Animations of unseeable biology | Drew Berry | TED

Translator: Lenka Tušar Reviewer: Tilen Pigac - EFZG

What I'm going to show you are the astonishing molecular machines

Pokazal vam bom

osupljive molekularne naprave,

that create the living fabric of your body.

ki sestavljajo živo tovarno vašega telesa.

Now molecules are really, really tiny.

Molekule so res izjemno majhne.

Ko rečem majhne,

And by tiny, I mean really.

to dejansko to pomeni.

They're smaller than a wavelength of light,

Manjše so, kot meri valovna dolžina svetlobe,

so we have no way to directly observe them.

zato jih ne moremo neposredno opazovati.

A znanost nam omogoča, da si lahko predstavljamo,

But through science, we do have a fairly good idea

kaj se dogaja na molekularni ravni.

of what's going on down at the molecular scale.

Lahko vam torej o molekulah pripovedujemo,

So what we can do is actually tell you about the molecules,

but we don't really have a direct way of showing you the molecules.

ne moremo pa jih vam neposredno pokazati.

Lahko si jih predstavljamo z risanjem.

One way around this is to draw pictures.

And this idea is actually nothing new.

Ta ideja pa pravzaprav ni nova.

Scientists have always created pictures

Za znanstvenike je risanje vedno predstavljalo

del miselnega in raziskovalnega postopka.

as part of their thinking and discovery process.

Narišejo, kar vidijo z očmi preko tehnoloških

They draw pictures of what they're observing with their eyes,

through technology like telescopes and microscopes,

naprav, kot so teleskopi in mikroskopi,

in k temu dodajo svoje misli in ideje.

and also what they're thinking about in their minds.

I picked two well-known examples,

Izbral sem dva znana primera,

because they're very well-known for expressing science through art.

saj predstavljata znanstveno izražanje skozi umetnost.

Začel bom z Galileom,

And I start with Galileo, who used the world's first telescope

ki je s prvim teleskopom na svetu

opazoval Luno.

to look at the Moon.

And he transformed our understanding of the Moon.

S tem je spremenil naše dojemanje Lune.

The perception in the 17th century

V 17. stoletju so verjeli,

was the Moon was a perfect heavenly sphere.

da je Luna popolno nebesno telo.

But what Galileo saw was a rocky, barren world,

Galileo pa je videl kamnit, nerodoviten svet,

which he expressed through his watercolor painting.

ki ga je izrazil skozi akvarelno slikanje.

Another scientist with very big ideas,

Drug znanstvenik z izjemnimi idejami,

superzvezdnik biologije, je Charles Darwin.

the superstar of biology is Charles Darwin.

Ta znamenit zapis v njegovi beležnici

And with this famous entry in his notebook,

začne v zgornjem levem kotu z besedo "Mislim,"

he begins in the top left-hand corner with, "I think,"

zraven pa je skica prvega rodoslovnega drevesa,

and then sketches out the first tree of life,

which is his perception of how all the species,

njegove predstave,

da so vse vrste, vsa živa bitja na Zemlji,

all living things on Earth are connected through evolutionary history --

povezana z evolucijsko zgodovino --

the origin of species through natural selection

izvorom vrst preko naravnega izbora

and divergence from an ancestral population.

in odstopanjem od populacije prednikov.

Even as a scientist,

Čeprav sem sam znanstvenik,

I used to go to lectures by molecular biologists

so se mi predavanja molekularnih biologov

zdela popolnoma nerazumljiva

and find them completely incomprehensible,

with all the fancy technical language and jargon

zaradi posebnega tehničnega jezika in žargona,

s katerim so opisovali svoje delo,

that they would use in describing their work,

dokler nisem odkril umetnin Davida Goodsella,

until I encountered the artworks of David Goodsell,

molekularnega biologa na inštitutu Scripps.

who is a molecular biologist at the Scripps Institute.

Na njegovih slikah

And his pictures -- everything's accurate and it's all to scale.

je vse točno in v pravem merilu.

And his work illuminated for me

Njegovo delo mi je osvetlilo razumevanje

what the molecular world inside us is like.

molekularnega sveta znotraj nas.

To je prikaz krvi.

So this is a transection through blood.

In the top left-hand corner, you've got this yellow-green area.

V zgornjem levem delu je rumeno-zeleno območje.

Gre za tekočino v krvi, ki je večinoma iz vode,

The yellow-green area is the fluid of blood, which is mostly water,

a tudi iz protiteles, sladkorjev,

but it's also antibodies, sugars, hormones, that kind of thing.

hormonov in podobnega.

And the red region is a slice into a red blood cell.

Rdeče območje predstavlja prerez rdeče krvničke.

And those red molecules are hemoglobin.

Te rdeče molekule so hemoglobin.

They are actually red; that's what gives blood its color.

V resnici so rdeče in to daje krvi barvo.

Hemoglobin deluje kot molekularna spužva,

And hemoglobin acts as a molecular sponge

ki vsrka kisik iz vaših pljuč

to soak up the oxygen in your lungs

in ga prenaša po drugih delih telesa.

and then carry it to other parts of the body.

Ta slika me je pred mnogo leti izjemno navdušila,

I was very much inspired by this image many years ago,

and I wondered whether we could use computer graphics

da sem prišel na idejo uporabe računalniške grafike

za predstavitev molekularnega sveta.

to represent the molecular world.

Kako bi izgledal?

What would it look like?

And that's how I really began.

Tako sem torej začel. Pa poglejmo.

So let's begin.

This is DNA in its classic double helix form.

To je DNK v običajni obliki dvojne vijačnice.

Strukturo smo določili z rentgensko kristalografijo,

And it's from X-ray crystallography, so it's an accurate model of DNA.

zato gre za pravilen model DNK.

If we unwind the double helix and unzip the two strands,

Če dvojno vijačnico odvijemo in razpremo niza,

vidite majhne zobce.

you see these things that look like teeth.

To so črke genskega zapisa,

Those are the letters of genetic code,

25.000 genov, zapisanih v vašem DNK.

the 25,000 genes you've got written in your DNA.

This is what they typically talk about -- the genetic code --

V mislih imamo torej to,

ko govorimo o genskem zapisu.

this is what they're talking about.

A želel bi predstaviti drugačen pogled na znanost DNK,

But I want to talk about a different aspect of DNA science,

in sicer fizikalno naravo DNK.

and that is the physical nature of DNA.

Ta dva niza tečeta v nasprotnih smereh,

It's these two strands that run in opposite directions

for reasons I can't go into right now.

a o razlogih za to kdaj drugič.

But they physically run in opposite directions,

Fizično torej potekata v nasprotnih smereh,

kar ustvari mnogo zapletov za vaše žive celice,

which creates a number of complications for your living cells,

kar boste tudi videli,

as you're about to see,

še posebej pri kopiranju DNK.

most particularly when DNA is being copied.

And so what I'm about to show you

Pokazal vam bom

is an accurate representation of the actual DNA replication machine

natačno predstavitev dejanskega mehanizma

podvojevanja DNK, ki se trenutno odvija v vašem telesu,

that's occurring right now inside your body,

vsaj pri biologiji, znani leta 2002.

at least 2002 biology.

So DNA's entering the production line from the left-hand side,

DNK torej z leve strani vstopi na tekoči trak

and it hits this collection, these miniature biochemical machines,

in trči ob ta skupek, te majcene biokemične naprave,

ki razpirajo verigo DNK in ustvarjajo natančno kopijo.

that are pulling apart the DNA strand and making an exact copy.

DNK torej vstopi in trči ob

So DNA comes in and hits this blue, doughnut-shaped structure

modro strukturo v obliki krofa,

and it's ripped apart into its two strands.

kjer se razpre na dva niza.

En niz se lahko prepiše neposredno

One strand can be copied directly,

in vidite, kako se navija navzdol.

and you can see these things spooling off to the bottom there.

A pri drugem nizu je postopek bolj zapleten,

But things aren't so simple for the other strand

saj mora biti prepisan v nasprotni smeri.

because it must be copied backwards.

Ta niz se v zankah

So it's thrown out repeatedly in these loops

prepisuje po delčkih

and copied one section at a time, creating two new DNA molecules.

in ustvarja dve novi molekuli DNK.

Now you have billions of this machine right now working away inside you,

Milijarde takih naprav trenutno

neumorno delajo v vaših telesih

copying your DNA with exquisite fidelity.

in prepisujejo vaš DNK z izjemno natačnostjo.

Ta natančna predstavitev prikazuje tudi

It's an accurate representation,

bolj ali manj točno hitrost dejanskega postopka.

and it's pretty much at the correct speed for what is occurring inside you.

Izpustil sem popravo napak in precej drugih podatkov.

I've left out error correction and a bunch of other things.

(Laughter)

To je delo izpred mnogo let.

This was work from a number of years ago--

Hvala.

Thank you.

To je delo izpred mnogo let, sedaj pa vam bom

(Applause)

This is work from a number of years ago,

pokazal posodobljeno znanost in tehnologijo.

but what I'll show you next is updated science,

it's updated technology.

Še enkrat, začnemo z DNK.

So again, we begin with DNA.

Tako miga zaradi mešanice molekul okrog nje,

And it's jiggling and wiggling there

because of the surrounding soup of molecules,

ki pa smo jih odstranili, da lahko vidite bistveno.

which I've stripped away so you can see something.

DNK v premeru meri okrog dva nanometra,

DNA is about two nanometers across, which is really quite tiny.

kar je resnično malo.

A v vsaki vaši celici je vsak niz DNK

But in each one of your cells,

dolg od 30 do 40 milijonov nanometrov.

each strand of DNA is about 30 to 40 million nanometers long.

So to keep the DNA organized and regulate access to the genetic code,

Da je DNK urejena in s tem tudi dostop do genskega zapisa,

je zavita okrog teh vijoličnih beljakovin,

it's wrapped around these purple proteins --

kot so označene tukaj.

or I've labeled them purple here.

Zavita in zamotana je okrog njih.

It's packaged up and bundled up.

All this field of view is a single strand of DNA.

Pri tem gre le za en sam niz DNK.

This huge package of DNA is called a chromosome.

Ta celoten velik paket DNK pa se imenuje kromosom.

And we'll come back to chromosomes in a minute.

K njim se bomo vrnili čez minuto.

We're pulling out, we're zooming out,

S pogledom se torej oddaljujemo

out through a nuclear pore,

skozi jedrno poro, ki predstavlja

which is the gateway to this compartment that holds all the DNA,

pot do tega oddelka, kjer se nahaja DNK,

called the nucleus.

imenovan jedro.

All of this field of view is about a semester's worth of biology,

To celotno področje zahteva kak semester

pri biologiji, jaz pa imam le sedem minut.

and I've got seven minutes,

Torej tega ne bomo mogli pokazati danes?

So we're not going to be able to do that today?

Ne, rekli so mi, da ne.

No, I'm being told, "No."

This is the way a living cell looks down a light microscope.

Tako je videti živa celica skozi svetlobni mikroskop.

Posneta je pospešeno, zato jo vidite v gibanju.

And it's been filmed under time-lapse, which is why you can see it moving.

Jedrna ovojnica se pretrga, zanimajo pa nas

The nuclear envelope breaks down.

te podolgovate stvari oz. kromosomi.

These sausage-shaped things are the chromosomes,

and we'll focus on them.

Njihovo gibanje je presenetljivo,

They go through this very striking motion that is focused on these little red spots.

označeno pa je z rožnato barvo.

Ko celice čutijo, da so pripravljene,

When the cell feels it's ready to go, it rips apart the chromosome.

pretrgajo kromosom.

One set of DNA goes to one side,

En niz DNK gre na eno stran,

the other side gets the other set of DNA --

druga stran pa dobi novega

identical copies of DNA.

oz. identično kopijo DNK.

And then the cell splits down the middle.

Nato se celice razpolovijo.

And again, you have billions of cells undergoing this process

Še enkrat, milijarda celic gre prav zdaj

skozi ta postopek v vašem telesu.

right now inside of you.

Now we're going to rewind and just focus on the chromosomes,

Vrnili se bomo nazaj in osredotočili na kromosome

and look at its structure and describe it.

ter opisali njihovo strukturo.

Spet smo pri tem trenutku delitve.

So again, here we are at that equator moment.

Kromosomi se poravnajo.

The chromosomes line up.

And if we isolate just one chromosome,

Osredotočimo se le na en kromosom,

we're going to pull it out and have a look at its structure.

ga izvzamemo in si ogledamo njegovo strukturo.

To je ena od večjih molekularnih struktur v vašem telesu,

So this is one of the biggest molecular structures that you have,

vsaj kar smo jih odkrili doslej.

at least as far as we've discovered so far inside of us.

To je en kromosom.

So this is a single chromosome.

V vsakem imate dva niza DNK.

And you have two strands of DNA in each chromosome.

One is bundled up into one sausage.

En je zavit v en sveženj,

The other strand is bundled up into the other sausage.

drug pa v drugega.

To, kar izgleda kot mačje brčice na vsaki strani,

These things that look like whiskers that are sticking out from either side

je dinamični gradbeni oder celice.

are the dynamic scaffolding of the cell.

They're called microtubules, that name's not important.

Imenujejo se mikrotubuli. Ime ni tako pomembno.

Osredotočili se bomo na to rdeče označeno območje,

But we're going to focus on the region labeled red here --

ki predstavlja stičišče med

and it's the interface between the dynamic scaffolding

dinamičnim gradbenim odrom in kromosomi.

and the chromosomes.

It is obviously central to the movement of the chromosomes.

To je ključno za gibanje kromosomov.

We have no idea, really, as to how it's achieving that movement.

Ne vemo, kako pride do tega gibanja.

Ta kinetični lok je predmet

We've been studying this thing they call the kinetochore

intenzivnega preučevanja že več kot sto let

for over a hundred years with intense study,

in šele začenjamo odkrivati, za kaj gre.

and we're still just beginning to discover what it's about.

Sestavlja ga okrog 200 različnih vrst beljakovin,

It is made up of about 200 different types of proteins,

skupaj na tisoče beljakovin.

thousands of proteins in total.

It is a signal broadcasting system.

Je sistem širjenja signala.

It broadcasts through chemical signals,

Preko kemičnih signalov

sporoča preostali celici, kdaj je pravi čas,

telling the rest of the cell when it's ready,

when it feels that everything is aligned and ready to go

kdaj čuti, da je vse na pravem mestu in

for the separation of the chromosomes.

pripravljeno za delitev kromosomov.

It is able to couple onto the growing and shrinking microtubules.

Lahko se pripne na mikrotubule, ki rastejo in se krčijo.

Sodeluje pri rasti mikrotubulov

It's involved with the growing of the microtubules,

in nanje se lahko začasno pripne.

and it's able to transiently couple onto them.

Je tudi sistem zaznavanja pripravljenosti.

It's also an attention-sensing system.

Zaznava, kdaj je celica pripravljena,

It's able to feel when the cell is ready,

kdaj je kromosom pravilno postavljen.

when the chromosome is correctly positioned.

Tu se obarva zeleno,

It's turning green here because it feels that everything is just right.

saj zazna, da je vse na pravem mestu.

Kot vidite, je tu še majhen del,

And you'll see, there's this one little last bit

ki je še vedno rdeč.

that's still remaining red.

Pomika se vzdolž mikrotubulov.

And it's walked away down the microtubules.

Ta sistem sporoča signal zaustavitve.

That is the signal broadcasting system sending out the stop signal.

Odhaja stran. Dobesedno tako mehansko je.

And it's walked away -- I mean, it's that mechanical.

To je urni mehanizem molekule.

It's molecular clockwork.

This is how you work at the molecular scale.

Tako deluje vaše telo na molekularni ravni.

So with a little bit of molecular eye candy,

Da bi bila molekula še bolj privlačna,

(Laughter)

so tu še kinezini v oranžni barvi,

we've got kinesins, the orange ones.

They're little molecular courier molecules walking one way.

majhne molekularne kurirske celice, ki se pomikajo v eni smeri.

Imamo tudi dineine, ki nosijo ta informacijski sistem.

And here are the dynein, they're carrying that broadcasting system.

S svojimi dolgimi nogami se lahko izognejo oviram.

And they've got their long legs

so they can step around obstacles and so on.

Vse to je točen prikaz

So again, this is all derived accurately from the science.

znanstvenih odkritij.

Težava je, da tega ne moremo prikazati drugače.

The problem is we can't show it to you any other way.

Exploring at the frontier of science, at the frontier of human understanding,

Raziskovanje novega področja znanosti,

novega področja človeškega razumevanja,

je noro.

is mind-blowing.

Discovering this stuff

Odkrivanje teh stvari

is certainly a pleasurable incentive to work in science.

je gotovo prijetna spodbuda za delo v znanosti.

A večina raziskovalcev v medicini --

But most medical researchers --

discovering the stuff is simply steps along the path to the big goals,

Odkrivanje teh stvari

so le koraki na poti do velikih ciljev,

which are to eradicate disease, to eliminate the suffering

kot je izkoreninjanje bolezni,

trpljenja in nesreče, ki jih povzročajo,

and the misery that disease causes

ter popeljati ljudi iz revščine.

and to lift people out of poverty.

Hvala vam.

Thank you.

(Applause)

(Aplavz)