and indoor,

Uzimajući koncept otvorenog i zatvorenog prostora,

promenades and parks integrated

promenade i parkovi integrirani

with intense urban life.

sa intenzivnim urbanim životom.

So they are outdoor spaces and indoor spaces,

Postoje otvoreni i zatvoreni prostori

and you move from one to the other,

i krećete se od jednih do drugih,

and there is contact with nature,

i postoji kontakt s prirodom,

and most relevantly, at every level of the structure,

i najvažnije, na svakoj razini strukture,

public gardens and open space:

javni vrtovi i otvoreni prostori.

on the roof of the podium,

Na krovu podija,

climbing up the towers,

penjući se uz tornjeve,

and finally on the roof, the sky park,

i na kraju na krovu, park na nebu,

two and a half acres, jogging paths, restaurants,

dva i pol jutra, staze za trčanje, restorani,

and the world's longest swimming pool.

i najduži bazen za plivanje na svijetu.

And that's all I can tell you in five minutes.

I to je sve što vam mogu reći u pet minuta.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)