Jonathan Drori: The beautiful tricks of flowers

78,242 views ใƒป 2011-07-06

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Oren Szekatch
00:17
Do you know
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
00:19
how many species of flowering plants there are?
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ื›ืžื” ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืคืจื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื?
00:22
There are a quarter of a million -- at least those are the ones we know about --
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืจื‘ืข ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ -- ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื --
00:25
a quarter of a million species of flowering plants.
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ืจื‘ืข ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืคืจื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
00:28
And flowers are a real bugger.
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ื•ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืขืฆื‘ื ื™ื.
00:30
They're really difficult for plants to produce.
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื.
00:32
They take an enormous amount of energy and a lot of resources.
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ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
00:35
Why would they go to that bother?
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ืœืžื” ื”ื ื˜ื•ืจื—ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš?
00:37
And the answer of course, like so many things in the world,
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:39
is sex.
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ื”ื™ื ืกืงืก.
00:41
I know what's on your mind when you're looking at these pictures.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
00:45
And the reason that sexual reproduction is so important --
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” --
00:48
there are lots of other things that plants can do to reproduce.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืžื—ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
00:51
You can take cuttings;
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ืจ;
00:53
they can sort of have sex with themselves;
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ื”ื ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืงืก ืขื ืขืฆืžื;
00:55
they can pollinate themselves.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืื‘ื™ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
00:57
But they really need to spread their genes
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
00:59
to mix with other genes
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื‘ ืขื ื’ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:01
so that they can adapt to environmental niches.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช.
01:03
Evolution works that way.
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื›ื›ื”.
01:05
Now the way that plants transmit that information
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืฉื“ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื
01:07
is through pollen.
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ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืื‘ืงื ื™ื.
01:09
Some of you may have seen some of these pictures before.
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ื—ืœืงื›ื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
01:11
As I say, every home should have a scanning electron microscope
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ืจืง
01:13
to be able to see these.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืืœื”.
01:15
And there is as many different kinds of pollen
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืื‘ืงื ื™ื
01:17
as there are flowering plants.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืคืจื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
01:19
And that's actually rather useful for forensics and so on.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื•ืขื•ื“.
01:22
Most pollen that causes hay fever for us
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืงื“ื—ืช ื”ืฉื—ืช
01:25
is from plants that use the wind
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ื‘ืื™ื ืžืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—
01:27
to disseminate the pollen,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืื‘ืงื ื™ื.
01:29
and that's a very inefficient process,
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ื•ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœื”,
01:32
which is why it gets up our noses so much.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืืคื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”.
01:34
Because you have to chuck out masses and masses of it,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ืง ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
01:36
hoping that your sex cells, your male sex cells,
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืชืื™ ื”ืกืงืก, ืชืื™ ื”ืกืงืก ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื™ื,
01:39
which are held within the pollen,
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ืฉืžื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื‘ืงื ื™ื,
01:41
will somehow reach another flower just by chance.
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ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืœืคืจื— ืื—ืจ.
01:43
So all the grasses, which means all of the cereal crops,
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ืื– ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืฉืื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื’ื ื™ื,
01:46
and most of the trees
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ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืฆื™ื
01:48
have wind-borne pollen.
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ื™ืฉ ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ื ื™ืฉืื™ ืจื•ื—.
01:50
But most species
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื
01:52
actually use insects to do their bidding,
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ื—ืจืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื‘ืงื ื™ื.
01:54
and that's more intelligent in a way,
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื›ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
01:57
because the pollen, they don't need so much of it.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื‘ืงื ื™ื, ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื.
02:00
The insects
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ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื
02:02
and other species
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ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
02:05
can take the pollen,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืื‘ืงื ื™ื,
02:07
transfer it directly to where it's required.
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ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื.
02:09
So we're aware, obviously, of the relationship
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื
02:12
between insects and plants.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืจืงื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
02:14
There's a symbiotic relationship there,
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
02:16
whether it's flies or birds or bees,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืœื” ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื• ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื,
02:19
they're getting something in return,
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ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”,
02:21
and that something in return is generally nectar.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืงื˜ืจ.
02:24
Sometimes that symbiosis
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื”
02:26
has led to wonderful adaptations --
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืžื•ืคืœืื•ืช --
02:28
the hummingbird hawk-moth
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ืขืฉ ื”ืขื™ื™ื˜
02:30
is beautiful in its adaptation.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืคื™ืคื” ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืฉืœื•.
02:32
The plant gets something,
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ื”ืฆืžื— ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื”ื•,
02:34
and the hawk-moth spreads the pollen somewhere else.
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ื•ื”ืขืฉ ืžืคื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
02:38
Plants have evolved
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•
02:40
to create little landing strips here and there
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืคื” ื•ืฉื
02:42
for bees that might have lost their way.
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ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ืŸ.
02:44
There are markings on many plants
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื
02:46
that look like other insects.
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ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืจืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:49
These are the anthers of a lily,
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ืืœื” ื”ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืฉืŸ,
02:51
cleverly done
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื›ืžื”
02:53
so that when the unsuspecting insect
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ืจืง ืฉืœื ื—ื•ืฉื“
02:55
lands on it,
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ื ื•ื—ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื,
02:57
the anther flips up and whops it on the back
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ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืžืชื”ืคืš ื•ื˜ื•ืคื— ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•
02:59
with a great load of pollen that it then goes to another plant with.
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ืขื ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ืฉืื– ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื ืœืคืจื— ืื—ืจ.
03:02
And there's an orchid
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื—ืœื‘
03:05
that might look to you as if it's got jaws,
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืœืชืขื•ืช.
03:07
and in a way, it has; it forces the insect to crawl out,
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ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื•; ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืจื™ื— ืืช ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ืœื–ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
03:10
getting covered in pollen that it takes somewhere else.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
03:14
Orchids: there are 20,000, at least,
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ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื: ื™ืฉ 20,000 ืœืคื—ื•ืช,
03:16
species of orchids --
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื --
03:18
amazingly, amazingly diverse.
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ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
03:20
And they get up to all sorts of tricks.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื.
03:22
They have to try and attract pollinators
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ื ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืžืื‘ืงื™ื
03:25
to do their bidding.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื.
03:27
This orchid, known as Darwin's orchid,
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ื”ืกื—ืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ื”ืกื—ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
03:30
because it's one that he studied
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืงืจ
03:32
and made a wonderful prediction when he saw it --
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ื•ืขืฉื” ื ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื ืคืœื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื•.
03:34
you can see that there's a very long nectar tube
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื ืงื˜ืจ ืืจื•ืš ืžืื•ื“
03:37
that descends down
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ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืžื˜ื”
03:39
from the orchid.
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ืžื”ืกื—ืœื‘.
03:41
And basically what the insect has to do --
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ืจืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช --
03:43
we're in the middle of the flower --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืคืจื— --
03:45
it has to stick its little proboscis
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืง ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื•
03:47
right into the middle of that
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ื™ืฉืจ ืœืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ื–ื”
03:49
and all the way down that nectar tube
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื•ืš ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ื ืงื˜ืจ
03:51
to get to the nectar.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื˜ืจ.
03:53
And Darwin said, looking at this flower,
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ื•ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืžืจ, ื›ืฉืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื— ื”ื–ื”,
03:56
"I guess something has coevolved with this."
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"ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื–ื”."
03:58
And sure enough,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ืฉื‘,
04:00
there's the insect.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ืจืง.
04:02
And I mean, normally it kind of rolls it away,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื’ืœ ืื•ืชื•,
04:04
but in its erect form,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืงื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•,
04:06
that's what it looks like.
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ื›ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื”.
04:09
Now you can imagine
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
04:11
that if nectar
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ืฉืื ื”ื ืงื˜ืจ
04:13
is such a valuable thing
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš
04:16
and expensive for the plant to produce
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ื•ื™ืงืจ ืœืฆืžื— ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
04:18
and it attracts lots of pollinators,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื‘ืงื™ื,
04:21
then, just as in human sex,
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ืื–, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ืกืงืก ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
04:23
people might start to deceive.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื•ื ื•ืช.
04:25
They might say, "I've got a bit of nectar. Do you want to come and get it?"
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ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื’ื™ื“ื•, "ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื ืงื˜ืจ. ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื•?"
04:28
Now this is a plant.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื”ืฆืžื—.
04:31
This is a plant here
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ื”ืฆืžื— ื”ื–ื” ืคื”
04:33
that insects in South Africa just love,
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ืฉื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.
04:37
and they've evolved with a long proboscis
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืขื ื—ื“ืง ืืจื•ืš
04:40
to get the nectar at the bottom.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื˜ืจ ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช.
04:42
And this is the mimic.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ื™.
04:44
So this is a plant that is mimicking the first plant.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืฆืžื— ืฉืžื—ืงื” ืืช ื”ืฆืžื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
04:47
And here is the long-probosced fly
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื“ืง ืืจื•ืš
04:50
that has not gotten any nectar from the mimic,
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ืฉืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ืงื˜ืจ ืžื”ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ื™.
04:53
because the mimic doesn't give it any nectar. It thought it would get some.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ื™ ืœื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ื ืงื˜ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืงื‘ืœ.
04:56
So not only has the fly
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ืื– ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื–ื‘ื•ื‘
04:58
not got the nectar from the mimic plant,
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ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ืงื˜ืจ ืžื”ื—ืงื™ื™ืŸ,
05:00
it's also -- if you look very closely
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื -- ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืงืจื•ื‘
05:02
just at the head end, you can see that it's got a bit of pollen
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉ, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืงืฆืช ืื‘ืงื ื™ื
05:05
that it would be transmitting to another plant,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืฆืžื— ืื—ืจ,
05:07
if only some botanist hadn't come along
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ืื ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ืงืื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื
05:09
and stuck it to a blue piece of card.
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ื•ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
05:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:16
Now deceit carries on through the plant kingdom.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื˜ืขื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื” ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืฆื•ืžื—.
05:19
This flower with its black dots:
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ื”ืคืจื— ื”ื–ื” ืขื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช:
05:21
they might look like black dots to us,
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ื”ื ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ื•,
05:23
but if I tell you, to a male insect of the right species,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื, ืฉืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ืจืง ื–ื›ืจ ืžืžื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
05:26
that looks like two females
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืชื™ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช
05:28
who are really, really hot to trot.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืžื—ื›ื•ืช ืœื–ื™ื•ื•ื’.
05:30
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:32
And when the insect gets there and lands on it,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื—ืจืง ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ื•ื ื•ื—ืช ืขืœื™ื•,
05:35
dousing itself in pollen, of course, that it's going to take to another plant,
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ืžืขื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืื‘ืงื ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืคืจื— ืื—ืจ,
05:38
if you look at the every-home-should-have-one scanning electron microscope picture,
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ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืจืง ืฉืฆืจื™ืš-ืœื”ื™ื•ืช-ื‘ื›ืœ-ื‘ื™ืช,
05:42
you can see that there are actually some patterning there,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืฆื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉื,
05:44
which is three-dimensional.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช.
05:46
So it probably even feels good for the insect,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื—ืจืง,
05:49
as well as looking good.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘.
05:52
And these electron microscope pictures --
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ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• --
05:54
here's one of an orchid mimicking an insect --
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ื”ื ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืกื—ืœื‘ ืฉืžื—ืงื” ื—ืจืง --
05:57
you can see that different parts of the structure
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”
06:00
have different colors and different textures to our eye,
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืจืงืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•,
06:03
have very, very different textures
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืจืงืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ , ืžืื•ื“
06:05
to what an insect might perceive.
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ืžืžื” ืฉื—ืจืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืœื•ื˜.
06:08
And this one is evolved to mimic
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืชื— ืœื—ืงื•ืช
06:10
a glossy metallic surface
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ืžืฉื˜ื— ืžื˜ืืœื™ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง
06:13
you see on some beetles.
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ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
06:15
And under the scanning electron microscope,
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ื•ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื,
06:18
you can see the surface there --
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ืฉื --
06:21
really quite different from the other surfaces we looked at.
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ืžืžืฉ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื ื•.
06:25
Sometimes the whole plant
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืžื—
06:27
mimics an insect, even to us.
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ืžื—ืงื” ื—ืจืง, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื•.
06:30
I mean, I think that looks like some sort of flying animal or beast.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืคืคืช ืื• ื™ืฆื•ืจ.
06:33
It's a wonderful, amazing thing.
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืคืœื ื•ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
06:36
This one's clever. It's called obsidian.
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ื–ื” ื—ื›ื. ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ืืŸ.
06:39
I think of it as insidium sometimes.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืื™ื ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื.
06:41
To the right species of bee,
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ืœื–ืŸ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”,
06:44
this looks like another very aggressive bee,
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ื–ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช,
06:46
and it goes and bonks it on the head lots and lots of times to try and drive it away,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื ื•ื’ื—ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื’ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื”,
06:49
and, of course, covers itself with pollen.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืื‘ืงื ื™ื.
06:51
The other thing it does
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”
06:53
is that this plant mimics another orchid
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ืงื” ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
06:56
that has a wonderful store
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืื’ืจ ื ืคืœื
06:59
of food for insects.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืจืงื™ื.
07:01
And this one doesn't have anything for them.
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ื•ืœื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื
07:03
So it's deceiving on two levels --
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืจืžื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืจืžื•ืช --
07:05
fabulous.
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ื ืคืœื.
07:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:09
Here we see ylang ylang,
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ืœื ื’ ื™ืœื ื’,
07:11
the component of many perfumes.
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ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื.
07:13
I actually smelt someone with some on earlier.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจื—ืชื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื ืงืฆืช ืขืœื™ื• ืžืงื•ื“ื.
07:16
And the flowers don't really have to be that gaudy.
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ื•ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืฆืขืงื ื™ื™ื.
07:18
They're sending out a fantastic array of scent
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ื”ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืจื™ื—ื•ืช
07:21
to any insect that'll have it.
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ืœื›ืœ ื—ืจืง ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ืื•ืชื.
07:24
This one doesn't smell so good.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืจื™ื— ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘.
07:26
This is a flower
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ื–ื” ืคืจื—
07:28
that really, really smells pretty nasty
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ืฉืžืจื™ื— ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื“ื•ื—ื”
07:31
and is designed, again, evolved,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ, ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืชืคืชื—,
07:34
to look like carrion.
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ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืคื’ืจ.
07:37
So flies love this.
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ืื– ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
07:39
They fly in and they pollinate.
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ื”ื ืขืคื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ืžืื‘ืงื™ื.
07:42
This, which is helicodiceros,
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ื–ื”, ืฉื–ื” ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื“ื™ืกืจื•ืก,
07:46
is also known as dead horse arum.
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ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืืจื•ื ื”ืกื•ืก ื”ืžืช.
07:49
I don't know what a dead horse actually smells like,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ืกื•ืก ืžืช,
07:51
but this one probably smells pretty much like it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืจื™ื— ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืื—ื“.
07:53
It's really horrible.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื ื•ืจืื™.
07:55
And blowflies just can't help themselves.
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ื•ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ื ืคื—ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืืคืง.
07:57
They fly into this thing,
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ื”ื ืขืคื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
07:59
and they fly all the way down it.
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ื•ื”ื ืขืคื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื•ื›ื•.
08:01
They lay their eggs in it,
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ื”ื ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•,
08:03
thinking it's a nice bit of carrion,
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื ื‘ืœื”,
08:05
and not realizing that there's no food for the eggs, that the eggs are going to die,
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ื•ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืžื•ืชื•,
08:08
but the plant, meanwhile, has benefited,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืžื— ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—,
08:11
because the bristles release
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื–ื™ืคื™ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื
08:13
and the flies disappear
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ื•ื”ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื
08:15
to pollinate the next flower -- fantastic.
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ืœื”ืื‘ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืคืจื— ื”ื‘ื -- ื ืคืœื.
08:18
Here's arum, arum maculatum,
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ื”ื ืื” ืืจื•ื, ืืจื•ื ืžืงื•ืœื˜ื•ื,
08:20
"lords and ladies," or "cuckoo-pint" in this country.
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ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ืื• ืงื•ืงื•-ืคื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ื•.
08:23
I photographed this thing last week in Dorset.
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ืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื•ืจืกื˜.
08:25
This thing heats up
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ืžื
08:27
by about 15 degrees above ambient temperature --
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ื‘ื›-15 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” --
08:29
amazing.
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ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
08:31
And if you look down into it,
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ื•ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืœืชื•ื›ื•,
08:33
there's this sort of dam past the spadix,
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ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกื›ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืืฉื‘ื•ืœ,
08:36
flies get attracted by the heat --
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ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื --
08:38
which is boiling off volatile chemicals, little midges --
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ืฉืžืื“ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื ื“ื™ืคื™ื, ื™ื‘ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื --
08:40
and they get trapped underneath in this container.
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ื•ื”ื ื ืœื›ื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•.
08:43
They drink this fabulous nectar
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ื”ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืงื˜ืจ ื”ื ืคืœื ื”ื–ื”
08:46
and then they're all a bit sticky.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžืขื˜ ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื.
08:48
At night they get covered in pollen,
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื ืžืชื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืื‘ืงื ื™ื,
08:51
which showers down over them,
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ืฉืžื•ืžื˜ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
08:53
and then the bristles that we saw above,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื–ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืœืžืขืœื”,
08:55
they sort of wilt and allow all these midges out, covered in pollen --
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ื”ืŸ ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื™ื‘ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืœืฆืืช, ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืื‘ืงื ื™ื --
08:58
fabulous thing.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืคืœื.
09:00
Now if you think that's fabulous, this is one of my great favorites.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื ืคืœื, ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ืขืœื™.
09:03
This is the philodendron selloum.
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ื–ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื“ื ื“ืจื•ื ืกืœื•ื.
09:06
For anyone here from Brazil, you'll know about this plant.
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืคื” ืžื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ, ืืชื ืชื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืฆืžื— ื”ื–ื”.
09:09
This is the most amazing thing.
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:11
That sort of phallic bit there
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœื™ ืฉื
09:13
is about a foot long.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืจืš 30 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ.
09:15
And it does something
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื•
09:17
that no other plant that I know of does,
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ืฉืืฃ ืฆืžื— ืื—ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืœื ืขื•ืฉื”,
09:20
and that is that when it flowers --
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืจื— --
09:22
that's the spadix in the middle there --
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ื–ื” ื”ืืฉื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื --
09:24
for a period of about two days,
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ืœืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš,
09:27
it metabolizes in a way
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
09:29
which is rather similar to mammals.
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ืฉื“ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื.
09:31
So instead of having starch,
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืขืžื™ืœืŸ,
09:33
which is the food of plants,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
09:35
it takes something rather similar to brown fat
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ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื•ืžืŸ ื—ื•ื
09:37
and burns it at such a rate
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ื•ืฉื•ืจืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘
09:39
that it's burning fat, metabolizing,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืจืฃ ืฉื•ืžืŸ, ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื”,
09:42
about the rate of a small cat.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืชื•ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ.
09:45
And that's twice the energy output, weight for weight,
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชืคื•ืงืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืžืฉืงืœ ืœืžืฉืงืœ,
09:48
than a hummingbird --
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ืžืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืง ื“ื‘ืฉ --
09:50
absolutely astonishing.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
09:52
This thing does something else which is unusual.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื›ืœืœ.
09:54
Not only will it raise itself to 115 Fahrenheit,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืœ-115 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืคืจื ื”ื™ื™ื˜,
09:57
43 or 44 degrees Centigrade, for two days,
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43 ืื• 44 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก, ืœื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื,
10:00
but it keeps constant temperature.
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ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”.
10:03
There's a thermoregulation mechanism in there
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ื™ืฉ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื—ื•ื ืฉื
10:05
that keeps constant temperature.
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ืฉืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”.
10:07
"Now why does it do this," I hear you ask.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”? ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ืืชื›ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื.
10:09
Now wouldn't you know it,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื ืชืืžื™ื ื•,
10:11
there's some beetles that just love to make love at that temperature.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•.
10:15
And they get inside, and they get it all on.
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ื•ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื–ื”.
10:18
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:20
And the plant showers them with pollen,
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ื•ื”ืฆืžื— ืžืžื˜ื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื‘ืงื ื™ื,
10:22
and off they go and pollinate.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื ืขืคื™ื ืœื”ืื‘ื™ืง.
10:25
And what a wonderful thing it is.
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ื•ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืคืœื ื–ื”.
10:28
Now most pollinators
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืื‘ืงื™ื
10:31
that we think about are insects,
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ืฉืื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื ื—ืจืงื™ื,
10:33
but actually in the tropics,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื,
10:35
many birds and butterflies pollinate.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคืจืคืจื™ื ืžืื‘ืงื™ื.
10:38
And many of the tropical flowers are red,
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื,
10:40
and that's because butterflies and birds
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืคืจืคืจื™ื ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
10:42
see similarly to us, we think,
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ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
10:44
and can see the color red very well.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืื“ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
10:47
But if you look at the spectrum,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื,
10:50
birds and us, we see red, green and blue
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ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื ื—ื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื“ื•ื, ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœ
10:53
and see that spectrum.
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ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
10:55
Insects see green, blue and ultraviolet,
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ื—ืจืงื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ืจื•ืง, ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ,
10:57
and they see various shades of ultraviolet.
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ื•ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ.
10:59
So there's something that goes on off the end there.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืฉื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื–ื”.
11:02
"And wouldn't it be great if we could somehow see what that is," I hear you ask.
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"ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืคืœื ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื–ื”, " ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ืืชื›ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื,
11:05
Well yes we can.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
11:07
So what is an insect seeing?
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ืื– ืžื” ื—ืจืง ืจื•ืื”?
11:10
Last week I took these pictures of rock rose,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื•ืจื“ ืกืœืขื™,
11:12
helianthemum, in Dorset.
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ื”ืœื™ืื ื˜ืžื•ื, ื‘ื“ื•ืจืกื˜.
11:14
These are little yellow flowers like we all see,
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ืืœื” ืคืจื—ื™ื ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื,
11:17
little yellow flowers all over the place.
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ืคืจื—ื™ื ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
11:19
And this is what it looks like with visible light.
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ื ืจืื”.
11:22
This is what it looks like if you take out the red.
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ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื•ื.
11:25
Most bees don't perceive red.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืื“ื•ื.
11:28
And then I put some ultraviolet filters on my camera
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ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ืฉื ื›ืžื” ืคื™ืœื˜ืจื™ื ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ืฉืœื™
11:32
and took a very, very long exposure
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ื•ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืขื ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžืื•ื“
11:35
with the particular frequencies of ultraviolet light
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ืขื ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ
11:38
and this is what I got.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™.
11:40
And that's a real fantastic bull's eye.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžืžืฉ ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™.
11:43
Now we don't know
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
11:45
exactly what a bee sees,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืจื•ืื”,
11:47
any more than you know what I'm seeing
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื”
11:49
when I call this red.
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื–ื” ืื“ื•ื.
11:52
We can't know what's going on in -- let alone an insect's --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”, ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืจืงื™ื,
11:55
another human being's mind.
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ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ.
11:58
But the contrast will look something like that,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืกื˜ ื™ืจืื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
12:02
so standing out a lot from the background.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืจืงืข.
12:04
Here's another little flower --
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืคืจื— ืงื˜ืŸ --
12:06
different range of ultraviolet frequencies,
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ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช,
12:09
different filters
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ืคื™ืœื˜ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
12:11
to match the pollinators.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืžืื‘ืงื™ื.
12:13
And that's the sort of thing that it would be seeing.
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ื•ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืจืื•.
12:16
Just in case you think
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ืจืง ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื
12:18
that all yellow flowers have this property --
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ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• --
12:21
no flower was damaged in the process of this shot;
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ืืฃ ืคืจื— ืœื ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”;
12:24
it was just attached to the tripod,
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื—ืฆื•ื‘ื”,
12:27
not killed --
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ืœื ื ื”ืจื’ --
12:29
then under ultraviolet light,
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ื•ืื– ืชื—ืช ืื•ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ,
12:31
look at that.
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ืชืจืื• ืืช ื–ื”.
12:33
And that could be the basis of a sunscreen
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืงืจื ื”ื’ื ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
12:35
because sunscreens work by absorbing ultraviolet light.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงืจื ื”ื’ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ื’ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ.
12:37
So maybe the chemical in that would be useful.
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœ ื‘ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ.
12:41
Finally, there's one of evening primrose
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“
12:44
that Bjorn Rorslett from Norway sent me --
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ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืจืŸ ืจื•ืจืกืœื˜ ืžื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื— ืœื™ --
12:46
fantastic hidden pattern.
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ืคืœืื” ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื”.
12:48
And I love the idea of something hidden.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื‘ื•ื™.
12:50
I think there's something poetic here,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืคื•ืื˜ื™.
12:52
that these pictures taken with ultraviolet filter,
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ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ืขื ืคื™ืœื˜ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ,
12:55
the main use of that filter
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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืคื™ืœื˜ืจ ื”ื–ื”
12:57
is for astronomers to take pictures of Venus --
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ื”ื•ื ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืœื ืืช ื ื•ื’ื” --
13:00
actually the clouds of Venus.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ื’ื”.
13:03
That's the main use of that filter.
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ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื˜ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
13:05
Venus, of course, is the god of love and fertility,
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ื ื•ื’ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืืœืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ,
13:08
which is the flower story.
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ืฉื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื.
13:10
And just as flowers spend a lot of effort
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืžืฅ
13:12
trying to get pollinators to do their bidding,
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื,
13:15
they've also somehow managed to persuade us to plant great fields full of them
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื ืขื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื”ื
13:18
and give them to each other
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ื•ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™
13:20
at times of birth and death,
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ื“ื” ื•ืžื•ื•ืช,
13:24
and particularly at marriage,
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื,
13:26
which, when you think of it,
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ืฉื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
13:28
is the moment that encapsulates
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืื—ื“
13:30
the transfer of genetic material
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ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ื ื˜ื™
13:33
from one organism to another.
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ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
13:35
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
13:37
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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