Moshe Safdie: How to reinvent the apartment building

翻译人员: Bighead Ge 校对人员: Simon Cai

When, in 1960, still a student,

1960年，当我还是个学生

I got a traveling fellowship

我拿到一个旅行奖学金

to study housing in North America.

去研究北美的建筑。

We traveled the country.

我们去了美国。

We saw public housing high-rise buildings

我们在所有的大城市

in all major cities:

看到了公共高层建筑：

New York, Philadelphia.

纽约、费城...

Those who have no choice lived there.

那些（大城市的）人只能住在那儿。

And then we traveled from suburb to suburb,

我们从一个市郊到另一个市郊，

and I came back thinking,

然后我重新思考

we've got to reinvent the apartment building.

我们需要重新设计公寓建筑。

There has to be another way of doing this.

应该有别的解决方案。

We can't sustain suburbs,

这无法维持郊区的持续发展，

so let's design a building

我们要设计一种建筑

which gives the qualities of a house

可以给每一个住户单元

to each unit.

都具有房屋的特性。

Habitat would be all about gardens,

居住环境要有花园，

contact with nature,

要和自然接触，

streets instead of corridors.

有街道而不是死气沉沉的走廊。

We prefabricated it so we would achieve economy,

我们预制了每个单元来降低成本

and there it is almost 50 years later.

这就是了，在距离我访美50年之后。

It's a very desirable place to live in.

这是个很理想的住宅。

It's now a heritage building,

这个房子现在已经成为文物了,

but it did not proliferate.

但没有得到推广.

In 1973, I made my first trip to China.

1973年，我第一次去中国

It was the Cultural Revolution.

那时还在文化大革命

We traveled the country,

我们到处看看

met with architects and planners.

会见建造师和规划师。

This is Beijing then,

这是当时的北京，

not a single high rise building

在当时的北京或上海

in Beijing or Shanghai.

一栋高楼都没有。

Shenzhen didn't even exist as a city.

深圳还没设立成地级市呢

There were hardly any cars.

街上基本看不到汽车。

Thirty years later,

三十年过去了，

this is Beijing today.

这是北京的现状。

This is Hong Kong.

这是香港。

If you're wealthy, you live there,

如果你有钱，那你可以住在那里。

if you're poor, you live there,

如果你不是很富裕，那你只能住在那里，

but high density it is, and it's not just Asia.

不过是密度高一点。这不仅仅发生在亚洲。

São Paulo, you can travel

在圣保罗

in a helicopter 45 minutes

在直升机乘上45分钟

seeing those high-rise buildings consume

你可以看到现代高层建筑

the 19th-century low-rise environment.

取代了十九世纪留下来的矮房子的。

And with it, comes congestion,

随之而来的是拥挤，

and we lose mobility, and so on and so forth.

我们的出行拥堵，等等这类问题

So a few years ago, we decided to go back

几年之前，我们决定返回起点

and rethink Habitat.

反思什么是居住环境。

Could we make it more affordable?

我们能不能让它更价格适宜？

Could we actually achieve this quality of life

我们能不能在维持现有密度的情况下

in the densities that are prevailing today?

满足生活品质的需求？

And we realized, it's basically about light,

然后我们意识到，这主要取决于采光

it's about sun, it's about nature,

取决于太阳，取决于环境。

it's about fractalization.

这要求我们把传统建筑变形。

Can we open up the surface of the building

我们能不能开放建筑的几个外立面，

so that it has more contact with the exterior?

让它跟外部环境有更好的接触呢？

We came up with a number of models:

我们提出了几个方案：

economy models, cheaper to build and more compact;

经济型的，更便宜而且更紧凑；

membranes of housing

膜结构的，

where people could design their own house

人们可以自行设计他们的房子

and create their own gardens.

建造属于自己的花园。

And then we decided to take New York as a test case,

我们决定在纽约做个试点，

and we looked at Lower Manhattan.

我们把注意力放在了曼哈顿下城区。

And we mapped all the building area in Manhattan.

把所有的建筑做成图例

On the left is Manhattan today:

左边是实际情况

blue for housing, red for office buildings, retail.

蓝色的是住宅，红色的是写字楼，商场

On the right, we reconfigured it:

右边是我们重新规划的：

the office buildings form the base,

底层是办公建筑

and then rising 75 stories above,

上面是75个商店

are apartments.

再上面是公寓

There's a street in the air on the 25th level,

在第25层有一个空中步行街，

a community street.

是社区街道。

It's permeable.

是透光的。

There are gardens and open spaces

那里有花园和开放式空间

for the community,

给社区居民使用。

almost every unit with its own private garden,

基本上每个单元都有私家花园

and community space all around.

周围有的社区空间。

And most important, permeable, open.

最重要的是它通光，是开放式的。

It does not form a wall or an obstruction in the city,

没有墙或者别的遮挡，

and light permeates everywhere.

跟外界相通，所以有充足的采光。

And in the last two or three years,

就在这两三年

we've actually been, for the first time,

现实生活中我们有一个横跨亚洲的项目

realizing the quality of life of Habitat

在这个项目里我们第一次真正意识到

in real-life projects across Asia.

什么叫做居住环境的生活质量。

This in Qinhuangdao in China:

是在中国的秦皇岛市。

middle-income housing, where there is a bylaw

这个住宅建筑是为中等收入家庭设计的。

that every apartment must receive

有一个法规要求：所有房屋

three hours of sunlight.

每天至少能接收到3个小时的采光。

That's measured in the winter solstice.

这是在冬至日测量的（北半球冬至天日照最少）

And under construction in Singapore,

这是位于新加坡的正在建造的

again middle-income housing, gardens,

也是面向中等收入家庭，

community streets and parks and so on and so forth.

也有花园、公共街区、公园，等等

And Colombo.

这是在科伦坡

And I want to touch on one more issue,

我想再讲一点，

which is the design of the public realm.

就是公共区域的设计划分。

A hundred years after we've begun building

在我们开始建造高层建筑

with tall buildings,

的一百年以后，

we are yet to understand

我们仍然没有想明白

how the tall high-rise building

为什么高层建筑

becomes a building block in making a city,

反而会成为

in creating the public realm.

组建城市公共区域的阻碍。

In Singapore, we had an opportunity:

在新加坡，我们有了解决的机会

10 million square feet, extremely high density.

建筑面积一千万平方英尺（约九十万平方米）， 超高建筑密度。

Taking the concept of outdoor and indoor,

我们采用了把室内、室外，

promenades and parks integrated

长廊跟公园，

with intense urban life.

和繁忙的都市生活相整合的理念。

So they are outdoor spaces and indoor spaces,

这里有室外空间，有室内空间

and you move from one to the other,

你可以到处乱逛

and there is contact with nature,

还可以去大自然接触

and most relevantly, at every level of the structure,

最主要的，在建筑的每一层

public gardens and open space:

都有公共绿化和开放空间：

on the roof of the podium,

在高台的顶上，

climbing up the towers,

在高塔上，

and finally on the roof, the sky park,

在楼顶有天际公园。

two and a half acres, jogging paths, restaurants,

两公顷半（注：约一万平方）的空间里有 慢跑道路，餐厅，

and the world's longest swimming pool.

还有世界上最长的游泳池。

And that's all I can tell you in five minutes.

好像5分钟我也就只能讲这么多了呢。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

(掌声)