Animations of unseeable biology | Drew Berry | TED

2,565,545 views ・ 2012-01-12

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μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Ray Park κ²€ν† : Young-ho Park
00:15
What I'm going to show you are the astonishing molecular machines
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μ œκ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄κ²ƒμ€
λ°”λ‘œ 우리 λͺΈμ˜ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 쑰직듀을
00:20
that create the living fabric of your body.
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λ§Œλ“œλŠ” λ†€λΌμš΄ λΆ„μžκΈ°κ³„λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
Now molecules are really, really tiny.
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λΆ„μžλŠ” 정말 정말 μž‘μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·Έλƒ₯ μž‘μ€κ²Œ μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ 
00:28
And by tiny, I mean really.
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μ •λ§λ‘œ μž‘μ§€μš”.
00:31
They're smaller than a wavelength of light,
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λΆ„μžλŠ” λΉ›μ˜ 파μž₯보닀도 μž‘κΈ°λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
00:33
so we have no way to directly observe them.
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직접 λ³΄λŠ” 것은 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 과학을 ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λΆ„μžμ  규λͺ¨μ—μ„œ
00:37
But through science, we do have a fairly good idea
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어떀일이 생기고 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ κ½€ 잘 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
of what's going on down at the molecular scale.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λΆ„μžλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ„€λͺ…은 해쀄 수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
00:42
So what we can do is actually tell you about the molecules,
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00:44
but we don't really have a direct way of showing you the molecules.
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λΆ„μžλ₯Ό 직접 보여쀄 방법은 μ—†μ£ .
ν•œκ°€μ§€ 해결책은 그림을 κ·Έλ¦¬λŠ” 것이죠
00:48
One way around this is to draw pictures.
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00:50
And this idea is actually nothing new.
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그것은 λ³„λ‘œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 아이디어가 μ•„λ‹ˆμ£ .
00:52
Scientists have always created pictures
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ˜›λ‚ λΆ€ν„° μƒκ°ν•˜κ³ , λ°œκ²¬ν•˜λŠ”
κ³Όμ •μ˜ μΌλΆ€λ‘œ 그림을 κ·Έλ €μ™”μœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
00:55
as part of their thinking and discovery process.
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그듀은 λ§μ›κ²½μ΄λ‚˜ ν˜„λ―Έκ²½ 같은
00:58
They draw pictures of what they're observing with their eyes,
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01:00
through technology like telescopes and microscopes,
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κ³Όν•™ μž₯λΉ„λ‘œ κ΄€μ°°ν•œ λ‚΄μš©κ³Ό λ¨Έλ¦¬μ†μ—μ„œ
μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 것을 그림으둜 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄μ§€μš”.
01:03
and also what they're thinking about in their minds.
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01:05
I picked two well-known examples,
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μ €λŠ” 과학을 예술둜 ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ” 2개의
01:07
because they're very well-known for expressing science through art.
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널리 μ•Œλ €μ§„ 예λ₯Ό μ€€λΉ„ν•΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
일단, 세계 졜초의 λ§μ›κ²½μœΌλ‘œ
01:11
And I start with Galileo, who used the world's first telescope
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달을 κ΄€μ°°ν–ˆλ˜
갈릴레였의 이야기λ₯Ό λ¨Όμ € ν•˜μ§€μš”.
01:15
to look at the Moon.
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01:16
And he transformed our understanding of the Moon.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 달에 λŒ€ν•œ 우리의 지식을 μ™„μ „νžˆ νƒˆλ°”κΏˆ μ‹œμΌ°μ§€μš”.
01:18
The perception in the 17th century
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17μ„ΈκΈ°λ•Œμ˜ 인식은
01:20
was the Moon was a perfect heavenly sphere.
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달이 μ™„λ²½ν•œ κ΅¬ν˜•μ˜ 천체라고 λ―Ώμ—ˆμ£ .
01:22
But what Galileo saw was a rocky, barren world,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ°ˆλ¦΄λ ˆμ˜€κ°€ 본것은 μšΈν‰λΆˆν‰ν•˜κ³  ν™©λŸ‰ν•œ μ„Έκ³„μ˜€λŠ”λ°
01:25
which he expressed through his watercolor painting.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 그것을 μˆ˜μ±„ν™”λ‘œ κ·Έλ Έμ§€μš”.
01:28
Another scientist with very big ideas,
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그외에 λ˜λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜μ‹ μ μΈ 아이디어λ₯Ό κ°€μ‘Œλ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ κ³Όν•™μžλŠ”
μƒλ¬Όν•™κ³„μ˜ μŠˆνΌμŠ€νƒ€μΈ 찰슀 λ‹€μœˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
the superstar of biology is Charles Darwin.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 그의 λ…ΈνŠΈλΆμ— "λ‚˜λŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•œλ‹€"λΌλŠ”
01:34
And with this famous entry in his notebook,
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유λͺ…ν•œ λ¬Έκ·€λ₯Ό νŽ˜μ΄μ§€ μ™Όμͺ½ 상단에 적고
01:36
he begins in the top left-hand corner with, "I think,"
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κ·Έ 밑에 사상 졜초의 생λͺ…μ˜ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ₯Ό κ·Έλ ΈλŠ”λ°
01:39
and then sketches out the first tree of life,
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01:41
which is his perception of how all the species,
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κ·ΈλŠ” 이 그림에 λͺ¨λ“  μ’…κ³Ό
μ§€κ΅¬μƒμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  생물듀이 진화 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ
01:44
all living things on Earth are connected through evolutionary history --
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μƒν˜Έ μ—°κ΄€λ˜λ©°, μ’…μ˜ 기원은
01:48
the origin of species through natural selection
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μžμ—°μ„ νƒκ³Ό κ³΅ν†΅μ‘°μƒμœΌλ‘œ λΆ€ν„°μ˜
01:50
and divergence from an ancestral population.
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뢄기에 μ˜ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 그의 생각을 λ‹΄μ•˜μ§€μš”.
01:53
Even as a scientist,
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μ €λŠ” κ³Όν•™μžκ°€ 된 후에도
01:55
I used to go to lectures by molecular biologists
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κ³ κΈ‰μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ κΈ°μˆ μš©μ–΄μ™€ μ „λ¬Έμš©μ–΄λ‘œ
λ²”λ²…μ΄λœ λΆ„μžμƒλ¬Όν•™μžλ“€μ˜
01:58
and find them completely incomprehensible,
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02:00
with all the fancy technical language and jargon
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κ°•μ˜λ₯Ό λ“€μœΌλ©΄ λ„λŒ€μ²΄ 무슨 말을 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
이해할 수 μ—†μ—ˆλŠ”λ°
02:03
that they would use in describing their work,
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μ–΄λŠλ‚  슀크립슀 μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ˜ λΆ„μžμƒλ¬Όν•™μžμΈ
02:05
until I encountered the artworks of David Goodsell,
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David Goodsellμ”¨μ˜ μ‚½ν™”λ₯Ό 보고 이해λ₯Ό ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ£ .
02:08
who is a molecular biologist at the Scripps Institute.
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그의 그림은 λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ΄ μ •ν™•ν•˜κ³ 
02:11
And his pictures -- everything's accurate and it's all to scale.
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크기도 μ‹€λ¬Όμ˜ 크기에 λΉ„λ‘€ν•˜μ§€μš”.
02:14
And his work illuminated for me
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그의 그림듀은 우리 μ‹ μ²΄λ‚΄μ˜ λΆ„μžμ„Έκ³„κ°€
02:17
what the molecular world inside us is like.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μƒκ²Όλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ €ν•œν…Œ 보여 μ€¬μ§€μš”.
이것은 ν˜ˆμ•‘μ˜ νš‘λ‹¨λ©΄μ΄μ£ .
02:20
So this is a transection through blood.
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02:22
In the top left-hand corner, you've got this yellow-green area.
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μ™Όμͺ½μƒλ‹¨μ„ λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄, 여기에 λ…Έλž‘-μ΄ˆλ‘μƒ‰ 뢀뢄이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 뢀뢄은 ν˜ˆμ•‘λ‚΄μ— μžˆλŠ” 앑체인데 주둜 물둜 ꡬ성돼 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ,
02:25
The yellow-green area is the fluid of blood, which is mostly water,
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항체, λ‹ΉλΆ„, 호λ₯΄λͺ¬
02:28
but it's also antibodies, sugars, hormones, that kind of thing.
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같은 것도 포함돼 있죠.
02:31
And the red region is a slice into a red blood cell.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ˜ λΉ¨κ°„ 뢀뢄은 적혈ꡬ의 단면도이죠.
02:33
And those red molecules are hemoglobin.
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μ €κΈ°λ³΄μ΄λŠ” λΉ¨κ°„ λΆ„μžλ“€μ€ ν—€λͺ¨κΈ€λ‘œλΉˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
They are actually red; that's what gives blood its color.
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그것은 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λΉ¨κ°„μƒ‰μΈλ°κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 우리의 ν”Όκ°€ λΉ¨κ°›μ£ .
ν—€λͺ¨κΈ€λ‘œλΉˆμ€ μŠ€ν°μ§€ 처럼
02:38
And hemoglobin acts as a molecular sponge
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νμ—μ„œ μ‚°μ†Œλ₯Ό ν‘μˆ˜ν•΄μ„œ
02:40
to soak up the oxygen in your lungs
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μ‹ μ²΄μ˜ 곳곳으둜 μ‚°μ†Œλ₯Ό 곡급해 μ£Όμ£ .
02:42
and then carry it to other parts of the body.
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μ €λŠ” μ˜€λž˜μ „μ— 이 κ·Έλ¦ΌμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 큰 μ˜κ°μ„ λ°›κ³ 
02:44
I was very much inspired by this image many years ago,
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02:46
and I wondered whether we could use computer graphics
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컴퓨터 κ·Έλž˜ν”½μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ
λΆ„μžλ“€μ˜ 세계λ₯Ό λ¬˜μ‚¬ν• μˆ˜μžˆμ„μ§€ μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ•˜μ£ .
02:49
to represent the molecular world.
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κ³Όμ—° μ–΄λ–€ 그림이 λ‚˜μ˜¬κΉŒ?
02:51
What would it look like?
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02:52
And that's how I really began.
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제 일은 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ‹œμž‘λμ§€μš”. 자 이제 λ³΄μ‹œμ£ .
02:54
So let's begin.
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02:55
This is DNA in its classic double helix form.
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이것은 DNA의 μ „ν˜•μ μΈ μ΄μ€‘λ‚˜μ„  κ·Έλ¦Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 그림은 Xμ„  κ²°μ •ν•™ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 얻은 것이죠.
02:58
And it's from X-ray crystallography, so it's an accurate model of DNA.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이것은 μ •ν™•ν•œ DNA의 λͺ¨λΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
If we unwind the double helix and unzip the two strands,
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ΄μ€‘λ‚˜μ„ μ„ ν’€κ³ , 이 두가λ‹₯을 λ–Όμ–΄λ†“μœΌλ©΄,
이빨처럼 생긴 것듀이 λ³΄μ΄μ§€μš”.
03:04
you see these things that look like teeth.
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저것듀이 우리의 DNA에 μ ν˜€μ ΈμžˆλŠ”
03:06
Those are the letters of genetic code,
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25,000개의 μœ μ „μ•”ν˜Έμ΄μ£ .
03:08
the 25,000 genes you've got written in your DNA.
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03:10
This is what they typically talk about -- the genetic code --
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ ν”νžˆ μœ μ „μ•”ν˜Έμ— λŒ€ν•΄
μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν• λ•Œ λ°”λ‘œ 이걸 보고 λ§ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
03:13
this is what they're talking about.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €λŠ” DNA의 λ‹€λ₯Έλ©΄,
03:15
But I want to talk about a different aspect of DNA science,
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즉 DNA의 물리적 νŠΉμ„±μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
and that is the physical nature of DNA.
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이 두가λ‹₯은 μ„œλ‘œ λ°˜λŒ€λ°©ν–₯을 ν–₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ§€μš”,
03:20
It's these two strands that run in opposite directions
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03:22
for reasons I can't go into right now.
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그런데 κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ” μƒλž΅ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
But they physically run in opposite directions,
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ν•˜μ—¬νŠΌ 그듀은 물리적으둜 μ„œλ‘œ λ°˜λŒ€λ°©ν–₯을 ν–₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°
이 사싀은 곧 λ³΄μ‹œκ² μ§€λ§Œ
03:27
which creates a number of complications for your living cells,
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μ„Έν¬λ‚΄μ—μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 상황을
03:30
as you're about to see,
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λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ”λ° 특히 DNAλ₯Ό 볡사할 λ•Œ κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
most particularly when DNA is being copied.
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03:34
And so what I'm about to show you
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ μ§€κΈˆ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄λ €κ³ ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ€
03:36
is an accurate representation of the actual DNA replication machine
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저희 λͺΈμ†μ—μ„œ μ§€κΈˆ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³ μžˆλŠ”
μ‹€μ œ DNA 볡사 체계λ₯Ό μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€,
03:40
that's occurring right now inside your body,
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μ΅œμ†Œν•œ 2002λ…„λ„μ˜ 생물학에 μ˜κ±°ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έλ ‡μ§€μš”.
03:42
at least 2002 biology.
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03:44
So DNA's entering the production line from the left-hand side,
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DNAλŠ” μ™Όμͺ½μ—μ„œ λΆ€ν„° 이 생산라인에 λ“€μ–΄κ°€μ„œ
03:47
and it hits this collection, these miniature biochemical machines,
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이 λ―Έμ„Έν•œ 생화학적 μž₯μΉ˜λ“€μ— λΆ€λ”›μΉ˜λŠ”λ°
이것은 DNA의 κ°€λ‹₯을 ν’€μ–΄ν—€μΉ˜κ³ , λ˜‘κ°™μ€ DNA 볡사본을 λ§Œλ“€μ§€μš”.
03:51
that are pulling apart the DNA strand and making an exact copy.
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DNAλŠ” κ·Έ μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°€μ„œ
03:54
So DNA comes in and hits this blue, doughnut-shaped structure
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이 νŒŒλž€ λ„λ„›μΈ μ²˜λŸΌ 생긴 ꡬ쑰물과 λΆ€λ”›μΉ˜κ³ ,
03:57
and it's ripped apart into its two strands.
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λ‘κ°œμ˜ κ°€λ‹₯으둜 ν’€μ–΄μ§€μ§€μš”.
ν•œκ°œμ˜ κ°€λ‹₯은 직접 볡사가 되고,
04:00
One strand can be copied directly,
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λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 바와 같이 μ•„λž˜μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ ν’€λ €λ‚˜κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
and you can see these things spooling off to the bottom there.
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그런데 λ‹€λ₯Έ κ°€λ‹₯은 λ°˜λŒ€λ°©ν–₯으둜
04:05
But things aren't so simple for the other strand
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볡사돼야 ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 일이 μ’€ λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ§€μš”.
04:07
because it must be copied backwards.
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이 κ°€λ‹₯은 κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ 이런 고리 λͺ¨μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ 일단 λ–¨μ–΄μ‘Œλ‹€κ°€
04:09
So it's thrown out repeatedly in these loops
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λ‹€μ‹œ ν•œλΆ€λΆ„μ”© λ³΅μ‚¬λ˜λ©°
04:11
and copied one section at a time, creating two new DNA molecules.
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λ‘κ°œμ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ DNAλΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ§€μš”.
04:15
Now you have billions of this machine right now working away inside you,
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μ§€κΈˆ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ˜ λͺΈμ•ˆμ—λŠ” μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅κ°œμ˜
이런 기계듀이 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ •ν™•λ„λ‘œ
04:20
copying your DNA with exquisite fidelity.
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DNA λ₯Ό λ³΅μ œν•˜κ³  μžˆμ§€μš”.
이 μ˜μƒμ€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λͺΈ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 것을
04:23
It's an accurate representation,
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μ •ν™•νžˆ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•  뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 거의 μ‹€μ œ μ†λ„λ‘œ 보여 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:25
and it's pretty much at the correct speed for what is occurring inside you.
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이 μ˜μƒμ—μ„œλŠ” 였λ₯˜μˆ˜μ • λ“±μ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€λ₯Ό μƒλž΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
I've left out error correction and a bunch of other things.
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04:31
(Laughter)
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이것은 μ œκ°€ λͺ‡λ…„전에 λ§Œλ“  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
This was work from a number of years ago--
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
Thank you.
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이건 μ œκ°€ λͺ‡λ…„전에 λ§Œλ“  μ˜μƒμΈλ°
04:37
(Applause)
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04:38
This is work from a number of years ago,
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μ΄μ œλŠ” μ΅œμ‹  κ³Όν•™κ³Ό κΈ°μˆ μ— μ˜κ±°ν•œ λΉ„λ””μ˜€λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬κ·Έλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
but what I'll show you next is updated science,
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04:42
it's updated technology.
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자, λ‹€μ‹œ DNA둜 λΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:43
So again, we begin with DNA.
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DNAλŠ” μ£Όλ³€μ˜ λΆ„μžλ“€ λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 이리저리 κΏˆν‹€κ±°λ¦¬κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°
04:45
And it's jiggling and wiggling there
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04:46
because of the surrounding soup of molecules,
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DNAλ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ μ£Όλ³€μ˜ λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ κ·Έλ¦Όμ—μ„œ λΊμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
which I've stripped away so you can see something.
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DNA의 지름은 μ•½ 2 λ‚˜λ…Έλ―Έν„° μ •λ„λ‹ˆκΉŒ
04:51
DNA is about two nanometers across, which is really quite tiny.
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μ •λ§λ‘œ μž‘μ£ 
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ˜ 세포 ν•˜λ‚˜ ν•˜λ‚˜μ—
04:54
But in each one of your cells,
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μžˆλŠ” DNA κ°€λ‹₯의 κΈΈμ΄λŠ” μ•½ 30-40 밀리미터죠.
04:56
each strand of DNA is about 30 to 40 million nanometers long.
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04:59
So to keep the DNA organized and regulate access to the genetic code,
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DNAλ₯Ό μ •λ¦¬ν•˜κ³  μœ μ „μ•”ν˜Έμ— 접속할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ DNAλŠ”
보라색 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆλ‘œ κ°μ‹Έμ—¬μ Έμžˆμ£  --
05:03
it's wrapped around these purple proteins --
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μ œκ°€ λ³΄λΌμƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œμ‹œν–ˆμ£ .
05:05
or I've labeled them purple here.
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자, μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 꾸러미둜 λ­‰μ³μ ΈμžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:07
It's packaged up and bundled up.
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05:08
All this field of view is a single strand of DNA.
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여기에 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ΄ ν•œκ°€λ‹₯의 DNAμ΄μ§€μš”.
05:11
This huge package of DNA is called a chromosome.
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그리고 이 큰 DNA κΎΈλŸ¬λ―Έκ°€ λ°”λ‘œ μ—Όμƒ‰μ±„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:14
And we'll come back to chromosomes in a minute.
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그리고 염색채에 κ΄€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μž μ‹œν›„μ— λ‹€μ‹œ λŒμ•„μ˜€κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:17
We're pulling out, we're zooming out,
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이제 쀌 μ•„μ›ƒν•΄μ„œ ν•΅ ꡬ멍을
05:19
out through a nuclear pore,
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ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ λ°–μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:21
which is the gateway to this compartment that holds all the DNA,
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이것은 λͺ¨λ“  DNAκ°€ μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ μ„Έν¬ν•΅μ΄λΌλŠ”
05:24
called the nucleus.
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μ„Έν¬κΈ°κ΄€μœΌλ‘œ ν†΅ν•˜λŠ” κ΄€λ¬Έμ΄μ§€μš”.
05:26
All of this field of view is about a semester's worth of biology,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ³΄κ³ μžˆλŠ” 이것듀이
ν•œν•™κΈ° μ •λ„μ˜ 생물학 κ΅μŠ΅λŸ‰μΈλ° 7λΆ„ 밖에 μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μ•ˆλ‚¨μ•˜λ„€μš”.
05:31
and I've got seven minutes,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 였늘 이걸 λ‹€ λͺ»λ°°μš°κ² μ£ ?
05:32
So we're not going to be able to do that today?
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μ•ˆλœλ‹€κ³ μš”, λ„€, "μ•ˆλœλ‹€"κ³  ν•˜μ‹œλ„€μš”.
05:35
No, I'm being told, "No."
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05:37
This is the way a living cell looks down a light microscope.
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이건 μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 세포λ₯Ό κ΄‘ν•™ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μœΌλ‘œ λ³Έ 것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ €μ†μ΄¬μ˜μ„ ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 세포가 μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” 것을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:41
And it's been filmed under time-lapse, which is why you can see it moving.
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ν•΅ μ£Όλ¨Έλ‹ˆκ°€ λΆ•κ΄΄λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:44
The nuclear envelope breaks down.
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이 μ†Œμ‹œμ§€ λͺ¨μ–‘μ˜ 것듀이 염색체인데 그것을 잘 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ£ .
05:46
These sausage-shaped things are the chromosomes,
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05:48
and we'll focus on them.
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이듀은 λΉ¨κ°„ 점듀을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ
05:49
They go through this very striking motion that is focused on these little red spots.
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μ£Όλͺ©ν•  λ§Œν•œ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό ν•˜μ§€μš”.
μ„Έν¬λŠ” 뢄리할 λ•Œκ°€ 되면
05:54
When the cell feels it's ready to go, it rips apart the chromosome.
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염색체λ₯Ό λ‘κ°œλ‘œ μͺΌκ°œμ§€μš”.
05:58
One set of DNA goes to one side,
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ν•œ μ„ΈνŠΈμ˜ DNAλŠ” ν•œμͺ½μœΌλ‘œ κ°€κ³ ,
06:00
the other side gets the other set of DNA --
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„ΈνŠΈλŠ” λ°˜λŒ€μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ κ°€μ£  --
06:02
identical copies of DNA.
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λ˜‘κ°™μ€ DNA λ³΅μ‚¬λ³ΈμœΌλ‘œμš”.
06:04
And then the cell splits down the middle.
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그리고 μ„Έν¬λŠ” μ€‘κ°„μ—μ„œ 반으둜 κ°ˆλΌμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:06
And again, you have billions of cells undergoing this process
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ˜ λͺΈμ†μ—λŠ” μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅κ°œμ˜
세포듀이 μ§€κΈˆ 이 과정을 밟고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:09
right now inside of you.
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06:11
Now we're going to rewind and just focus on the chromosomes,
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이제 μ•žμ„œ λ§ν•œλ°” μžˆλŠ” μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄λ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€μ„œ
06:14
and look at its structure and describe it.
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κ·Έκ²ƒμ˜ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•΄ λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
μ΄λ²ˆμ—λ„ μ€‘κ°„μ—μ„œ 무슨 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆλ„€μš”.
06:17
So again, here we are at that equator moment.
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염색체듀은 쀄을 μ„­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:20
The chromosomes line up.
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06:21
And if we isolate just one chromosome,
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μ΄λ•Œ 염색체 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό κ³¨λΌμ„œ
06:23
we're going to pull it out and have a look at its structure.
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λ–Όμ–΄λ‚΄κ³  κ·Έκ²ƒμ˜ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•΄ 보죠.
이것은 우리의 λͺΈμ—μ„œ μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ 발견된
06:26
So this is one of the biggest molecular structures that you have,
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κ°€μž₯ 큰 λΆ„μžμ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:29
at least as far as we've discovered so far inside of us.
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이것은 ν•œκ°œμ˜ μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:33
So this is a single chromosome.
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각 μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄μ—λŠ” 두 κ°€λ‹₯의 DNAκ°€ μžˆμ§€μš”.
06:35
And you have two strands of DNA in each chromosome.
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06:37
One is bundled up into one sausage.
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ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ†Œμ‹œμ§€λ‘œ λ­‰μ³μ ΈμžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:39
The other strand is bundled up into the other sausage.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ†Œμ‹œμ§€λ‘œ λ­‰μ³μ Έμžˆμ§€μš”.
이 μ–‘μͺ½μ—μ„œ λ»—μ–΄λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ” μˆ˜μ—Όμ²˜λŸΌ 생긴것듀은
06:42
These things that look like whiskers that are sticking out from either side
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μ„Έν¬μ˜ μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” 비계같은 것인데
06:45
are the dynamic scaffolding of the cell.
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06:47
They're called microtubules, that name's not important.
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λ―Έμ†Œκ΄€μ΄λΌκ³  λΆˆλ¦¬μ§€μš”. 이름은 μ€‘μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ£Όλͺ©ν•  곳은 λ°”λ‘œ 이 λΉ¨κ°„ λΆ€λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ -- μ œκ°€ λΉ¨κ°•μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œμ‹œν–ˆμ£  --
06:50
But we're going to focus on the region labeled red here --
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동적인 비계와 염색체가
06:53
and it's the interface between the dynamic scaffolding
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μ ‘μ†ν•˜λŠ” 뢀뢄이 λ°”λ‘œ 이곳 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:56
and the chromosomes.
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06:57
It is obviously central to the movement of the chromosomes.
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이 뢀뢄은 λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄μ˜ 이동에 핡심적인 역할을 ν•˜μ§€μš”.
07:00
We have no idea, really, as to how it's achieving that movement.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그것이 염색체λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ”μ§€ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ§€λ‚œ 100λ…„ 이상 λ™μ•ˆ λ§Žμ€ μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ΄
07:04
We've been studying this thing they call the kinetochore
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동핡이라고 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” 이 ꡬ쑰에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ§Žμ€ 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν•˜κ³  μžˆμœΌλ‚˜
07:06
for over a hundred years with intense study,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 아직도 이에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ§Žμ€ 것을 λͺ¨λ₯΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:08
and we're still just beginning to discover what it's about.
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동핡은 총 μˆ˜μ²œκ°œμ— λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ”
07:11
It is made up of about 200 different types of proteins,
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200개의 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ μ’…λ₯˜λ‘œ ꡬ성돼 μžˆμ§€μš”.
07:14
thousands of proteins in total.
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07:16
It is a signal broadcasting system.
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이것은 μ‹ ν˜Έλ°©μ†‘ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:19
It broadcasts through chemical signals,
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동핡은 μ„Έν¬μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ λΆ€λΆ„μ—κ²Œ μ–Έμ œ
세포가 λΆ„μ—΄ν•  μ€€λΉ„κ°€ λλŠ”κ°€, 염색체 배열이 λλ‚˜μ„œ
07:22
telling the rest of the cell when it's ready,
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07:24
when it feels that everything is aligned and ready to go
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염색체λ₯Ό 뢄리할 λ•Œκ°€ λλŠ”κ°€λ₯Ό
07:27
for the separation of the chromosomes.
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ν™”ν•™μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 톡해 μ„Έν¬μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ λΆ€λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ λ°©μ†‘ν•˜μ§€μš”.
07:29
It is able to couple onto the growing and shrinking microtubules.
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동핡은 μ¦λŒ€ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ λ˜λŠ” μΆ•μ†Œν•˜λŠ” λ―Έμ†Œκ΄€μ— κ²°ν•©ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
동핡은 λ―Έμ†Œκ΄€μ˜ μ¦λŒ€μ— κ΄€λ ¨λ˜λ©°
07:33
It's involved with the growing of the microtubules,
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μΌμ‹œμ μœΌλ‘œ λ―Έμ†Œκ΄€μ— 결합될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€μš”.
07:36
and it's able to transiently couple onto them.
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동핡은 μ£Όλ³€μ˜ 상황을 감지할 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
07:39
It's also an attention-sensing system.
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세포가 λΆ„ν• ν•  λ•Œκ°€ λλŠ”μ§€,
07:41
It's able to feel when the cell is ready,
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염색체가 μ •ν™•νžˆ λ°°μ—΄λλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό λŠλ‚„ 수 μžˆμ§€μš”.
07:43
when the chromosome is correctly positioned.
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동핡은 μ§€κΈˆ λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ΄ μ •μƒμ μ΄λΌλŠ” 것을
07:45
It's turning green here because it feels that everything is just right.
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느끼기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μƒ‰κ°ˆμ΄ μ΄ˆλ‘μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ λ°”λ€Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그런데 여기에 아직도
07:49
And you'll see, there's this one little last bit
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λΉ¨κ°„ 뢀뢄이 쑰금 남아 μžˆλŠ”λ°
07:51
that's still remaining red.
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그것은 μ§€κΈˆ λ―Έμ†Œκ΄€ μ•„λž˜μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ λ‚΄λ €κ°€κ³  μžˆμ§€μš”.
07:53
And it's walked away down the microtubules.
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그것은 μ‹ ν˜Έλ°©μ†‘ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ΄ λ©ˆμΆ”λΌλŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ”κ²ƒμ΄μ§€μš”.
07:57
That is the signal broadcasting system sending out the stop signal.
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그리고 그것은 μ•„λž˜λ‘œ, μ‹€μ§€λ‘œ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ κΈ°κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‚΄λ €κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:00
And it's walked away -- I mean, it's that mechanical.
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마치 λΆ„μž 규λͺ¨μ˜ 기계μž₯치 κ°™μ§€μš”.
08:03
It's molecular clockwork.
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08:04
This is how you work at the molecular scale.
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λΆ„μž 규λͺ¨λ‘œ 보면 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€ μžμ‹ μ΄ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:07
So with a little bit of molecular eye candy,
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λΆ„μž λˆˆμš”κΈ°κ±°λ¦¬λ‘œ
08:10
(Laughter)
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킀넀신을 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬μ£ , μ˜€λ Œμ§€μƒ‰μ˜ 것듀이 κ·Έκ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:11
we've got kinesins, the orange ones.
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08:13
They're little molecular courier molecules walking one way.
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킀넀신은 ν•œμͺ½ λ°©ν–₯으둜 κ±Έμ–΄κ°€λŠ” μž‘μ€ 운반 λΆ„μžμ£ .
그리고 μ—¬κΈ°λŠ” λ‹€μ΄λ„€μΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이듀은 방솑 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ λ“€κ³ κ°€μ§€μš”.
08:16
And here are the dynein, they're carrying that broadcasting system.
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이듀은 닀리가 κΈΈμ–΄μ„œ μž₯해물을 ν”Όν•΄ 닀닐 수 μžˆμ§€μš”.
08:19
And they've got their long legs
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08:20
so they can step around obstacles and so on.
189
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λ‹€μ‹œν•œλ²ˆ λ§ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 이 λΉ„λ””μ˜€λŠ” 과학적 사싀을
08:22
So again, this is all derived accurately from the science.
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μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ μ΄λ―Έμ§€λ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ¬Έμ œλŠ” κ·Έ μ–΄λ–€ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œλŠ” λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄μˆ˜ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ§€μš”.
08:26
The problem is we can't show it to you any other way.
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08:28
Exploring at the frontier of science, at the frontier of human understanding,
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κ³Όν•™κ³Ό 우리의 μ§€μ‹μ˜
μ΅œμ „μ„ μ„ νƒμ‚¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것은
정말 λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œκ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:33
is mind-blowing.
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08:35
Discovering this stuff
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μ΄λŸ°κ²ƒλ“€μ„ λ°œκ²¬ν•˜λŠ” 것은
08:37
is certainly a pleasurable incentive to work in science.
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κ³Όν•™λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ μΌν•˜λ©° λ°›λŠ” 즐거운 λ³΄μƒμ΄μ§€μš”.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ˜ν•™ μ—°κ΅¬μ›λ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ”
08:41
But most medical researchers --
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08:43
discovering the stuff is simply steps along the path to the big goals,
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μ΄λŸ°κ²ƒλ“€μ„ λ°œκ²¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것은,
병을 ν‡΄μΉ˜ν•˜κ³ , λ³‘μœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ
08:48
which are to eradicate disease, to eliminate the suffering
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고톡과 κ΄΄λ‘œμ›€μ„ μ—†μ• κ³ 
μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ κ°€λ‚œμ—μ„œ κ΅¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ”
08:52
and the misery that disease causes
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큰 λͺ©ν‘œλ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 과정일 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:54
and to lift people out of poverty.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:56
Thank you.
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08:57
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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