Jonathan Drori: The beautiful tricks of flowers

78,098 views ・ 2011-07-06

TED


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Prevoditelj: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG
00:17
Do you know
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Znate li
00:19
how many species of flowering plants there are?
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koliko različitih vrsta cvjetnica postoji?
00:22
There are a quarter of a million -- at least those are the ones we know about --
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Ima ih četvrt milijuna -- najmanje jer su to one vrste za koje znamo --
00:25
a quarter of a million species of flowering plants.
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četvrt milijuna vrsta cvjetnica.
00:28
And flowers are a real bugger.
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A cvijetovi su pravi problem.
00:30
They're really difficult for plants to produce.
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Oni su biljkama stvarno teški za proizvodnju.
00:32
They take an enormous amount of energy and a lot of resources.
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Oni uzimaju nevjerojatnu količinu energije i puno resursa.
00:35
Why would they go to that bother?
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Zašto se one uopće time zamaraju?
00:37
And the answer of course, like so many things in the world,
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I odgovor je naravno, poput mnogih stvari na svijetu,
00:39
is sex.
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seks.
00:41
I know what's on your mind when you're looking at these pictures.
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Znam što vam je na umu kada gledate ove slike.
00:45
And the reason that sexual reproduction is so important --
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I razlog tome je što je seksualna reprodukcija toliko važna --
00:48
there are lots of other things that plants can do to reproduce.
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postoji jako puno drugih stvari koje biljke mogu raditi kako bi reproducirale.
00:51
You can take cuttings;
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Možete uzeti strugotine;
00:53
they can sort of have sex with themselves;
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one se mogu na neki način seksati same sa sobom;
00:55
they can pollinate themselves.
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one se mogu samooprašivati.
00:57
But they really need to spread their genes
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Ali one stvarno trebaju rasijati svoje gene
00:59
to mix with other genes
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kako bi se pomiješali s drugim genima,
01:01
so that they can adapt to environmental niches.
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kako bi se mogli prilagoditi okolišnim nišama.
01:03
Evolution works that way.
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Evolucija radi na taj način.
01:05
Now the way that plants transmit that information
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Način na koji biljke odašilju tu informaciju
01:07
is through pollen.
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je preko peluda.
01:09
Some of you may have seen some of these pictures before.
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Neki od vas su možda ranije vidjeli ove slike.
01:11
As I say, every home should have a scanning electron microscope
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Kao što sam rekao, svaki dom bi trebao imati skenirajući elektronski mikroskop
01:13
to be able to see these.
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kako bi mogao vidjeti ove.
01:15
And there is as many different kinds of pollen
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A postoji toliko različitih vrsta peluda
01:17
as there are flowering plants.
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koliko je i različitih cvjetnica.
01:19
And that's actually rather useful for forensics and so on.
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A to je u stvari prilično korisno za forenzičare i tako dalje.
01:22
Most pollen that causes hay fever for us
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Većina peluda koji uzrokuje peludnu groznicu
01:25
is from plants that use the wind
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je iz biljaka koje koriste vjetar
01:27
to disseminate the pollen,
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kako bi raširile pelud.
01:29
and that's a very inefficient process,
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A to je prilično nedjelotvoran proces
01:32
which is why it gets up our noses so much.
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i to je razlog zašto ga toliko završi u našim nosevima.
01:34
Because you have to chuck out masses and masses of it,
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Jer trebate izbaciti priličnu količinu toga,
01:36
hoping that your sex cells, your male sex cells,
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nadajući se kako će vaše seksualne čelije, vaše muške seksualne čelije,
01:39
which are held within the pollen,
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koje se drže unutar peludi,
01:41
will somehow reach another flower just by chance.
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doći nekako do drugog cvijeta uz puno sreće.
01:43
So all the grasses, which means all of the cereal crops,
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Tako sve trave, što znači i sve žitarice,
01:46
and most of the trees
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i većina drveća
01:48
have wind-borne pollen.
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ima pelud prenešenu vjetrom.
01:50
But most species
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Ali većina vrsta
01:52
actually use insects to do their bidding,
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u stvari koriste insekte kako bi se povezala.
01:54
and that's more intelligent in a way,
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A to je na neki način inteligentnije,
01:57
because the pollen, they don't need so much of it.
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zbog peludi jer je ne trebate toliko puno.
02:00
The insects
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Insekti
02:02
and other species
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i druge vrste
02:05
can take the pollen,
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mogu uzeti pelud,
02:07
transfer it directly to where it's required.
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te ju prenijeti direktno gdje se traži.
02:09
So we're aware, obviously, of the relationship
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Dakle svjesni smo, očito, veze
02:12
between insects and plants.
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između insekata i biljaka.
02:14
There's a symbiotic relationship there,
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Postoji simbiotska veza ovdje,
02:16
whether it's flies or birds or bees,
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bilo da leti na pticama ili pčelama,
02:19
they're getting something in return,
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dobiju nešto za uzvrat,
02:21
and that something in return is generally nectar.
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i to nešto za uzvrat je uglavnom nektar.
02:24
Sometimes that symbiosis
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Ponekad ta simbioza
02:26
has led to wonderful adaptations --
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je dovela do prekrasnih adaptacija --
02:28
the hummingbird hawk-moth
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kolibrići
02:30
is beautiful in its adaptation.
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su prekrasni u svojoj adaptaciji.
02:32
The plant gets something,
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Biljka dobije nešto,
02:34
and the hawk-moth spreads the pollen somewhere else.
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a kolibrić prenese pelud negdje drugdje.
02:38
Plants have evolved
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Biljke su evolvirale
02:40
to create little landing strips here and there
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kako bi stvorile malene slijetne trake tu i tamo
02:42
for bees that might have lost their way.
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za pčele koje su se izgubile.
02:44
There are markings on many plants
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Postoje obilježja na mnogim biljkama
02:46
that look like other insects.
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koja izgledaju kao drugi insekti.
02:49
These are the anthers of a lily,
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Ovu su prašnici ljiljana,
02:51
cleverly done
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pametno napravljeni
02:53
so that when the unsuspecting insect
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tako kada insekt koji ništa ne sumnja
02:55
lands on it,
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na njih sleti,
02:57
the anther flips up and whops it on the back
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prašnik se izdigne i lupi ga po leđima
02:59
with a great load of pollen that it then goes to another plant with.
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s velikom količinom peluda s kojom onda on ide do druge biljke.
03:02
And there's an orchid
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A ovdje je jedna orhideja
03:05
that might look to you as if it's got jaws,
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koja bi vama mogla izgledati kao da ima ralje.
03:07
and in a way, it has; it forces the insect to crawl out,
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I na neki način ih ima; ona prisiljava insekta da ispuže,
03:10
getting covered in pollen that it takes somewhere else.
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prekriven peludom koji onda odnosi negdje drugdje.
03:14
Orchids: there are 20,000, at least,
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Orhideje: ima ih 20.000, najmanje,
03:16
species of orchids --
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različitih vrsta --
03:18
amazingly, amazingly diverse.
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čudesno, čudesno različitih.
03:20
And they get up to all sorts of tricks.
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I one imaju cijeli niz različitih trikova.
03:22
They have to try and attract pollinators
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One moraju pokušati i privući oprašivače
03:25
to do their bidding.
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kako bi napravili svoj dio posla.
03:27
This orchid, known as Darwin's orchid,
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Ova orhideja, poznata kao Darwinova orhideja,
03:30
because it's one that he studied
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jer je to jedna koju je proučavao
03:32
and made a wonderful prediction when he saw it --
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i napravio prekrasna predviđanja kada ih je vidio.
03:34
you can see that there's a very long nectar tube
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Možete vidjeti kako je tu prilično dugačka cijev s nektarom
03:37
that descends down
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koja se spušta prema dolje
03:39
from the orchid.
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s orhideje.
03:41
And basically what the insect has to do --
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I ono što insekt u osnovi mora napraviti --
03:43
we're in the middle of the flower --
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mi smo usred cvijeta --
03:45
it has to stick its little proboscis
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mora držati svoje malo rilo
03:47
right into the middle of that
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točno u sredini toga
03:49
and all the way down that nectar tube
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i tako cijelim putem skroz dolje kroz cijev s nektarom
03:51
to get to the nectar.
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kako bi ga uzeo.
03:53
And Darwin said, looking at this flower,
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I Darwin je rekao, gledajući taj cvijet,
03:56
"I guess something has coevolved with this."
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"Pretpostavljam kako je nešto suevolviralo s ovim."
03:58
And sure enough,
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I prilično sigurno
04:00
there's the insect.
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tu je insekt.
04:02
And I mean, normally it kind of rolls it away,
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I mislim, normalno ga na neki način izrola
04:04
but in its erect form,
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ali u svom uspravnom obliku
04:06
that's what it looks like.
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to tako izgleda.
04:09
Now you can imagine
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Sada možete zamisliti
04:11
that if nectar
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da ako je nektar
04:13
is such a valuable thing
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tako krhka stvar
04:16
and expensive for the plant to produce
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i skupa za biljke da ju proizvode
04:18
and it attracts lots of pollinators,
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te privlači puno oprašivača,
04:21
then, just as in human sex,
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onda bi, baš kao i kod ljudskog seksa,
04:23
people might start to deceive.
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ljudi mogli početi varati.
04:25
They might say, "I've got a bit of nectar. Do you want to come and get it?"
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Mogli bi reći, "Imam malo nektara. Hoćeš li doći i uzeti ga?"
04:28
Now this is a plant.
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Dakle ovo je biljka.
04:31
This is a plant here
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Ovo ovdje je biljka
04:33
that insects in South Africa just love,
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koju insekti u Južnoj Africi jednostavno vole.
04:37
and they've evolved with a long proboscis
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I oni su se razvili s dugačkim rilima
04:40
to get the nectar at the bottom.
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kako bi uzeli nektar na dnu.
04:42
And this is the mimic.
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A to je mimika.
04:44
So this is a plant that is mimicking the first plant.
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Dakle ovo je biljka koja oponaša prvu biljku.
04:47
And here is the long-probosced fly
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I ovdje je muha s dugačkim rilom
04:50
that has not gotten any nectar from the mimic,
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koja nije dobila ništa nektra iz tog oponašanja.
04:53
because the mimic doesn't give it any nectar. It thought it would get some.
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Jer joj oponašatelj ne daje nikakav nektar. Ona je mislila da će ga dobiti.
04:56
So not only has the fly
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Dakle ne samo da muha
04:58
not got the nectar from the mimic plant,
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nije dobila nektar od oponašajuće biljke,
05:00
it's also -- if you look very closely
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ona također -- ako pogledate pažljivo
05:02
just at the head end, you can see that it's got a bit of pollen
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na kraju glave, možete vidjeti da ima malo peluda
05:05
that it would be transmitting to another plant,
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koji će prenijeti do druge biljke,
05:07
if only some botanist hadn't come along
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da nije neki botaničar došao
05:09
and stuck it to a blue piece of card.
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i stavio je na plavi komad kartice.
05:11
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:16
Now deceit carries on through the plant kingdom.
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Sada prevareni nosi to po kraljevstvu biljaka.
05:19
This flower with its black dots:
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Ovaj cvijet sa svojim crnim točkama:
05:21
they might look like black dots to us,
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one nama mogu izgledati poput crnih točaka,
05:23
but if I tell you, to a male insect of the right species,
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ali ako vam kažem, kako muškom insektu prave vrste,
05:26
that looks like two females
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one izgledaju kao dvije ženke
05:28
who are really, really hot to trot.
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koje su stvarno vruće, vruće za pokazati.
05:30
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:32
And when the insect gets there and lands on it,
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I kada insekt dođe tamo i sleti na to,
05:35
dousing itself in pollen, of course, that it's going to take to another plant,
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biva iskorišten za pelud, naravno, koja će završiti na drugoj biljci,
05:38
if you look at the every-home-should-have-one scanning electron microscope picture,
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ako pogledate na sliku svaka-kuća-bi-trebala-imati-jednog skenirajućeg elektronskog mikroskopa,
05:42
you can see that there are actually some patterning there,
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možete vidjeti kako u stvari postoje neki uzorci tamo,
05:44
which is three-dimensional.
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koji su tro-dimenzionalni.
05:46
So it probably even feels good for the insect,
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Tako da to za insekta ima vjerojatno jednako dobar opip
05:49
as well as looking good.
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kao i izgled.
05:52
And these electron microscope pictures --
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A ove slike elektronskog mikroskopa --
05:54
here's one of an orchid mimicking an insect --
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ovdje je jedna orhideja koja oponaša insekta --
05:57
you can see that different parts of the structure
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možete vidjeti kako različiti dijelovi strukture
06:00
have different colors and different textures to our eye,
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imaju različite boje i različite teksture za naše oko,
06:03
have very, very different textures
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imaju jako, jako različite teksture
06:05
to what an insect might perceive.
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onoga što bi jedan insekt mogao opaziti.
06:08
And this one is evolved to mimic
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A ovaj ovdje je evoluirao do oponašanja
06:10
a glossy metallic surface
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sjajne metalne površine
06:13
you see on some beetles.
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koju možete vidjeti na nekim kornjašima.
06:15
And under the scanning electron microscope,
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I pod skenirajućim elektronskim mikroskopom,
06:18
you can see the surface there --
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možete vidjeti površinu tamo --
06:21
really quite different from the other surfaces we looked at.
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stvarno bitno drugačiju od ostalih površina koje smo gledali.
06:25
Sometimes the whole plant
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Ponekad cijela biljka
06:27
mimics an insect, even to us.
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oponaša insekta, čak i nama.
06:30
I mean, I think that looks like some sort of flying animal or beast.
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Mislim ovo izgleda poput neke vrste leteće životinje ili zvijeri.
06:33
It's a wonderful, amazing thing.
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Prekrasno je, zadivljujuća stvar.
06:36
This one's clever. It's called obsidian.
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Ovaj je pametan. Naziva se opsidijan.
06:39
I think of it as insidium sometimes.
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Ponekad o njemu razmišljam kao o insidijumu.
06:41
To the right species of bee,
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Pravoj vrsti pčele
06:44
this looks like another very aggressive bee,
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ovo izgleda kao druga vrsta jako agresivne pčele,
06:46
and it goes and bonks it on the head lots and lots of times to try and drive it away,
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i ide i lupa ju po glavi jako puno puta kako bi je otjerala,
06:49
and, of course, covers itself with pollen.
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i, naravno, prekrivena je peludom.
06:51
The other thing it does
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Druga stvar koju radi
06:53
is that this plant mimics another orchid
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jest da ova biljka oponaša drugu orhideju
06:56
that has a wonderful store
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koja ima prekrasan dućan
06:59
of food for insects.
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hrane za insekte.
07:01
And this one doesn't have anything for them.
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A ova nema ništa za njih.
07:03
So it's deceiving on two levels --
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Tako da vara na dvije razine --
07:05
fabulous.
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nevjerojatno.
07:07
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
07:09
Here we see ylang ylang,
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Ovdje je ylang ylang
07:11
the component of many perfumes.
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sastojak mnogih parfema.
07:13
I actually smelt someone with some on earlier.
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Ja sam zapravo ranije osjetio da ga netko ovdje ima.
07:16
And the flowers don't really have to be that gaudy.
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A cvijeće stvarno ne mora biti gizdavo.
07:18
They're sending out a fantastic array of scent
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Oni šalju sjajan niz mirisa
07:21
to any insect that'll have it.
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svakom insektu koji to želi.
07:24
This one doesn't smell so good.
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Ovaj ne miriše toliko dobro.
07:26
This is a flower
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Ovo je cvijet
07:28
that really, really smells pretty nasty
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koji stvarno miriše prilično loše
07:31
and is designed, again, evolved,
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i dizajniran je, ponovno, evoluirao je
07:34
to look like carrion.
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kako bi izgledao poput strvine.
07:37
So flies love this.
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Tako da ga muhe obožavaju.
07:39
They fly in and they pollinate.
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One ulijeću i oprašuju.
07:42
This, which is helicodiceros,
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Ovo, a to je helicodiceros,
07:46
is also known as dead horse arum.
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je poznato još kao arum mrtvog konja.
07:49
I don't know what a dead horse actually smells like,
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Ne znam kako točno miriše mrtvi konj,
07:51
but this one probably smells pretty much like it.
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ali ovaj cvijet vjerojatno jako slično miriši.
07:53
It's really horrible.
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Stvarno je užasno.
07:55
And blowflies just can't help themselves.
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A muhe si jednostavno ne mogu pomoći.
07:57
They fly into this thing,
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One ulijeću u tu stvar,
07:59
and they fly all the way down it.
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i spuštaju se skroz na njeno dno.
08:01
They lay their eggs in it,
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One poliježu svoja jajašca u nju,
08:03
thinking it's a nice bit of carrion,
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misleći kako je to lijepi komad lešine,
08:05
and not realizing that there's no food for the eggs, that the eggs are going to die,
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i ne shvačajući kako nema hrane za njihova jajašca, kako će jajašca umrijeti,
08:08
but the plant, meanwhile, has benefited,
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ali je biljka, u međuvremenu, imala koristi,
08:11
because the bristles release
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jer čekinja oslobađa
08:13
and the flies disappear
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a muha nestaje
08:15
to pollinate the next flower -- fantastic.
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kako bi oprašila slijedeći cvijet -- fantastično.
08:18
Here's arum, arum maculatum,
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Ovdje je arum, pjegasti kozlac,
08:20
"lords and ladies," or "cuckoo-pint" in this country.
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gospodari i dame, kukavica-pinta u ovoj zemlji.
08:23
I photographed this thing last week in Dorset.
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Fotografirao sam tu stvar prošli tjedan u Dorsetu.
08:25
This thing heats up
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Ova stvar se zagrije
08:27
by about 15 degrees above ambient temperature --
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za otprilike 15 stupnjeva iznad ambijentalne temperature --
08:29
amazing.
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nevjerojatno.
08:31
And if you look down into it,
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Ako pogledate dolje u to,
08:33
there's this sort of dam past the spadix,
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tu se nalazi ta vrsta prepreke pokraj spadiksa,
08:36
flies get attracted by the heat --
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muhe privuće toplina --
08:38
which is boiling off volatile chemicals, little midges --
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tamo vriju lako hlapljive kemikalije, male mušice --
08:40
and they get trapped underneath in this container.
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i ulove se u zamku ispod u ovaj kontejner.
08:43
They drink this fabulous nectar
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One piju taj nevjerojatan nektar
08:46
and then they're all a bit sticky.
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i onda su sve malo ljepljive.
08:48
At night they get covered in pollen,
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Noću se prekriju peludom,
08:51
which showers down over them,
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koji pada po njima,
08:53
and then the bristles that we saw above,
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a zatim čekinje koje smo vidjeli gore,
08:55
they sort of wilt and allow all these midges out, covered in pollen --
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one na neki način uvenu i omoguće svim tim mušicama da izađu, prekrivene peludom --
08:58
fabulous thing.
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nevjerojatna stvar.
09:00
Now if you think that's fabulous, this is one of my great favorites.
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Ako mislite da je to nevjerojatno, ova je moj osobni veliki favorit.
09:03
This is the philodendron selloum.
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Ovo je filodendron.
09:06
For anyone here from Brazil, you'll know about this plant.
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Za vas koji ste iz Brazila, znati ćete neke stvari o ovoj biljci.
09:09
This is the most amazing thing.
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Ovo je najnevjerojatnija stvar.
09:11
That sort of phallic bit there
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Ova vrsta faličnog komadića ovdje
09:13
is about a foot long.
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je oko 0,3 metra dugačka.
09:15
And it does something
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I ona radi nešto
09:17
that no other plant that I know of does,
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što niti jedna biljka koju ja znam ne radi,
09:20
and that is that when it flowers --
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a to je kada cvjeta --
09:22
that's the spadix in the middle there --
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to je spendiks u sredini tamo --
09:24
for a period of about two days,
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na dva dana,
09:27
it metabolizes in a way
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on metabolizira na način
09:29
which is rather similar to mammals.
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koji je sličan sisavcima.
09:31
So instead of having starch,
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Dakle umjesto da se bavi škrobom
09:33
which is the food of plants,
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koji je hrana za biljke,
09:35
it takes something rather similar to brown fat
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ona uzima nešto slično smeđoj masti
09:37
and burns it at such a rate
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i spaljuje to takvom brzinom
09:39
that it's burning fat, metabolizing,
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da spaljuje mast, simulira metabolizam,
09:42
about the rate of a small cat.
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brzinom male mačke.
09:45
And that's twice the energy output, weight for weight,
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I to je dvostruko veći energetski učinak, težina za težinom,
09:48
than a hummingbird --
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od kolibrića --
09:50
absolutely astonishing.
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apsolutno zadivljujuće.
09:52
This thing does something else which is unusual.
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Ova stvar radi još nešto što je neuobičajeno.
09:54
Not only will it raise itself to 115 Fahrenheit,
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Ne samo da će podignuti vlastitu temperaturu na 115 Fahrenheita,
09:57
43 or 44 degrees Centigrade, for two days,
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43 ili 44 stupnja Celzijusa, na dva dana,
10:00
but it keeps constant temperature.
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ali održava stalnu temperaturu.
10:03
There's a thermoregulation mechanism in there
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Postoji termoregulacijski mehanizam
10:05
that keeps constant temperature.
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koji održava temperaturu.
10:07
"Now why does it do this," I hear you ask.
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Zašto to radi? Čujem kako pitate.
10:09
Now wouldn't you know it,
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Nije ni čudo da ne znate,
10:11
there's some beetles that just love to make love at that temperature.
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postoje neki kornjaši koji jednostavno vole voditi ljubav na toj temperaturi.
10:15
And they get inside, and they get it all on.
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I oni uđu unutra, i sve obave.
10:18
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
10:20
And the plant showers them with pollen,
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I biljka ih zasuje peludom,
10:22
and off they go and pollinate.
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i onda odlete i oprašuju.
10:25
And what a wonderful thing it is.
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I kako je to prekrasna stvar.
10:28
Now most pollinators
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Većina oprašitelja
10:31
that we think about are insects,
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o kojima razmišljamo su insekti,
10:33
but actually in the tropics,
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ali u stvari u tropima
10:35
many birds and butterflies pollinate.
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puno ptica i leptira oprašuje.
10:38
And many of the tropical flowers are red,
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A mnogi od tropskih cvjetova su crveni
10:40
and that's because butterflies and birds
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i to je zato jer leptiri i ptice
10:42
see similarly to us, we think,
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vide slično nama, mi mislimo,
10:44
and can see the color red very well.
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i mogu vidjeti crvenu boju jako dobro.
10:47
But if you look at the spectrum,
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Ali ako pogledate u spektar
10:50
birds and us, we see red, green and blue
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nas i ptica, mi vidimo crveno, zeleno i plavo
10:53
and see that spectrum.
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i vidimo taj spektar.
10:55
Insects see green, blue and ultraviolet,
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Insekti vide zeleno, plavo i ultraljubičasto,
10:57
and they see various shades of ultraviolet.
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i oni vide različite sjene ultraljubičaste.
10:59
So there's something that goes on off the end there.
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Dakle postoji nešto što je tu na kraj.
11:02
"And wouldn't it be great if we could somehow see what that is," I hear you ask.
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"I ne bi li bilo sjajno da na neki način možemo vidjeti što je to", čujem kako pitate.
11:05
Well yes we can.
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Dakle, možemo.
11:07
So what is an insect seeing?
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Što je to što insekt vidi?
11:10
Last week I took these pictures of rock rose,
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Prošlog tjedna sam snimio ove slike kamene ruže
11:12
helianthemum, in Dorset.
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sunčanice, u Dorsetu.
11:14
These are little yellow flowers like we all see,
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To su maleni žuti cvjetovi kao što svi možemo vidjeti,
11:17
little yellow flowers all over the place.
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maleni žuti cvjetovi po cijelom mjestu.
11:19
And this is what it looks like with visible light.
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A ovako to izgleda pod svjetlom.
11:22
This is what it looks like if you take out the red.
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Ovako izgleda kada bismo oduzeli crvenu boju.
11:25
Most bees don't perceive red.
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Većina pčela ne registrira crvenu.
11:28
And then I put some ultraviolet filters on my camera
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I onda sam stavio neke ultraljubičaste filtere na moju kameru
11:32
and took a very, very long exposure
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i uzeo jako, jako dugačku ekspoziciju
11:35
with the particular frequencies of ultraviolet light
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sa specifičnim frekvencijama ultraljubičastog svjetla
11:38
and this is what I got.
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i ovo je što sam dobio.
11:40
And that's a real fantastic bull's eye.
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I to je stvarno fantastična meta.
11:43
Now we don't know
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Sada ne znamo
11:45
exactly what a bee sees,
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točno što pčele vide,
11:47
any more than you know what I'm seeing
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ništa više nego što znate što ja vidim
11:49
when I call this red.
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kada ovo nazivam crvenim.
11:52
We can't know what's going on in -- let alone an insect's --
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Mi ne možemo znati što se događa, a kamoli kukac,
11:55
another human being's mind.
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u glavi drugog čovjeka.
11:58
But the contrast will look something like that,
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Ali kontrast će izgledati otprilike ovako.
12:02
so standing out a lot from the background.
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Tako izgleda većina pozadine.
12:04
Here's another little flower --
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Evo još jednog malog cvijeta --
12:06
different range of ultraviolet frequencies,
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drugi raspon ultraljubičastih frekvencija,
12:09
different filters
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drugi filteri
12:11
to match the pollinators.
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koji odgovaraju oprašivačima.
12:13
And that's the sort of thing that it would be seeing.
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I to je neka vrsta stvari koju bi vidjeli.
12:16
Just in case you think
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Samo u slučaju ako mislite
12:18
that all yellow flowers have this property --
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da svi žuti cvjetovi imaju ovo obilježje --
12:21
no flower was damaged in the process of this shot;
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niti jedan cvijet nije oštečen tijekom ove snimke;
12:24
it was just attached to the tripod,
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samo je pričvršćen uz tronožac,
12:27
not killed --
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nije ubijen --
12:29
then under ultraviolet light,
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onda pod ultraljubičastim svjetlom,
12:31
look at that.
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pogledajte.
12:33
And that could be the basis of a sunscreen
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I to bi mogao biti temelj kreme za sunčanje,
12:35
because sunscreens work by absorbing ultraviolet light.
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jer kreme za sunčanje rade na način da apsorbiraju ultraljubičaste zrake.
12:37
So maybe the chemical in that would be useful.
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Možda bi ova kemikalija mogla biti korisna.
12:41
Finally, there's one of evening primrose
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Na kraju, evo jedne žute noćurke
12:44
that Bjorn Rorslett from Norway sent me --
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koju mi je poslao Bjorn Rorslett iz Norveške --
12:46
fantastic hidden pattern.
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sjajno prikriveni uzorak.
12:48
And I love the idea of something hidden.
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A ja obožavam kada je nešto skriveno.
12:50
I think there's something poetic here,
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Mislim da ovdje imamo nešto poetskog.
12:52
that these pictures taken with ultraviolet filter,
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Ove su slike napravljene s ultraljubičastim filterom,
12:55
the main use of that filter
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glavna uporaba ovog filtera
12:57
is for astronomers to take pictures of Venus --
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je za astronaute kada uzimaju slike Venere --
13:00
actually the clouds of Venus.
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u stvari oblaka na Veneri.
13:03
That's the main use of that filter.
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Za to se uglavnom koristi taj filter.
13:05
Venus, of course, is the god of love and fertility,
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Venera, je naravno, božica ljubavi i plodnosti,
13:08
which is the flower story.
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koja je priča o cvijetu.
13:10
And just as flowers spend a lot of effort
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I jednako kao što se cvijet jako trudi
13:12
trying to get pollinators to do their bidding,
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kako bi privukao oprašivače,
13:15
they've also somehow managed to persuade us to plant great fields full of them
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oni na neki način i nas nagovaraju da posadimo puna polja njih
13:18
and give them to each other
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i dajemo ih jedni drugima
13:20
at times of birth and death,
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kada se rađamo ili umiremo,
13:24
and particularly at marriage,
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a posebno za vjenčanje,
13:26
which, when you think of it,
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koje je, ako o tome razmisite,
13:28
is the moment that encapsulates
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moment koji obilježava
13:30
the transfer of genetic material
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transfer genetskog materijala
13:33
from one organism to another.
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od jednog organizma drugome.
13:35
Thank you very much.
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Puno vam hvala.
13:37
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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