Animations of unseeable biology | Drew Berry | TED

Prevodilac: Isidora Bacic Lektor: Jelena Nedjic

What I'm going to show you are the astonishing molecular machines

Pokazaću vam zadivljujuće molekularne mašine

that create the living fabric of your body.

koje stvaraju živu materiju vašeg tela.

Now molecules are really, really tiny.

Molekuli su stvarno, stvarno malecki.

And by tiny, I mean really.

A kada kažem mali,

stvarno to mislim.

They're smaller than a wavelength of light,

Manji su od talasne dužine svetlosti,

so we have no way to directly observe them.

pa zato ne postoji način da ih direktno posmatramo.

Ali zahvaljujući nauci, imamo prilično dobru predstavu

But through science, we do have a fairly good idea

of what's going on down at the molecular scale.

šta se događa na nivou molekula.

So what we can do is actually tell you about the molecules,

Zato zapravo možemo da vam pričamo o molekulima,

but we don't really have a direct way of showing you the molecules.

ali nemamo neposredan način da vam pokažemo molekule.

One way around this is to draw pictures.

Jedan način da to prevaziđemo jeste slikanje.

And this idea is actually nothing new.

Ova ideja nije stvarno nova.

Scientists have always created pictures

Naučnici su oduvek slikali,

as part of their thinking and discovery process.

to je deo razmišljanja i procesa pronalaženja.

Slikaju ono što posmatraju očima,

They draw pictures of what they're observing with their eyes,

through technology like telescopes and microscopes,

koristeći tehnologije kao što su teleskopi i mikroskopi,

and also what they're thinking about in their minds.

i takođe ono o čemu razmišljaju.

I picked two well-known examples,

Izabrao sam dva poznata primera,

because they're very well-known for expressing science through art.

jer su poznata po prikazivanju nauke putem umetnosti.

And I start with Galileo, who used the world's first telescope

Počeću sa Galilejem,

on je koristio prvi teleskop na svetu

to look at the Moon.

da posmatra Mesec.

And he transformed our understanding of the Moon.

Transformisao je način na koji razmišljamo o Mesecu.

The perception in the 17th century

U 17. veku se smatralo

was the Moon was a perfect heavenly sphere.

da je Mesec savršena nebeska sfera.

But what Galileo saw was a rocky, barren world,

Ali je Galilej video da je to stenovit, pust svet,

which he expressed through his watercolor painting.

koji je prikazao na svojim akvarelima.

Another scientist with very big ideas,

Još jedan naučnik sa velikim idejama,

the superstar of biology is Charles Darwin.

velika zvezda biologije, je Čarls Darvin.

And with this famous entry in his notebook,

Čuveni prikaz u njegovoj svesci

on započinje komentarom u gornjem levom uglu: ''Ja mislim,''

he begins in the top left-hand corner with, "I think,"

a onda skicira prvo drvo života,

and then sketches out the first tree of life,

which is his perception of how all the species,

što je njegovo viđenje

opšte povezanosti svih vrsta, svih živih stvari na Zemlji,

all living things on Earth are connected through evolutionary history --

evolucionom istorijom,

the origin of species through natural selection

to je nastanak vrsta putem prirodne selekcije

and divergence from an ancestral population.

i odvajanje od populacije predaka.

Even as a scientist,

Čak i kao naučnik,

I used to go to lectures by molecular biologists

išao sam na predavanja molekularnih biologa

i bila su mi potpuno nerazumljiva,

and find them completely incomprehensible,

with all the fancy technical language and jargon

zbog svih složenih tehničkih izraza i žargona

that they would use in describing their work,

koji koriste za opis svog rada,

until I encountered the artworks of David Goodsell,

dok nisam naišao na umetničke radove Dejvida Gudsela,

who is a molecular biologist at the Scripps Institute.

koji je molekularni biolog na Skrips institutu.

And his pictures -- everything's accurate and it's all to scale.

Na njegovim slikama

je sve tačno i proporcionalno.

And his work illuminated for me

Njegov rad mi je pojasnio

what the molecular world inside us is like.

kako izgleda molekularni svet u nama.

So this is a transection through blood.

Ovo je presek kroz krv.

In the top left-hand corner, you've got this yellow-green area.

U gornjem levom uglu vidite ovaj žuto zeleni deo.

Žuto zeleni deo su tečnosti u krvi, koja se uglavnom sastoji iz vode,

The yellow-green area is the fluid of blood, which is mostly water,

but it's also antibodies, sugars, hormones, that kind of thing.

ali tu su i antitela, šećeri,

hormoni, takve stvari.

And the red region is a slice into a red blood cell.

A crveni region je presek kroz crvena krvna zrnca.

And those red molecules are hemoglobin.

A ovi crveni molekuli su hemoglobini.

They are actually red; that's what gives blood its color.

Oni su stvarno crveni; to daje boju krvi.

And hemoglobin acts as a molecular sponge

Hemoglobin deluje kao molekularni sunđer

to soak up the oxygen in your lungs

koji upija kiseonik u plućima

i prenosi ga u druge delove tela.

and then carry it to other parts of the body.

Inspirisala me je ova slika pre mnogo godina,

I was very much inspired by this image many years ago,

and I wondered whether we could use computer graphics

pa sam se pitao da li bismo mogli da koristimo kompjutersku grafiku

to represent the molecular world.

da predstavimo svet molekula.

What would it look like?

Kako bi izgledao?

And that's how I really began.

Tako sam zapravo započeo. Hajde da počnemo.

So let's begin.

This is DNA in its classic double helix form.

Ovo je DNK u klasičnoj formi duplog heliksa.

And it's from X-ray crystallography, so it's an accurate model of DNA.

Ovo je snimak dobijen rendgenskom kristalografijom,

to je precizan model DNK.

If we unwind the double helix and unzip the two strands,

Ako odmotamo dupli heliks i odvežemo dva lanca,

you see these things that look like teeth.

vidite ove stvari što liče na zupce.

Those are the letters of genetic code,

To su slova genetskog koda,

the 25,000 genes you've got written in your DNA.

25.000 gena koji su upisani u vašu DNK.

This is what they typically talk about -- the genetic code --

O tome obično govore -

o genetskom kodu - upravo na ovo misle.

this is what they're talking about.

Ali želim da vam pričam o drugom aspektu nauke o DNK,

But I want to talk about a different aspect of DNA science,

a to je fizička priroda DNK.

and that is the physical nature of DNA.

Ova dva lanca se pružaju u suprotnim smerovima

It's these two strands that run in opposite directions

for reasons I can't go into right now.

iz razloga u koje sada neću ulaziti.

But they physically run in opposite directions,

Ali se fizički pružaju u suprotnim smerovima,

which creates a number of complications for your living cells,

što stvara brojne komplikacije za vaše žive ćelije,

as you're about to see,

kao što ćete videti,

most particularly when DNA is being copied.

a najviše kada se prepisuje DNK.

And so what I'm about to show you

Ono što ću vam sada pokazati

is an accurate representation of the actual DNA replication machine

je tačan prikaz

stvarne mašine za replikaciju DNK koja se sada odvija u vašem telu,

that's occurring right now inside your body,

barem prema biologiji iz 2002.

at least 2002 biology.

So DNA's entering the production line from the left-hand side,

Znači DNK ulazi u mašineriju za proizvodnju sa leve strane,

and it hits this collection, these miniature biochemical machines,

i sudara se sa ovim skupom, ovim minijaturnim biohemijskim mašinama,

that are pulling apart the DNA strand and making an exact copy.

koje rastavljaju DNK lance i prave tačnu kopiju.

So DNA comes in and hits this blue, doughnut-shaped structure

Dolazi DNK

i udara u ovu plavu, okruglu strukturu sa rupom u sredini

and it's ripped apart into its two strands.

i razdvaja se na dva dela.

One strand can be copied directly,

Jedan lanac je moguće direktno prepisati,

and you can see these things spooling off to the bottom there.

možete videti ove stvari koje se odmotavaju tamo na dnu.

But things aren't so simple for the other strand

Ali stvari nisu toliko jednostavne za drugi lanac

because it must be copied backwards.

jer se mora prepisivati unazad.

So it's thrown out repeatedly in these loops

Pa se okreće nanovo u ovim petljama

and copied one section at a time, creating two new DNA molecules.

i prepisuje deo po deo,

stvarajući dva nova DNK molekula.

Now you have billions of this machine right now working away inside you,

Imate milijarde ovih mašina

koje u ovom trenutku rade u vama,

copying your DNA with exquisite fidelity.

koje prepisuju vašu DNK sa izuzetnom preciznošću.

It's an accurate representation,

To je tačan prikaz,

and it's pretty much at the correct speed for what is occurring inside you.

i prilično tačna brzina za ono što se događa u vama.

Izostavio sam ispravljanje grešaka i mnogo drugih stvari.

I've left out error correction and a bunch of other things.

(Laughter)

This was work from a number of years ago--

Ovo je urađeno pre nekoliko godina.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Aplauz)

(Applause)

This is work from a number of years ago,

Ovo je urađeno pre nekoliko godina,

but what I'll show you next is updated science,

ali ono što ću vam pokazati sledeće je nova nauka, usavršena tehnologija.

it's updated technology.

So again, we begin with DNA.

Ponovo, počinjemo sa DNK.

And it's jiggling and wiggling there

Ona se tu mrda i drma zbog okolne supe od molekula,

because of the surrounding soup of molecules,

koju sam sklonio kako biste mogli nešto da vidite.

which I've stripped away so you can see something.

DNK ima oko dva nanometra u prečniku,

DNA is about two nanometers across, which is really quite tiny.

što je stvarno veoma malo.

Ali u svakoj vašoj ćeliji,

But in each one of your cells,

svaki lanac DNK je dug oko 30 do 40 miliona nanometara.

each strand of DNA is about 30 to 40 million nanometers long.

So to keep the DNA organized and regulate access to the genetic code,

Da bi DNK bila organizovana i da bi pristup genetskom kodu bio regulisan,

it's wrapped around these purple proteins --

obmotana je oko ovih ljubičastih proteina -

or I've labeled them purple here.

ili sam ih ovde obeležio ljubičastom bojom.

It's packaged up and bundled up.

Zapakovana je i sva je na gomili.

All this field of view is a single strand of DNA.

Sve ovo što se vidi je jedan jedini lanac DNK.

This huge package of DNA is called a chromosome.

Ovo ogromno pakovanje DNK se zove hromozom.

And we'll come back to chromosomes in a minute.

Vratićemo se ubrzo na hromozome.

We're pulling out, we're zooming out,

Približavamo se, udaljavamo se,

out through a nuclear pore,

kroz nuklearnu poru,

which is the gateway to this compartment that holds all the DNA,

koja čini prolaz u deo koji sadrži svu DNK

called the nucleus.

koji se naziva jedro.

All of this field of view is about a semester's worth of biology,

Sve što se vidi ovde

se predaje ceo jedan semestar na biologiji, a ja imam sedam minuta.

and I've got seven minutes,

So we're not going to be able to do that today?

Znači to nećemo moći danas da stignemo?

No, I'm being told, "No."

Kažu mi: ''Ne.''

This is the way a living cell looks down a light microscope.

Ovako izgleda živa ćelija posmatrana kroz svetlosni mikroskop.

And it's been filmed under time-lapse, which is why you can see it moving.

Snimana je u toku dugog perioda vremena, zato možete da vidite da se kreće.

The nuclear envelope breaks down.

Omotač jezgra se razgrađuje.

These sausage-shaped things are the chromosomes,

Ove stvari u obliku kobasica su hromozomi i fokusiraćemo se na njih.

and we'll focus on them.

They go through this very striking motion that is focused on these little red spots.

Oni se kreću na ovaj zanimljiv način,

a fokusirani su na ove male crvene tačke.

When the cell feels it's ready to go, it rips apart the chromosome.

Kada ćelija oseti da je spremna,

dolazi do razdvajanja hromozoma.

One set of DNA goes to one side,

Jedan komplet DNK odlazi na jednu stranu,

the other side gets the other set of DNA --

a druga strana dobija drugi komplet DNK -

identical copies of DNA.

identične kopije DNK.

And then the cell splits down the middle.

A onda se ćelija deli po sredini

And again, you have billions of cells undergoing this process

I opet, imate milijarde ćelija

koje prolaze kroz ovaj proces upravo sada u vama.

right now inside of you.

Now we're going to rewind and just focus on the chromosomes,

Sada ćemo se vratiti nazad i fokusirati se na hromozome

and look at its structure and describe it.

i pogledati i opisati njihovu strukturu.

So again, here we are at that equator moment.

Opet smo ovde na tom ekvatorskom polu ćelije.

The chromosomes line up.

Hromozomi se poređaju.

And if we isolate just one chromosome,

Izolovaćemo samo jedan hromozom,

we're going to pull it out and have a look at its structure.

izvućićemo ga i pogledati njegovu strukturu.

So this is one of the biggest molecular structures that you have,

Ovo je jedna od najvećih molekulskih struktura koje imate,

at least as far as we've discovered so far inside of us.

barem na osnovu onoga što do sada znamo o nama.

Znači ovo je jedan hromozom.

So this is a single chromosome.

And you have two strands of DNA in each chromosome.

Imate dva lanca DNK u svakom hromozomu.

One is bundled up into one sausage.

Jedan je skupljen u jednu kobasicu.

The other strand is bundled up into the other sausage.

Drugi lanac je skupljen u drugu kobasicu.

These things that look like whiskers that are sticking out from either side

Ove stvari koje izgledaju kao brkovi koji štrče sa obe strane

are the dynamic scaffolding of the cell.

su dinamične skele ćelije.

They're called microtubules, that name's not important.

Zovu se mikrotubule. To ime nije važno.

But we're going to focus on the region labeled red here --

Ali ćemo se fokusirati na ovaj crveni region, obeležio sam ga crvenom bojom,

and it's the interface between the dynamic scaffolding

i to je dodirna površina

između dinamičnih skela i hromozoma.

and the chromosomes.

It is obviously central to the movement of the chromosomes.

Očigledno je ključno za kretanje hromozoma.

We have no idea, really, as to how it's achieving that movement.

Nemamo predstavu kako se zapravo postiže to kretanje.

We've been studying this thing they call the kinetochore

Proučavali smo ovo što se naziva kinetohor,

for over a hundred years with intense study,

preko sto godina intenzivnog proučavanja,

and we're still just beginning to discover what it's about.

i tek sada počinjemo da otkrivamo o čemu se radi.

It is made up of about 200 different types of proteins,

Sastoji se od oko 200 različitih vrsta proteina,

thousands of proteins in total.

hiljada proteina ukupno.

It is a signal broadcasting system.

To je sistem za emitovanje signala.

It broadcasts through chemical signals,

Emituje hemijske signale,

telling the rest of the cell when it's ready,

govori ostatku ćelije kada je spreman,

when it feels that everything is aligned and ready to go

kada smatra da je sve poređano i spremno

for the separation of the chromosomes.

za razdvajanje hromozoma.

It is able to couple onto the growing and shrinking microtubules.

U stanju je da se spoji sa mikrotubulama koje rastu i smanjuju se.

It's involved with the growing of the microtubules,

Uključen je u rast mikrotubula,

and it's able to transiently couple onto them.

i u stanju je privremeno da se spoji sa njima.

It's also an attention-sensing system.

Takođe je to sistem za skretanje pažnje.

It's able to feel when the cell is ready,

U stanju je da oseti kada je ćelija spremna,

when the chromosome is correctly positioned.

kada je hromozom na pravom položaju.

It's turning green here because it feels that everything is just right.

Ovde postaje zelen

jer smatra da je sve baš kako treba.

And you'll see, there's this one little last bit

Videćete, ima jedan poslednji mali deo

that's still remaining red.

koji je još crven.

And it's walked away down the microtubules.

I prelazi nadole niz mikrotubule.

To je stop signal koji šalje sistem za emitovanje.

That is the signal broadcasting system sending out the stop signal.

And it's walked away -- I mean, it's that mechanical.

I otišao je. To je mehanički proces.

It's molecular clockwork.

To je molekularni časovnik.

This is how you work at the molecular scale.

Tako funkionišete na molekularnom nivou.

So with a little bit of molecular eye candy,

Sa malo molekularnog šareniša,

(Laughter)

we've got kinesins, the orange ones.

imamo kinezine, ove narandžaste.

They're little molecular courier molecules walking one way.

To su mali molekularni kuriri koji idu u jednom pravcu.

Ovo su dineini. Oni prenose taj sistem za emitovanje.

And here are the dynein, they're carrying that broadcasting system.

Imaju duge noge pa mogu da pređu preko bilo koje prepreke i tako dalje.

And they've got their long legs

so they can step around obstacles and so on.

So again, this is all derived accurately from the science.

Opet ponavljam, sve ovo je precizan prikaz nauke.

Problem je u tome što to ne možemo da vam pokažemo na bilo koji drugi način.

The problem is we can't show it to you any other way.

Exploring at the frontier of science, at the frontier of human understanding,

Istraživanje na granicama nauke,

na granici ljudskog shvatanja,

is mind-blowing.

je zapanjujuće.

Discovering this stuff

Pronalaženje ovih stvari

is certainly a pleasurable incentive to work in science.

je svakako prijatan podsticaj za rad u nauci.

But most medical researchers --

Ali većini medicinskih istraživača

discovering the stuff is simply steps along the path to the big goals,

je otkrivanje fenomena

samo korak na putu ka velikim ciljevima,

which are to eradicate disease, to eliminate the suffering

kao što su iskorenjivanje bolesti,

sprečavanje patnje i nesreće koju bolest izaziva

and the misery that disease causes

and to lift people out of poverty.

i oslobađanje ljudi od siromaštva.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)