Jonathan Drori: The beautiful tricks of flowers

Prevodilac: Jelena Nedjic Lektor: Ana Zivanovic-Nenadovic

Do you know

Da li znate

how many species of flowering plants there are?

koliko biljaka cvetnica postoji?

There are a quarter of a million -- at least those are the ones we know about --

Postoji četvrtina miliona, ili barem mi znamo za toliko vrsta,

a quarter of a million species of flowering plants.

četvrtina miliona različitih vrsta biljaka cvetnica.

And flowers are a real bugger.

A cveće je pravi mali projekat za biljku.

They're really difficult for plants to produce.

Biljci je veoma je naporno da proizvede cvet.

They take an enormous amount of energy and a lot of resources.

Cvet zahteva ogromnu količinu energije i jako puno resursa.

Why would they go to that bother?

Zašto bi se biljke onda bavile time?

And the answer of course, like so many things in the world,

Odgovor je naravno, kao i za toliko drugih stvari na svetu,

is sex.

seks.

I know what's on your mind when you're looking at these pictures.

Znam o čemu razmišljate kada gledate ove slike.

And the reason that sexual reproduction is so important --

Razlog sbog koga je seksualna reprodukcija toliko važna

there are lots of other things that plants can do to reproduce.

jeste što postoji mnogo drugih stvari koje bi biljke mogle da urade ne bi li se umnožile.

You can take cuttings;

Ako razmotrimo strugotine kao primer;

they can sort of have sex with themselves;

one mogu same sa sobom imati seks na neki način;

they can pollinate themselves.

mogu same sebe oprašivati.

But they really need to spread their genes

Ali je neophodno u stvari da oni rasprostrane svoje gene

to mix with other genes

kako bi ih ukrstili sa drugim genima

so that they can adapt to environmental niches.

ne bi li se uspešno prilagodile na ekološke niše.

Evolution works that way.

Evolucija funkcioniše na taj način.

Now the way that plants transmit that information

Put kojim biljke prenose tu informaciju

is through pollen.

je polen.

Some of you may have seen some of these pictures before.

Neki od vas su možda već videli neke od ovih slika.

As I say, every home should have a scanning electron microscope

Kao što bih ja rekao, svaka kuća bi trebalo da ima skenirajući elektronski mikroskop

to be able to see these.

kako bi bila u mogućnosti da vidi ovo.

And there is as many different kinds of pollen

I postoji onoliko različitih vrsta polena

as there are flowering plants.

koliko ima biljaka cvetnica.

And that's actually rather useful for forensics and so on.

A to je u principu veoma korisno forezničarima i tako dalje.

Most pollen that causes hay fever for us

Većinu tipova polena koja izaziva polensku groznicu kod ljudi

is from plants that use the wind

proizvode biljke koje koriste vetar

to disseminate the pollen,

kako bi rasprostranile svoj polen.

and that's a very inefficient process,

I to je veoma neefikasan proces,

which is why it gets up our noses so much.

usled koga polen završi u našim nosevima.

Because you have to chuck out masses and masses of it,

Jer treba prozivesti ogromne količine polena,

hoping that your sex cells, your male sex cells,

u nadi da će polne ćelije, muške polne ćelije,

which are held within the pollen,

koje se nalaze unutar polena,

will somehow reach another flower just by chance.

nekako pronaći drugi, odgovarajući cvet pukom igrom slučaja.

So all the grasses, which means all of the cereal crops,

Većina trava, što uključuje i sve žitarice,

and most of the trees

i većina drveća

have wind-borne pollen.

imaju polen koji se prenosi vetrom.

But most species

Ali većina cvetnica

actually use insects to do their bidding,

u principu koristi insekte u te svrhe.

and that's more intelligent in a way,

I to je inteligentniji način jer im

because the pollen, they don't need so much of it.

nije potrebna tolika količina polena.

The insects

Insekti

and other species

i druge vrste

can take the pollen,

mogu pokupiti polen

transfer it directly to where it's required.

i preneti ga direktno tamo gde je potreban.

So we're aware, obviously, of the relationship

Tako da smo očigledno svesni odnosa

between insects and plants.

između insekata i biljaka.

There's a symbiotic relationship there,

To je simbiotska zajednica,

whether it's flies or birds or bees,

bez obzira da li polen raznose ptice ili pčele,

they're getting something in return,

oni dobijaju nešto zauzvrat,

and that something in return is generally nectar.

a to je najčešće nektar.

Sometimes that symbiosis

U nekim slučajevima je ta simbioza

has led to wonderful adaptations --

dovela do fantastičnih adaptacija

the hummingbird hawk-moth

primer prilagođenosti koji vidimo kod kolibrija: jastreb-moljca

is beautiful in its adaptation.

je prelep.

The plant gets something,

Biljka dobija nešto

and the hawk-moth spreads the pollen somewhere else.

onzirom da kolibri prenosi polen na drugo mesto.

Plants have evolved

Biljke su evoluirale

to create little landing strips here and there

da naprave male piste ovde i onde

for bees that might have lost their way.

za pčele koje su se možda izgubile na svom putu.

There are markings on many plants

Postoje simboli na mnogim biljkama

that look like other insects.

koji izgledaju kao drugi insekti.

These are the anthers of a lily,

Ovo su prašnici ljiljana

cleverly done

prepametno dizajnirani

so that when the unsuspecting insect

tako da kada insekt koji ništa ne sumlja

lands on it,

sleti,

the anther flips up and whops it on the back

prašnik se izdigne i lupi ga po leđima

with a great load of pollen that it then goes to another plant with.

sa ogromnom količinom polena koji ovaj ponese do sledeće biljke sa sobom.

And there's an orchid

I tu je primer orhideja

that might look to you as if it's got jaws,

i vama se može učiniti da one imaju vilice.

and in a way, it has; it forces the insect to crawl out,

I na neki način, imaju ih, obzirom da one prinude insekta da ispuzi odatle,

getting covered in pollen that it takes somewhere else.

i na taj način insekt bude prekriven polenom koji prenese na drugo mesto.

Orchids: there are 20,000, at least,

Orhideje, ima ih u najmanju ruku 20.000,

species of orchids --

različitih vrsta orhideja--

amazingly, amazingly diverse.

neverovatna, nevrovatna različitost.

And they get up to all sorts of tricks.

I one koriste sve moguće vrste trikova.

They have to try and attract pollinators

Moraju da pokušaju i privuku oprašivače

to do their bidding.

koji prenose njihov polen.

This orchid, known as Darwin's orchid,

Ova orhideja, poznata kao Darvinova orhideja,

because it's one that he studied

jer je to vrsta koju je on izučavao

and made a wonderful prediction when he saw it --

i došao do prelepe pretpostavke kada ju je video.

you can see that there's a very long nectar tube

Možete videti da ima veoma dugu cev za nektar

that descends down

koja se spušta

from the orchid.

od orhideje.

And basically what the insect has to do --

I u principu ono što insekt treba da uradi --

we're in the middle of the flower --

mi smo sada u sredini cveta --

it has to stick its little proboscis

mora da zarije svoje malo rilo

right into the middle of that

tačno u sredinu ovoga

and all the way down that nectar tube

i skroz do dna cevi za nektar

to get to the nectar.

kako bi došao do nektara.

And Darwin said, looking at this flower,

I, gledajući ovaj cvet, Darvin je rekao,

"I guess something has coevolved with this."

"Pretpostvljam da je nešto ko-evoluiralo sa ovom adaptacijom."

And sure enough,

I defintivno,

there's the insect.

postoji insekt.

And I mean, normally it kind of rolls it away,

I svakako, on inače nekako zavije svoje rilo,

but in its erect form,

ali u svojoj ispravljenoj formi,

that's what it looks like.

izgleda baš ovako.

Now you can imagine

Vi sada možete zamisliti

that if nectar

da ako je nektar

is such a valuable thing

toliko važna stvar

and expensive for the plant to produce

i za biljku energetski preskupa da ga proizvede,

and it attracts lots of pollinators,

a pri tome privlači puno oprašivača,

then, just as in human sex,

onda, kao i kod seksa među ljudima,

people might start to deceive.

ljudi bi možda počeli da varaju.

They might say, "I've got a bit of nectar. Do you want to come and get it?"

Mogli bi reći, "Imam malo nektara. Hoćeš da dođes da ga pokupis?"

Now this is a plant.

A ovo je biljka.

This is a plant here

Ovo je biljka ovde

that insects in South Africa just love,

koju insekti u Južnoj Africi obožavaju.

and they've evolved with a long proboscis

I evolucija je dovela kod njih do razvijanja dugog rila

to get the nectar at the bottom.

kako bi mogli da pokupe nektar sa dna cveta.

And this is the mimic.

A ovo je primer mimikrije.

So this is a plant that is mimicking the first plant.

Ovo je biljka koja oponaša prvu biljku.

And here is the long-probosced fly

A ovo je muva sa dugim rilom

that has not gotten any nectar from the mimic,

koja ne može da dođe do nektara iz biljke koja je razvila mimikriju.

because the mimic doesn't give it any nectar. It thought it would get some.

Prosto, usled toga što ta biljka ne proizvodi nikakav nektar. Ali je insekt misilio da ce doći do nektara.

So not only has the fly

Tako da ne samo da muva

not got the nectar from the mimic plant,

nije dobila nektar,

it's also -- if you look very closely

već i - ukoliko pažljivo pogledate -

just at the head end, you can see that it's got a bit of pollen

baš ovde na kraju glave insekta, možete uočiti malu količinu polena

that it would be transmitting to another plant,

koju bi insekt preneo do sledeće biljke

if only some botanist hadn't come along

samo da neki botaničar nije došao

and stuck it to a blue piece of card.

i zakačio plavu karticu na muvu.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Now deceit carries on through the plant kingdom.

Dakle obmane su česta pojava u celom biljnom carstvu.

This flower with its black dots:

Ovaj cvet sa crnim tačkama:

they might look like black dots to us,

ovo možda izgleda kao crna tačka nama,

but if I tell you, to a male insect of the right species,

ali mogu vam reći, da insektu mužjaku tačno određene vrste,

that looks like two females

to izgleda kao dve ženke

who are really, really hot to trot.

koje su zaista, zaista u sezoni parenja.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And when the insect gets there and lands on it,

I kada insekt sleti na biljku,

dousing itself in pollen, of course, that it's going to take to another plant,

opija se polenom, koji će, naravno, preneti do druge biljke,

if you look at the every-home-should-have-one scanning electron microscope picture,

ukoliko pogledate ovu sliku koja potiče iz elektronskog mikroskopa koji svako domaćinstvo treba imati,

you can see that there are actually some patterning there,

moći ćete da videte određene,

which is three-dimensional.

trodimenzionalne šeme.

So it probably even feels good for the insect,

Tako da insekt verovatno uživa u svemu tome,

as well as looking good.

pored toga što izgleda dobro.

And these electron microscope pictures --

Ove su slike slikane elekronskim mikroskopom

here's one of an orchid mimicking an insect --

ovo je orhideja koja imitira insekta;

you can see that different parts of the structure

možete uočiti da različiti delovi ove strukture

have different colors and different textures to our eye,

imaju različte boje i teksturu koje možemo uočiti našim okom,

have very, very different textures

ali je to veoma, veoma različita tekstura

to what an insect might perceive.

u odnosu na ono što insekt uočava.

And this one is evolved to mimic

A ova biljka je evoluirala da imitira

a glossy metallic surface

sjajno-metalnu površinu

you see on some beetles.

koju možete videti na nekim bubama.

And under the scanning electron microscope,

A ispod skenirajućeg elektronskog mikroskopa,

you can see the surface there --

možete zapaziti površinu tamo

really quite different from the other surfaces we looked at.

koja je poprilično različita u odnosu na površinu koju smo upravo posmatrali.

Sometimes the whole plant

Ponekada cela biljka

mimics an insect, even to us.

prosto izgleda kao insket, čak to tako izgleda i našem oku.

I mean, I think that looks like some sort of flying animal or beast.

Hoću da kažem, da ja mislim da izgleda kao životinja koja leti ili zverka.

It's a wonderful, amazing thing.

To je prelepa, očaravajuća stvar.

This one's clever. It's called obsidian.

Ova ovde je jako pametna. Poznata je pod imenom opsidijan.

I think of it as insidium sometimes.

A ja je ponekada zovem insidijum.

To the right species of bee,

Pravoj vrsti vrsta pčele,

this looks like another very aggressive bee,

ovo izgleda kao druga veoma agresivna vrsta pčele,

and it goes and bonks it on the head lots and lots of times to try and drive it away,

i pčela je napada svojom glavom mnogo, mnogo puta kako bi pokušala da je otera,

and, of course, covers itself with pollen.

i, naravno, na taj način bude okupana polenom.

The other thing it does

Druga stvar koju radi

is that this plant mimics another orchid

je ta da ova biljka imitira drugu orhideju

that has a wonderful store

koja ima prelepo skladište

of food for insects.

hrane za insekte.

And this one doesn't have anything for them.

A ova ovde nema uopšte hranu za njih.

So it's deceiving on two levels --

Tako da vrši prevaru na dva nivoa

fabulous.

fantastično.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Here we see ylang ylang,

Ovde vidimo "ylang ylang",

the component of many perfumes.

komponentu mnogih parfema.

I actually smelt someone with some on earlier.

Ja sam u stvari ranije i osetio taj miris na nekome.

And the flowers don't really have to be that gaudy.

A cveće ne treba zaista da izgleda toliko kitnjasto.

They're sending out a fantastic array of scent

Ono odašilje fantastične vrste mirisa

to any insect that'll have it.

svakom insketu koji to želi.

This one doesn't smell so good.

Ova ne miriše tako dobro.

This is a flower

Ovo je cvet

that really, really smells pretty nasty

koji miriše veoma, veoma neprijatno

and is designed, again, evolved,

a dizajniran je tako, odnosno, evoluirao je

to look like carrion.

da liči na strvinu.

So flies love this.

Tako da je muve obožavaju.

They fly in and they pollinate.

One sleću na cvet i pokupe polen.

This, which is helicodiceros,

Ova biljka, zvana helikodiceros,

is also known as dead horse arum.

a poznata je i kao cvet mrtvog konja.

I don't know what a dead horse actually smells like,

Ja ne znam kako mrtav konj u stvarnosti miriše,

but this one probably smells pretty much like it.

ali ova biljka veoravatno miriše poprilično slično.

It's really horrible.

Stvarno je užasno.

And blowflies just can't help themselves.

A, muve zunzare prosto ne mogu da odole.

They fly into this thing,

One lete ka ovom cvetu,

and they fly all the way down it.

i prelete celim putem niz biljku.

They lay their eggs in it,

Polože svoja jaja na nju,

thinking it's a nice bit of carrion,

misleći da je to dobar primerak strvine,

and not realizing that there's no food for the eggs, that the eggs are going to die,

ne shvatajući da tu nema hrane za njihova jaja, da će jaja uginuti,

but the plant, meanwhile, has benefited,

ali biljka, u međuvremenu, uživa u svojim beneficijama,

because the bristles release

jer se njihove čekinje otvore

and the flies disappear

i muve odlete

to pollinate the next flower -- fantastic.

kako bi oprašile sledeći cvet- fantastično.

Here's arum, arum maculatum,

Ovo je "arum maculatum",

"lords and ladies," or "cuckoo-pint" in this country.

kod nas poznat kao kozlac.

I photographed this thing last week in Dorset.

Napravio sam ovu fotografiju prošle nedelje u Dorsetu.

This thing heats up

Ova biljčica se zagreje

by about 15 degrees above ambient temperature --

15 stepeni iznad temperature okoline -

amazing.

čarobno.

And if you look down into it,

I ukoliko analizirate biljku,

there's this sort of dam past the spadix,

uočićete neku vrstu brane posle cvasti,

flies get attracted by the heat --

vrućina privuče muve--

which is boiling off volatile chemicals, little midges --

u kojoj ključaju isparljive hemikalije, i male muve--

and they get trapped underneath in this container.

budu uhvaćene u zamku u ovom kontejneru.

They drink this fabulous nectar

Piju ovaj dražesni nektar

and then they're all a bit sticky.

i postanu potpuno lepljive.

At night they get covered in pollen,

U toku noći muve budu potpuno prekrivene polenom,

which showers down over them,

budu prosto istuširane polenom,

and then the bristles that we saw above,

i tada čekinjice koje smo malo čas videli

they sort of wilt and allow all these midges out, covered in pollen --

uvenu i omoguće izlaz muvicama, koje su prekrivene polenom-

fabulous thing.

fantastično.

Now if you think that's fabulous, this is one of my great favorites.

Ukoliko mislite da je ovo očaravajuće, sada cu vam pokazati moje omiljene.

This is the philodendron selloum.

Ovo je filodendron.

For anyone here from Brazil, you'll know about this plant.

Osobe u publici iz Brazila, znaju sve o ovoj biljci.

This is the most amazing thing.

Ovo je najčudesnija stvar.

That sort of phallic bit there

Ovaj deo koji podseća na falus

is about a foot long.

je dug oko 30 cm.

And it does something

I čini nešto

that no other plant that I know of does,

što ne radi ni jedna druga biljka za koju ja znam,

and that is that when it flowers --

kada cveta-

that's the spadix in the middle there --

ovo je cvast u sredini ovde--

for a period of about two days,

tokom od prilike dva dana,

it metabolizes in a way

metabolizam te biljke podseća na neki način

which is rather similar to mammals.

na metabolizam sisara na neki način.

So instead of having starch,

Tako da umesto da koristi skrob,

which is the food of plants,

a to je hrana za biljke,

it takes something rather similar to brown fat

ona koristi materijal sličan tamnom masnom tkivu

and burns it at such a rate

i sagoreva je takvom stopom

that it's burning fat, metabolizing,

da sagoreva masti, stopom metabolizma,

about the rate of a small cat.

koja je karakteristična za malu mačku.

And that's twice the energy output, weight for weight,

A ukoliko uporedimo odnos proizvedene energije prema težini, to je dva puta više

than a hummingbird --

u odnosu na kolibrija -

absolutely astonishing.

potpuno zadivljujuće.

This thing does something else which is unusual.

Ova stvarčica čini drugu neuobičajenu stvar.

Not only will it raise itself to 115 Fahrenheit,

Ne samo da se zagreje do temeperature od 115 Farenhajta,

43 or 44 degrees Centigrade, for two days,

43 ili 44 Celzijusove skale, u trajanju od dva dana,

but it keeps constant temperature.

nego i održava konstantnu temperaturu.

There's a thermoregulation mechanism in there

Postoji termoregulacioni sistem

that keeps constant temperature.

koji održava konstantnu temperaturu.

"Now why does it do this," I hear you ask.

Ali zašto sve to? Čujem vas kako pitate.

Now wouldn't you know it,

Zar nije čudno što ne znate

there's some beetles that just love to make love at that temperature.

da postoje neke bube koje obožavaju da se pare baš na toj temperaturi.

And they get inside, and they get it all on.

I one uđu u biljku, i bace se na posao.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And the plant showers them with pollen,

A biljka ih okupa polenom,

and off they go and pollinate.

i bube odlaze spremne za oprašivanje drugih.

And what a wonderful thing it is.

A to je prelepa stvar.

Now most pollinators

Većina oprašivača cvetnica

that we think about are insects,

o kojima mi razmišljamo su insekti,

but actually in the tropics,

ali u stvari u tropskim predelima

many birds and butterflies pollinate.

oprašivači su ptice i leptiri.

And many of the tropical flowers are red,

Veliki broj tropskog cveća je crvene boje,

and that's because butterflies and birds

a to je zato što leptiri i ptice

see similarly to us, we think,

mi bismo pomislili, vide slično nama

and can see the color red very well.

i mogu uočiti crvenu boju veoma dobro.

But if you look at the spectrum,

Ali ukoliko pogledate na spektar boja,

birds and us, we see red, green and blue

ptice i mi, mi vidimo crveno, zeleno i plavo,

and see that spectrum.

i vidimo taj spektar boja.

Insects see green, blue and ultraviolet,

Insekti vide zeleno, plavo i ultraljubičaste zrake,

and they see various shades of ultraviolet.

i uočavaju različite nijanse ultraljubičastog zračenja.

So there's something that goes on off the end there.

Tako da se nešto dešava na kraju ove skale ovde.

"And wouldn't it be great if we could somehow see what that is," I hear you ask.

"Ne bi li bilo sjajno kada bismo mi nekako mogli da vidimo šta je to," čujem vas kako pitate.

Well yes we can.

Pa, možemo.

So what is an insect seeing?

I šta onda insekt vidi?

Last week I took these pictures of rock rose,

Prošle nedelje sam uslikao ružu kamenjara,

helianthemum, in Dorset.

"helianthemum", u Dorsetu.

These are little yellow flowers like we all see,

Ovo je malo žuto cveće kao što mi svi vidimo,

little yellow flowers all over the place.

malo žuto cveće svuda unaokolo.

And this is what it looks like with visible light.

I ovako ono izgleda u vidljivom delu spektra.

This is what it looks like if you take out the red.

A ovako izgleda ako izbacite crvenu boju iz spektra.

Most bees don't perceive red.

Većina pčela ne vidi crvenu boju.

And then I put some ultraviolet filters on my camera

Tako da sam ja postavio filtere za ultraljubičaste zrake na svom aparatu

and took a very, very long exposure

i postavio veoma, veoma dugo izlaganje

with the particular frequencies of ultraviolet light

i koristio tačno određenu frekvenciju ultraljubičaste svetlosti

and this is what I got.

i ovo je rezultat.

And that's a real fantastic bull's eye.

A to je zaista impresivni centar.

Now we don't know

E sada, mi ne znamo

exactly what a bee sees,

tačno šta pčela vidi,

any more than you know what I'm seeing

ništa više od onoga što vi znate šta ja vidim

when I call this red.

kada kažem da je ovo crveno.

We can't know what's going on in -- let alone an insect's --

Mi ne znamo šta se dešava u mozgu drugog čoveka,

another human being's mind.

a kamoli u mozgu insekata.

But the contrast will look something like that,

Ali kontrast bi izgledao nekako kao ovo.

so standing out a lot from the background.

Toliko odskače od sredine.

Here's another little flower --

Ovo je primer još jednog malog cveta

different range of ultraviolet frequencies,

različit opseg ultraljubičastih frekvencija,

different filters

različiti filteri

to match the pollinators.

kako bi odgovarali polinatorima.

And that's the sort of thing that it would be seeing.

I ovo je tip slike koju bi insekt video.

Just in case you think

U slučaju da mislite

that all yellow flowers have this property --

da svo žuto cveće poseduje ovu karakteristiku -

no flower was damaged in the process of this shot;

ni jedan cvet nije bio oštećen u proceduri slikanja

it was just attached to the tripod,

samo sam ga postavio na tronožac,

not killed --

nisam ubio cvet--

then under ultraviolet light,

i potom pod ultraljubičastom svetlošću,

look at that.

pogledajte to.

And that could be the basis of a sunscreen

I to bi mogla da bude osnova kreme za sunčanje,

because sunscreens work by absorbing ultraviolet light.

obzirom da SPF faktor funkcioniše tako što apsorbuje ultraljubičaste zrake.

So maybe the chemical in that would be useful.

Tako da bi hemijska supstanca u tome mogla biti korisna.

Finally, there's one of evening primrose

Na kraju, ovo je noćna jagorčevina

that Bjorn Rorslett from Norway sent me --

koju mi je poslao iz Norveške Bjorn Rorslet--

fantastic hidden pattern.

fenomenalna skrivena šema.

And I love the idea of something hidden.

I meni se jako sviđa ideja o skrivenim stvarima.

I think there's something poetic here,

Mislim da postoji nešto poetično ovde.

that these pictures taken with ultraviolet filter,

Pogledajte tu sliku napravljenu uz pomoć ultraljubičastih filtera,

the main use of that filter

glavnu primenu tog filtera

is for astronomers to take pictures of Venus --

pronalaze astronomi kada slikaju Veneru--

actually the clouds of Venus.

u stvari oblake Venere.

That's the main use of that filter.

Za to je ovaj filter najkorisniji.

Venus, of course, is the god of love and fertility,

Venera, je, naravno, boginja ljubavi i plodnosti,

which is the flower story.

a to je priča cveta.

And just as flowers spend a lot of effort

I baš kao što cveće ulaže puno napora

trying to get pollinators to do their bidding,

kako bi privuklo oprašivače da odrade njihov posao,

they've also somehow managed to persuade us to plant great fields full of them

isto tako su nas ubedili da sadimo polja i polja cveća

and give them to each other

i da ih poklanjamo jedni drugima

at times of birth and death,

kada se rađamo i umiremo,

and particularly at marriage,

a naročito kada se venčavamo,

which, when you think of it,

što, kada razmislite o tome,

is the moment that encapsulates

je momenat koji obležava

the transfer of genetic material

prenos genetičkog materijala

from one organism to another.

od jednog do drugog organizma.

Thank you very much.

Hvala vam mnogo.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)