Animations of unseeable biology | Drew Berry | TED

2,608,521 views ใƒป 2012-01-12

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Ray Park ๊ฒ€ํ† : Young-ho Park
00:15
What I'm going to show you are the astonishing molecular machines
0
15585
5317
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒƒ์€
๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์˜ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง๋“ค์„
00:20
that create the living fabric of your body.
1
20926
3300
๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ถ„์ž๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
Now molecules are really, really tiny.
2
24250
3783
๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์ •๋ง ์ž‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ž‘์€๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
00:28
And by tiny, I mean really.
3
28057
2880
์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ž‘์ง€์š”.
00:31
They're smaller than a wavelength of light,
4
31905
2002
๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ํŒŒ์žฅ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์ž‘๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
00:33
so we have no way to directly observe them.
5
33931
2305
์ง์ ‘ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž์  ๊ทœ๋ชจ์—์„œ
00:37
But through science, we do have a fairly good idea
6
37011
2343
์–ด๋–ค์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฝค ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
of what's going on down at the molecular scale.
7
39378
2212
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์€ ํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
00:42
So what we can do is actually tell you about the molecules,
8
42059
2777
00:44
but we don't really have a direct way of showing you the molecules.
9
44860
3237
๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์—†์ฃ .
ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ 
00:48
One way around this is to draw pictures.
10
48121
2250
00:50
And this idea is actually nothing new.
11
50395
2540
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
00:52
Scientists have always created pictures
12
52959
2288
๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์˜›๋‚ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š”
๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ ค์™”์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
00:55
as part of their thinking and discovery process.
13
55271
2786
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ™์€
00:58
They draw pictures of what they're observing with their eyes,
14
58081
2875
01:00
through technology like telescopes and microscopes,
15
60980
2392
๊ณผํ•™ ์žฅ๋น„๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์†์—์„œ
์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€์š”.
01:03
and also what they're thinking about in their minds.
16
63396
2439
01:05
I picked two well-known examples,
17
65859
1603
์ €๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์„ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜
01:07
because they're very well-known for expressing science through art.
18
67486
3605
๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ผ๋‹จ, ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ
01:11
And I start with Galileo, who used the world's first telescope
19
71440
3703
๋‹ฌ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ๋˜
๊ฐˆ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์˜ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
01:15
to look at the Moon.
20
75167
1186
01:16
And he transformed our understanding of the Moon.
21
76377
2307
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€์‹์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํƒˆ๋ฐ”๊ฟˆ ์‹œ์ผฐ์ง€์š”.
01:18
The perception in the 17th century
22
78708
1633
17์„ธ๊ธฐ๋•Œ์˜ ์ธ์‹์€
01:20
was the Moon was a perfect heavenly sphere.
23
80365
2057
๋‹ฌ์ด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๊ตฌํ˜•์˜ ์ฒœ์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:22
But what Galileo saw was a rocky, barren world,
24
82835
2984
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐˆ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์˜ค๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šธํ‰๋ถˆํ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™ฉ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
01:25
which he expressed through his watercolor painting.
25
85843
2393
๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ฑ„ํ™”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ธ์ง€์š”.
01:28
Another scientist with very big ideas,
26
88671
2798
๊ทธ์™ธ์— ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋Š”
์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ์Šˆํผ์Šคํƒ€์ธ ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋‹ค์œˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
the superstar of biology is Charles Darwin.
27
91594
2524
๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋…ธํŠธ๋ถ์— "๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š”
01:34
And with this famous entry in his notebook,
28
94142
2044
์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฌธ๊ท€๋ฅผ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ์™ผ์ชฝ ์ƒ๋‹จ์— ์ ๊ณ 
01:36
he begins in the top left-hand corner with, "I think,"
29
96210
2840
๊ทธ ๋ฐ‘์— ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:39
and then sketches out the first tree of life,
30
99074
2707
01:41
which is his perception of how all the species,
31
101805
2930
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์— ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๊ณผ
์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
01:44
all living things on Earth are connected through evolutionary history --
32
104759
3858
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ข…์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์€
01:48
the origin of species through natural selection
33
108641
2247
์ž์—ฐ์„ ํƒ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ†ต์กฐ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜
01:50
and divergence from an ancestral population.
34
110912
2324
๋ถ„๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋‹ด์•˜์ง€์š”.
01:53
Even as a scientist,
35
113775
1461
์ €๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋œ ํ›„์—๋„
01:55
I used to go to lectures by molecular biologists
36
115648
2513
๊ณ ๊ธ‰์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์šฉ์–ด์™€ ์ „๋ฌธ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ
๋ฒ”๋ฒ…์ด๋œ ๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜
01:58
and find them completely incomprehensible,
37
118185
2725
02:00
with all the fancy technical language and jargon
38
120934
2268
๊ฐ•์˜๋ฅผ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:03
that they would use in describing their work,
39
123226
2124
์–ด๋А๋‚  ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝ์Šค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์ธ
02:05
until I encountered the artworks of David Goodsell,
40
125374
3051
David Goodsell์”จ์˜ ์‚ฝํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:08
who is a molecular biologist at the Scripps Institute.
41
128449
2741
๊ทธ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:11
And his pictures -- everything's accurate and it's all to scale.
42
131214
3569
ํฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ์‹ค๋ฌผ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
02:14
And his work illuminated for me
43
134807
2429
๊ทธ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹ ์ฒด๋‚ด์˜ ๋ถ„์ž์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€
02:17
what the molecular world inside us is like.
44
137260
2315
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ €ํ•œํ…Œ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์คฌ์ง€์š”.
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์˜ ํšก๋‹จ๋ฉด์ด์ฃ .
02:20
So this is a transection through blood.
45
140075
2025
02:22
In the top left-hand corner, you've got this yellow-green area.
46
142124
2977
์™ผ์ชฝ์ƒ๋‹จ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋…ธ๋ž‘-์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๋‚ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด์ธ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ผ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
02:25
The yellow-green area is the fluid of blood, which is mostly water,
47
145125
3216
ํ•ญ์ฒด, ๋‹น๋ถ„, ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ
02:28
but it's also antibodies, sugars, hormones, that kind of thing.
48
148365
2987
๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋ผ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:31
And the red region is a slice into a red blood cell.
49
151376
2488
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฉด๋„์ด์ฃ .
02:33
And those red molecules are hemoglobin.
50
153888
1866
์ €๊ธฐ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์€ ํ—ค๋ชจ๊ธ€๋กœ๋นˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
They are actually red; that's what gives blood its color.
51
155778
2695
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰์ธ๋ฐ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๊ฐ›์ฃ .
ํ—ค๋ชจ๊ธ€๋กœ๋นˆ์€ ์Šคํฐ์ง€ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
02:38
And hemoglobin acts as a molecular sponge
52
158497
1967
ํ์—์„œ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•ด์„œ
02:40
to soak up the oxygen in your lungs
53
160488
1677
์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ด ์ฃผ์ฃ .
02:42
and then carry it to other parts of the body.
54
162189
2113
์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „์— ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํฐ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
02:44
I was very much inspired by this image many years ago,
55
164326
2532
02:46
and I wondered whether we could use computer graphics
56
166882
2551
์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ์„์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์•˜์ฃ .
02:49
to represent the molecular world.
57
169457
1604
๊ณผ์—ฐ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ฌ๊นŒ?
02:51
What would it look like?
58
171085
1151
02:52
And that's how I really began.
59
172260
1440
์ œ ์ผ์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์ž‘๋์ง€์š”. ์ž ์ด์ œ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
02:54
So let's begin.
60
174123
1613
02:55
This is DNA in its classic double helix form.
61
175760
2385
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ DNA์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์ด์ค‘๋‚˜์„  ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ X์„  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•™ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:58
And it's from X-ray crystallography, so it's an accurate model of DNA.
62
178169
3356
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ DNA์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
If we unwind the double helix and unzip the two strands,
63
181549
2971
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ค‘๋‚˜์„ ์„ ํ’€๊ณ , ์ด ๋‘๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์„ ๋–ผ์–ด๋†“์œผ๋ฉด,
์ด๋นจ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€์š”.
03:04
you see these things that look like teeth.
64
184544
2019
์ €๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ DNA์— ์ ํ˜€์ ธ์žˆ๋Š”
03:06
Those are the letters of genetic code,
65
186587
1817
25,000๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์•”ํ˜ธ์ด์ฃ .
03:08
the 25,000 genes you've got written in your DNA.
66
188428
2269
03:10
This is what they typically talk about -- the genetic code --
67
190721
2936
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ”ํžˆ ์œ ์ „์•”ํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ• ๋•Œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:13
this is what they're talking about.
68
193681
1691
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” DNA์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๋ฉด,
03:15
But I want to talk about a different aspect of DNA science,
69
195396
2770
์ฆ‰ DNA์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
and that is the physical nature of DNA.
70
198190
1889
์ด ๋‘๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”,
03:20
It's these two strands that run in opposite directions
71
200103
2585
03:22
for reasons I can't go into right now.
72
202712
2170
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ƒ๋žตํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
But they physically run in opposite directions,
73
204906
2208
ํ•˜์—ฌํŠผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ณง ๋ณด์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
03:27
which creates a number of complications for your living cells,
74
207138
3631
์„ธํฌ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„
03:30
as you're about to see,
75
210793
1229
๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ํŠนํžˆ DNA๋ฅผ ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
most particularly when DNA is being copied.
76
212046
2362
03:34
And so what I'm about to show you
77
214432
1918
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด๋ ค๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€
03:36
is an accurate representation of the actual DNA replication machine
78
216374
4016
์ €ํฌ ๋ชธ์†์—์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š”
์‹ค์ œ DNA ๋ณต์‚ฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
03:40
that's occurring right now inside your body,
79
220414
2057
์ตœ์†Œํ•œ 2002๋…„๋„์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์— ์˜๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€์š”.
03:42
at least 2002 biology.
80
222495
1812
03:44
So DNA's entering the production line from the left-hand side,
81
224617
3011
DNA๋Š” ์™ผ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ผ์ธ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ
03:47
and it hits this collection, these miniature biochemical machines,
82
227994
3167
์ด ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์  ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์— ๋ถ€๋”›์น˜๋Š”๋ฐ
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ DNA์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์„ ํ’€์–ดํ—ค์น˜๊ณ , ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ DNA ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€์š”.
03:51
that are pulling apart the DNA strand and making an exact copy.
83
231185
3144
DNA๋Š” ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ
03:54
So DNA comes in and hits this blue, doughnut-shaped structure
84
234353
3509
์ด ํŒŒ๋ž€ ๋„๋„›์ธ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋”›์น˜๊ณ ,
03:57
and it's ripped apart into its two strands.
85
237886
2307
๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ’€์–ด์ง€์ง€์š”.
ํ•œ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์€ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ ,
04:00
One strand can be copied directly,
86
240679
1624
๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ’€๋ ค๋‚˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
and you can see these things spooling off to the bottom there.
87
242327
2923
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ
04:05
But things aren't so simple for the other strand
88
245274
2260
๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ์ด ์ข€ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€์š”.
04:07
because it must be copied backwards.
89
247558
1765
์ด ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋‹จ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
04:09
So it's thrown out repeatedly in these loops
90
249347
2110
๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ถ€๋ถ„์”ฉ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ
04:11
and copied one section at a time, creating two new DNA molecules.
91
251481
4044
๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด DNA๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€์š”.
04:15
Now you have billions of this machine right now working away inside you,
92
255549
5283
์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ๋ชธ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๊ฐœ์˜
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋กœ
04:20
copying your DNA with exquisite fidelity.
93
260856
2217
DNA ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
์ด ์˜์ƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
04:23
It's an accurate representation,
94
263936
1534
์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
and it's pretty much at the correct speed for what is occurring inside you.
95
265494
3529
์ด ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜์ • ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋žตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
I've left out error correction and a bunch of other things.
96
269047
2817
04:31
(Laughter)
97
271888
1759
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡๋…„์ „์— ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
This was work from a number of years ago--
98
273671
2121
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
Thank you.
99
275816
1169
์ด๊ฑด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡๋…„์ „์— ๋งŒ๋“  ์˜์ƒ์ธ๋ฐ
04:37
(Applause)
100
277009
1372
04:38
This is work from a number of years ago,
101
278405
1929
์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ตœ์‹  ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์˜๊ฑฐํ•œ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
but what I'll show you next is updated science,
102
280358
2267
04:42
it's updated technology.
103
282649
1162
์ž, ๋‹ค์‹œ DNA๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
So again, we begin with DNA.
104
283835
1360
DNA๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ฆฌ์ €๋ฆฌ ๊ฟˆํ‹€๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:45
And it's jiggling and wiggling there
105
285219
1718
04:46
because of the surrounding soup of molecules,
106
286961
2181
DNA๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ ๋บ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
which I've stripped away so you can see something.
107
289166
2383
DNA์˜ ์ง€๋ฆ„์€ ์•ฝ 2 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •๋„๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
04:51
DNA is about two nanometers across, which is really quite tiny.
108
291573
2975
์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ž‘์ฃ 
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ์„ธํฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์—
04:54
But in each one of your cells,
109
294572
1434
์žˆ๋Š” DNA ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ์•ฝ 30-40 ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์ฃ .
04:56
each strand of DNA is about 30 to 40 million nanometers long.
110
296030
3177
04:59
So to keep the DNA organized and regulate access to the genetic code,
111
299674
3816
DNA๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์ „์•”ํ˜ธ์— ์ ‘์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก DNA๋Š”
๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ ๊ฐ์‹ธ์—ฌ์ ธ์žˆ์ฃ  --
05:03
it's wrapped around these purple proteins --
112
303514
2083
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:05
or I've labeled them purple here.
113
305621
1582
์ž, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊พธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋ญ‰์ณ์ ธ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
It's packaged up and bundled up.
114
307227
1584
05:08
All this field of view is a single strand of DNA.
115
308835
2401
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•œ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์˜ DNA์ด์ง€์š”.
05:11
This huge package of DNA is called a chromosome.
116
311771
3082
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ํฐ DNA ๊พธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฑ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
And we'll come back to chromosomes in a minute.
117
314877
2359
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฑ„์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ž ์‹œํ›„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
We're pulling out, we're zooming out,
118
317675
2066
์ด์ œ ์คŒ ์•„์›ƒํ•ด์„œ ํ•ต ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„
05:19
out through a nuclear pore,
119
319765
1471
ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
which is the gateway to this compartment that holds all the DNA,
120
321260
3660
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  DNA๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์„ธํฌํ•ต์ด๋ผ๋Š”
05:24
called the nucleus.
121
324944
1419
์„ธํฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
05:26
All of this field of view is about a semester's worth of biology,
122
326917
4231
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
ํ•œํ•™๊ธฐ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๊ต์Šต๋Ÿ‰์ธ๋ฐ 7๋ถ„ ๋ฐ–์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์•ˆ๋‚จ์•˜๋„ค์š”.
05:31
and I've got seven minutes,
123
331172
1365
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋‹ค ๋ชป๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
05:32
So we're not going to be able to do that today?
124
332561
2688
์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”, ๋„ค, "์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ•˜์‹œ๋„ค์š”.
05:35
No, I'm being told, "No."
125
335273
1962
05:37
This is the way a living cell looks down a light microscope.
126
337676
3365
์ด๊ฑด ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด‘ํ•™ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €์†์ดฌ์˜์„ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
And it's been filmed under time-lapse, which is why you can see it moving.
127
341065
3498
ํ•ต ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
The nuclear envelope breaks down.
128
344587
1581
์ด ์†Œ์‹œ์ง€ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์ธ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž˜ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ฃ .
05:46
These sausage-shaped things are the chromosomes,
129
346192
2245
05:48
and we'll focus on them.
130
348461
1181
์ด๋“ค์€ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์ ๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ
05:49
They go through this very striking motion that is focused on these little red spots.
131
349666
4038
์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด
05:54
When the cell feels it's ready to go, it rips apart the chromosome.
132
354328
4235
์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ชผ๊ฐœ์ง€์š”.
05:58
One set of DNA goes to one side,
133
358587
2041
ํ•œ ์„ธํŠธ์˜ DNA๋Š” ํ•œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ ,
06:00
the other side gets the other set of DNA --
134
360652
2023
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํŠธ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ฃ  --
06:02
identical copies of DNA.
135
362699
1837
๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ DNA ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ์š”.
06:04
And then the cell splits down the middle.
136
364560
1960
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
And again, you have billions of cells undergoing this process
137
366544
2859
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ๋ชธ์†์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๊ฐœ์˜
์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐŸ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
right now inside of you.
138
369427
1357
06:11
Now we're going to rewind and just focus on the chromosomes,
139
371602
2856
์ด์ œ ์•ž์„œ ๋งํ•œ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ
06:14
and look at its structure and describe it.
140
374482
2242
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋„ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋„ค์š”.
06:17
So again, here we are at that equator moment.
141
377248
2425
์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์ค„์„ ์„ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
The chromosomes line up.
142
380654
1200
06:21
And if we isolate just one chromosome,
143
381878
1827
์ด๋•Œ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ณจ๋ผ์„œ
06:23
we're going to pull it out and have a look at its structure.
144
383729
2817
๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชธ์—์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ
06:26
So this is one of the biggest molecular structures that you have,
145
386570
3062
๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
at least as far as we've discovered so far inside of us.
146
389656
3055
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•œ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
So this is a single chromosome.
147
393286
1976
๊ฐ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์˜ DNA๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
06:35
And you have two strands of DNA in each chromosome.
148
395286
2601
06:37
One is bundled up into one sausage.
149
397911
1721
ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์†Œ์‹œ์ง€๋กœ ๋ญ‰์ณ์ ธ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
The other strand is bundled up into the other sausage.
150
399656
2733
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์†Œ์‹œ์ง€๋กœ ๋ญ‰์ณ์ ธ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
์ด ์–‘์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋ป—์–ด๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ˆ˜์—ผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
06:42
These things that look like whiskers that are sticking out from either side
151
402413
3562
์„ธํฌ์˜ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋น„๊ณ„๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
06:45
are the dynamic scaffolding of the cell.
152
405999
1906
06:47
They're called microtubules, that name's not important.
153
407929
2911
๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ด€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”. ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๊ณณ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค -- ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ–ˆ์ฃ  --
06:50
But we're going to focus on the region labeled red here --
154
410864
2731
๋™์ ์ธ ๋น„๊ณ„์™€ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€
06:53
and it's the interface between the dynamic scaffolding
155
413619
2537
์ ‘์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ณณ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
and the chromosomes.
156
416180
1167
06:57
It is obviously central to the movement of the chromosomes.
157
417371
3105
์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์˜ ์ด๋™์— ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
07:00
We have no idea, really, as to how it's achieving that movement.
158
420500
3572
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ง€๋‚œ 100๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด
07:04
We've been studying this thing they call the kinetochore
159
424096
2647
๋™ํ•ต์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜
07:06
for over a hundred years with intense study,
160
426767
2072
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
and we're still just beginning to discover what it's about.
161
428863
2826
๋™ํ•ต์€ ์ด ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๊ฐœ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”
07:11
It is made up of about 200 different types of proteins,
162
431713
2754
200๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ผ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
07:14
thousands of proteins in total.
163
434491
1711
07:16
It is a signal broadcasting system.
164
436990
2820
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
It broadcasts through chemical signals,
165
439834
2164
๋™ํ•ต์€ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์–ธ์ œ
์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์—ดํ•  ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋๋Š”๊ฐ€, ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ๋ฐฐ์—ด์ด ๋๋‚˜์„œ
07:22
telling the rest of the cell when it's ready,
166
442022
2744
07:24
when it feels that everything is aligned and ready to go
167
444790
2831
์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ
07:27
for the separation of the chromosomes.
168
447645
1978
ํ™”ํ•™์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์†กํ•˜์ง€์š”.
07:29
It is able to couple onto the growing and shrinking microtubules.
169
449647
3332
๋™ํ•ต์€ ์ฆ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ด€์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋™ํ•ต์€ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ด€์˜ ์ฆ๋Œ€์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜๋ฉฐ
07:33
It's involved with the growing of the microtubules,
170
453003
3199
์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ด€์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
07:36
and it's able to transiently couple onto them.
171
456226
2403
๋™ํ•ต์€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
07:39
It's also an attention-sensing system.
172
459359
1820
์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋๋Š”์ง€,
07:41
It's able to feel when the cell is ready,
173
461203
1976
์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋А๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
07:43
when the chromosome is correctly positioned.
174
463203
2234
๋™ํ•ต์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •์ƒ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
07:45
It's turning green here because it feels that everything is just right.
175
465461
3813
๋А๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ‰๊ฐˆ์ด ์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์•„์ง๋„
07:49
And you'll see, there's this one little last bit
176
469298
2258
๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:51
that's still remaining red.
177
471580
1433
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ด€ ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
07:53
And it's walked away down the microtubules.
178
473037
2533
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
07:57
That is the signal broadcasting system sending out the stop signal.
179
477149
3179
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ, ์‹ค์ง€๋กœ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
And it's walked away -- I mean, it's that mechanical.
180
480352
2696
๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ถ„์ž ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์žฅ์น˜ ๊ฐ™์ง€์š”.
08:03
It's molecular clockwork.
181
483072
1568
08:04
This is how you work at the molecular scale.
182
484664
2572
๋ถ„์ž ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
So with a little bit of molecular eye candy,
183
487869
2264
๋ถ„์ž ๋ˆˆ์š”๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ
08:10
(Laughter)
184
490157
1198
ํ‚ค๋„ค์‹ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ , ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€์ƒ‰์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
we've got kinesins, the orange ones.
185
491379
1950
08:13
They're little molecular courier molecules walking one way.
186
493353
2773
ํ‚ค๋„ค์‹ ์€ ํ•œ์ชฝ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑธ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์šด๋ฐ˜ ๋ถ„์ž์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด๋„ค์ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ ๊ฐ€์ง€์š”.
08:16
And here are the dynein, they're carrying that broadcasting system.
187
496150
3146
์ด๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ์–ด์„œ ์žฅํ•ด๋ฌผ์„ ํ”ผํ•ด ๋‹ค๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
08:19
And they've got their long legs
188
499320
1544
08:20
so they can step around obstacles and so on.
189
500888
2066
๋‹ค์‹œํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„
08:22
So again, this is all derived accurately from the science.
190
502978
3027
์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
08:26
The problem is we can't show it to you any other way.
191
506029
2550
08:28
Exploring at the frontier of science, at the frontier of human understanding,
192
508603
4834
๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€์‹์˜
์ตœ์ „์„ ์„ ํƒ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
์ •๋ง ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
is mind-blowing.
193
513461
1235
08:35
Discovering this stuff
194
515974
1178
์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
08:37
is certainly a pleasurable incentive to work in science.
195
517176
3528
๊ณผํ•™๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ๋ณด์ƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
08:41
But most medical researchers --
196
521220
1728
08:43
discovering the stuff is simply steps along the path to the big goals,
197
523901
4213
์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€,
๋ณ‘์„ ํ‡ด์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ
08:48
which are to eradicate disease, to eliminate the suffering
198
528138
4421
๊ณ ํ†ต๊ณผ ๊ดด๋กœ์›€์„ ์—†์• ๊ณ 
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”
08:52
and the misery that disease causes
199
532583
2075
ํฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
and to lift people out of poverty.
200
534682
1680
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
Thank you.
201
536386
1272
08:57
(Applause)
202
537682
5197
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7