Animations of unseeable biology | Drew Berry | TED

2,565,545 views ใƒป 2012-01-12

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Mahmoud Aghiorly ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Anwar Dafa-Alla
00:15
What I'm going to show you are the astonishing molecular machines
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ู…ุง ุณูˆู ุฃุฑูŠูƒู… ุฅูŠุงู‡
ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุขู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฐู‡ู„ุฉ
00:20
that create the living fabric of your body.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุฃู„ูŠุงู ููŠ ุฌุณุฏ ุงู„ุงู†ุณุงู†
00:24
Now molecules are really, really tiny.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ู‡ูŠ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹
ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ
00:28
And by tiny, I mean really.
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ูุฃู†ุง ุฃุนู†ูŠ ...
00:31
They're smaller than a wavelength of light,
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ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุงุตุบุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูŠ ู„ู„ุถูˆุก
00:33
so we have no way to directly observe them.
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ู„ุฐุง ู„ุงูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุงูŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูุนู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู…ุฑุงู‚ุจุชู‡ุง
ูˆู„ูƒู† ูˆุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ููƒุฑุฉ ู…ู‚ุจูˆู„ุฉ
00:37
But through science, we do have a fairly good idea
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ุนู† ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠ
00:39
of what's going on down at the molecular scale.
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ู†ุญู† ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงุฎุจุงุฑูƒู… ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญุฏุซ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฒุฆูŠุงุช
00:42
So what we can do is actually tell you about the molecules,
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00:44
but we don't really have a direct way of showing you the molecules.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู† ู†ุฑูŠูƒู… ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
ูˆุงุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูŠ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุฑุณู… ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ
00:48
One way around this is to draw pictures.
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00:50
And this idea is actually nothing new.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ู„ูŠุณุช ุจุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุทู„ุงู‚
00:52
Scientists have always created pictures
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ูุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุฏูˆู…ุงู‹ ู‚ุงู…ูˆุง ุจุชุตูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ุงู…ูˆุฑ
ูƒุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงุจุญุงุซู‡ู… ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ
00:55
as part of their thinking and discovery process.
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ูู‚ุฏ ุฑุณู…ูˆุง ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ู„ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุฑูˆู†ู‡ ุจุงู„ุนูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑุฏุฉ
00:58
They draw pictures of what they're observing with their eyes,
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01:00
through technology like telescopes and microscopes,
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ุงูˆ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุงุช ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจุงุช ูˆุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุณูƒูˆุจุงุช
ูˆ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ู…ุง ู‚ุฏ ูŠุฌูˆู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุทุฑ ู…ู† ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุฃูˆ ุชุฃู…ู„
01:03
and also what they're thinking about in their minds.
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01:05
I picked two well-known examples,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุงุฎุชุฑุช ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ
01:07
because they're very well-known for expressing science through art.
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ู„ุงู†ู‡ุง ู…ุซุงู„ ุนู† ุงู„ุชุนุจูŠุฑ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุงู„ุฑุณูˆู… ุนู† ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู…
ูˆุณูˆู ุฃุจุฏุฃ ู…ุน ุฌุงู„ูŠู„ูŠูˆ
01:11
And I start with Galileo, who used the world's first telescope
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจ ุงู„ุงูˆู„
ู…ู† ุงุฌู„ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุฑ
01:15
to look at the Moon.
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01:16
And he transformed our understanding of the Moon.
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุญูˆู„ ูู‡ู…ู†ุง ูˆุฑุคูŠุชู†ุง ู„ู„ู‚ู…ุฑ ู…ู†ุฐ ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง
01:18
The perception in the 17th century
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ูุงู„ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุณุงุฆุฏ ูƒุงู† ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„17
01:20
was the Moon was a perfect heavenly sphere.
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ุนู† ุงู„ู‚ู…ุฑ ุงู†ู‡ ูƒุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู†ุฉ ู…ุตู†ูˆุนุฉ ุจุงุชู‚ุงู†
01:22
But what Galileo saw was a rocky, barren world,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ุฑุขู‡ ุฌุงู„ูŠู„ูŠูˆ ู‡ูˆ ุนุงู„ู… ุตุฎุฑูŠ ู‚ุงุญู„
01:25
which he expressed through his watercolor painting.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุนุจุฑ ุนู†ู‡ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุฑุณูˆู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุฃู„ูˆุงู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฆูŠุฉ
01:28
Another scientist with very big ideas,
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ูˆุนุงู„ู… ุขุฎุฑ ุตุงุญุจ ุงููƒุงุฑ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ
ุงู†ู‡ ู†ุฌู… ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุงุญูŠุงุก ุชุดุงุฑู„ุฒ ุฏุงุฑูˆูŠู†
01:31
the superstar of biology is Charles Darwin.
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ูˆู…ู‚ุฏู…ุฉ ูƒุชุงุจู‡ ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠ ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠุฑุฉ
01:34
And with this famous entry in his notebook,
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชู…ูˆุถุน ููŠ ุฒุงูˆูŠุชู‡ุง ุงู„ูŠุณุฑู‰ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ " ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ "
01:36
he begins in the top left-hand corner with, "I think,"
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ูˆ ู…ู† ุซู… ุฑุณูˆู…ุงุช ู„ุดุฌุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰
01:39
and then sketches out the first tree of life,
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01:41
which is his perception of how all the species,
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ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุงูˆู„ูŠ
ุนู† ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ู†ุดูˆุก ุงู„ูุตุงุฆู„ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ูˆ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุงุฑุถ
01:44
all living things on Earth are connected through evolutionary history --
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ูˆุตู„ุชู‡ุง ุนุจุฑ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ุนุถูˆูŠ
01:48
the origin of species through natural selection
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ูˆุงู„ูุตุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุฉ ูˆ ู†ู…ูˆู‡ุง ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุชูุงุถู„ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ
01:50
and divergence from an ancestral population.
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ูˆุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ุนู† ุงู„ุงุณู„ุงู
01:53
Even as a scientist,
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ูˆุงู†ุง ูƒุนุงู„ู…
01:55
I used to go to lectures by molecular biologists
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ูƒู†ุช ุงุญุถุฑ ู…ุญุงุถุฑุงุช ุนู† ุฏูƒุงุชุฑุฉ ููŠ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠุฉ
ูˆุฃุฑุงู‡ุง ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูู‡ูˆู…ุฉ
01:58
and find them completely incomprehensible,
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02:00
with all the fancy technical language and jargon
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ุจูƒู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู„ุบุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ู…ู‚ุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุตุทู„ุญุงุช
ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆู†ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงุฌู„ ุดุฑุญ ุนู…ู„ู‡ู…
02:03
that they would use in describing their work,
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ุญุชู‰ ุญุตู„ ูˆ ุฅุทู„ุนุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงุนู…ุงู„ ุฏูŠููŠุฏ ุฌูˆุฏุณูŠู„ ุงู„ูู†ูŠุฉ
02:05
until I encountered the artworks of David Goodsell,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุนุงู„ู… ุงุญูŠุงุก ุฌุฒุฆูŠุฉ ููŠ ู…ุนู‡ุฏ ุณูƒุฑูŠุจุฒ
02:08
who is a molecular biologist at the Scripps Institute.
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ูˆุตูˆุฑู‡
02:11
And his pictures -- everything's accurate and it's all to scale.
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ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ูˆุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ
02:14
And his work illuminated for me
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ูˆุนู…ู„ู‡ ุงู†ุงุฑ ู„ูŠ
02:17
what the molecular world inside us is like.
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ู…ุงู‡ูŠุฉ ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ูˆูƒูŠู ูŠุจุฏูˆ
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ู†ู‚ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุก
02:20
So this is a transection through blood.
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02:22
In the top left-hand corner, you've got this yellow-green area.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุฑู ุงู„ุงูŠุณุฑ ุชุฑูˆู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ุตูุฑุงุก-ุงู„ุฎุถุฑุงุก
ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ุตูุฑุงุก-ุงู„ุฎุถุฑุงุก ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุก ูˆ ู…ุนุธู…ู‡ุง ู…ูŠุงู‡
02:25
The yellow-green area is the fluid of blood, which is mostly water,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุงูŠุถุงู‹ ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ูˆ ุณูƒุฑูŠุงุช
02:28
but it's also antibodies, sugars, hormones, that kind of thing.
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ูˆู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช ูˆ ู…ู† ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง
02:31
And the red region is a slice into a red blood cell.
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ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก ู‡ูŠ ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุฏู… ุญู…ุฑุงุก
02:33
And those red molecules are hemoglobin.
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ูˆุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ุงุจูŠู†
02:35
They are actually red; that's what gives blood its color.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุญู…ุฑุงุก ูุนู„ุงู‹ .. ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนุทูŠ ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุก ู„ูˆู†ู‡ุง
ูˆุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ุงุจูŠู† ูŠุนู…ู„ ูƒุฅุณูู†ุฌุฉ ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠุฉ
02:38
And hemoglobin acts as a molecular sponge
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ุชู…ุชุต ุงู„ุงูƒุณุฌูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุฆุชูŠู†
02:40
to soak up the oxygen in your lungs
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจู†ู‚ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุฌุณู…
02:42
and then carry it to other parts of the body.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุงู„ู‡ู…ุชู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ู…ู†ุฐ ุนุฏุฉ ุณู†ูˆุงุช
02:44
I was very much inspired by this image many years ago,
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02:46
and I wondered whether we could use computer graphics
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ูˆูƒู†ุช ุงููƒุฑ ุงู† ูƒุงู† ุจุงู„ุงู…ูƒุงู† ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ู…ุคุซุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฑุฆูŠุฉ
ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุงุณูˆุจ ู…ู† ุงุฌู„ ุงู„ุชุนุจูŠุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠ
02:49
to represent the molecular world.
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ูˆุงู† ุงู…ูƒู† ุฐู„ูƒ ููƒูŠู ุณุชุจุฏูˆ ุŸ
02:51
What would it look like?
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02:52
And that's how I really began.
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ุจุฏุฃุช .. ู„ู†ุจุฏุฃ
02:54
So let's begin.
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02:55
This is DNA in its classic double helix form.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุงูุชุฑุงุถูŠ ู„ุดุฑูŠุท ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุงู„ุญู„ุฒูˆู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌ
ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุจู„ูˆุฑุงุช ุงุดุนุฉ ุงูƒุณ
02:58
And it's from X-ray crystallography, so it's an accurate model of DNA.
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ู„ุฐุง ุงู†ู‡ ุดูƒู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ ู„ู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ
03:01
If we unwind the double helix and unzip the two strands,
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ุงู† ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจููƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุฑูŠุท ุงู„ุญู„ุฒูˆู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ูˆ ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจูุตู„ู‡ ุงู„ู‰ ุดุฑูŠุทูŠู†
ูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู…ุง ูŠุดุจู‡ ุงู„ุงุณู†ุงู†
03:04
you see these things that look like teeth.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ูƒูˆุฏุงุช ุงู„ุงุญุฑู ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ
03:06
Those are the letters of genetic code,
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ุงู„25 ุฃู„ู ุฌูŠู† ุงู„ู…ูƒุชูˆุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุฎุงุตุชู†ุง
03:08
the 25,000 genes you've got written in your DNA.
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03:10
This is what they typically talk about -- the genetic code --
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠุชู… ุงู„ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู†ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏูˆุงู… ุจู…ุณู…ู‰
ุงู„ูƒูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠ .. ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุชุญุฏุซูˆู† ุนู†ู‡ ู‚ุจู„ ู‚ู„ูŠู„
03:13
this is what they're talking about.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงุฑูŠุฏ ุงู† ุงุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ู…ูุงู‡ูŠู… ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู† ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ
03:15
But I want to talk about a different aspect of DNA science,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ
03:18
and that is the physical nature of DNA.
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู† ุงู„ุดุฑูŠุทูŠู† ุงู„ู„ุฐุงู† ูŠุณูŠุฑุงู† ุจุงุชุฌุงู‡ูŠู† ู…ุชุนุงูƒุณูŠู†
03:20
It's these two strands that run in opposite directions
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03:22
for reasons I can't go into right now.
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ู„ุงุณุจุงุจ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฎูˆุถ ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุงู†
03:24
But they physically run in opposite directions,
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุชุณูŠุฑ ุจุงุชุฌุงู‡ูŠู† ู…ุชุนุงูƒุณูŠู†
ู…ู…ุง ูŠุดูƒู„ ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุถุงุนูุงุช ู„ู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ
03:27
which creates a number of complications for your living cells,
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ูƒู…ุง ุณูˆู ุชุฑูˆู†
03:30
as you're about to see,
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ุนุงุฏุฉ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชู… ู†ุณุฎ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ
03:32
most particularly when DNA is being copied.
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03:34
And so what I'm about to show you
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ูˆ ู…ุง ุณูˆู ุงุฑูŠูƒู… ุงูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุงู†
03:36
is an accurate representation of the actual DNA replication machine
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ู‡ูˆ ูˆุตู ุฏู‚ูŠู‚
ุนู† ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ู…ุถุงุนูุฉ /ู†ุณุฎ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุฏุซ ุงู„ุงู† ููŠ ุฌุณุฏูƒู…
03:40
that's occurring right now inside your body,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู‚ู„ ููŠ 2002 ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ
03:42
at least 2002 biology.
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03:44
So DNA's entering the production line from the left-hand side,
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ .. ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ูŠุฏุฎู„ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุงุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุณู… ุงู„ุงูŠุณุฑ
03:47
and it hits this collection, these miniature biochemical machines,
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ูŠุฏุฎู„ ุถู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ .. ูˆู‡ูŠ ุขู„ูŠุงุช ุจูŠูˆูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ู…ุตุบุฑุฉ
ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจููƒ ุดุฑูŠุท ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ูˆุชุตู†ุน ู†ุณุฎุฉ ู…ุดุงุจู‡ุฉ ู„ู‡ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹
03:51
that are pulling apart the DNA strand and making an exact copy.
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ุงุฐุง ุดุฑูŠุท ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ูŠุฏุฎู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุฌู‡ุฒุฉ
03:54
So DNA comes in and hits this blue, doughnut-shaped structure
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ูŠุตู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุฌู‡ุฒุฉ ุงู„ุฒุฑู‚ุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุดุจู‡ ุงู„ุฏูˆู†ุงุช
03:57
and it's ripped apart into its two strands.
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ูˆูŠุชู… ูุตู„ู‡ ุงู„ู‰ ุดุฑูŠุทูŠู†
ูˆูŠุชู… ู†ุณุฎ ุงุญุฏ ุงู„ุงุดุฑุทุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ููˆุฑ
04:00
One strand can be copied directly,
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุงุณูู„ ูŠุชู… ุชุญุฑูŠุฑ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุชู… ุชู‡ูŠุฆุชู‡ ู…ุณุจู‚ุงู‹ ูˆูŠุชู… ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ููˆุฑ
04:02
and you can see these things spooling off to the bottom there.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ ู„ูŠุณุช ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุดุฑูŠุท ุงู„ุงุฎุฑ
04:05
But things aren't so simple for the other strand
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ู„ุงู† ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ุณุฎ ูŠุฌุจ ุงู† ุชุชู… ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ุนูƒุณูŠุฉ
04:07
because it must be copied backwards.
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ู„ุฐุง ูŠุชู… ููƒ ูˆุชุญุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุงุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ุณุชู…ุฑุฉ
04:09
So it's thrown out repeatedly in these loops
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ูˆูŠุชู… ู†ุณุฎ ูƒู„ ุฌุฒุก ุนู„ู‰ ุญุฏู‰
04:11
and copied one section at a time, creating two new DNA molecules.
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ู„ูƒูŠ ูŠุชู… ุตู†ุน ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ
04:15
Now you have billions of this machine right now working away inside you,
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ูˆูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ูƒู… ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุงู„ุขู† ุจู„ุงูŠูŠู† ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุขู„ูŠุงุช
ุชุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุขู† ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุฌุณู…ู‡
04:20
copying your DNA with exquisite fidelity.
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ูˆุชู‚ูˆู… ุจู†ุณุฎ ุดุฑุงุฆุท ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุจุฐุงุช ุงู„ุงุชู‚ุงู†
ุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชู…ุซูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฆูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุชู…ุซูŠู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚
04:23
It's an accurate representation,
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ูˆุงู† ู…ุงูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงุฌุณุงู…ูƒู… ูŠุญุฏุซ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุจุฐุงุช ุงู„ุณุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู… ุนุฑุถู‡ุง
04:25
and it's pretty much at the correct speed for what is occurring inside you.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุชุฑูƒุช ุงุนุทุงุจ ู†ู‚ุงุท ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ูˆ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุงู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุงุฎุฑู‰
04:29
I've left out error correction and a bunch of other things.
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04:31
(Laughter)
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ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุนู…ู„ ู‚ู…ุช ุจู‡ ู…ู†ุฐ ุนุฏุฉ ุณู†ูˆุงุช
04:33
This was work from a number of years ago--
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ุดูƒุฑุง ู„ูƒู…
04:35
Thank you.
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ุงู†ู‡ ุนู…ู„ ู‚ู…ุช ุจู‡ ู…ู†ุฐ ุนุฏุฉ ุณู†ูˆุงุช
04:37
(Applause)
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04:38
This is work from a number of years ago,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ุณุฃุฑูŠูƒู… ุงูŠุงู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุนู„ู… ุญุฏูŠุซ .. ูˆุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ
04:40
but what I'll show you next is updated science,
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04:42
it's updated technology.
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ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุจุฏุฃ ู…ุน ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ
04:43
So again, we begin with DNA.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠุชุฃุฑุฌู„ ูˆ ูŠู‡ุชุฒ ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุณูˆุงุฆู„ ุงู„ู…ู„ูŠุฆุฉ ุจุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุฉ ุจู‡
04:45
And it's jiggling and wiggling there
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04:46
because of the surrounding soup of molecules,
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุงุฒู„ุชู‡ุง ู„ูƒูŠ ุชุชู…ูƒู†ูˆุง ู…ู† ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง
04:49
which I've stripped away so you can see something.
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ุงู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุจุนุฑุถ 2 ู†ุงู†ูˆ ู…ุชุฑ
04:51
DNA is about two nanometers across, which is really quite tiny.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุตุบูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุงู‹
ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠ ูƒู„ ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงูŠุงูƒู…
04:54
But in each one of your cells,
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ูŠูƒูˆู† ุทูˆู„ ูƒู„ ุดุฑูŠุท ู…ู† ุดุฑุงุฆุท ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู…ู† 30-40 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู†ุงู†ูˆู…ุชุฑ
04:56
each strand of DNA is about 30 to 40 million nanometers long.
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04:59
So to keep the DNA organized and regulate access to the genetic code,
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ูˆู„ูƒูŠ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ู…ุฑุชุจ ูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู‡ู„ ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠ
ูŠุชู… ุชุบู„ูŠูู‡ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ุจู†ูุณุฌูŠุฉ
05:03
it's wrapped around these purple proteins --
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ู„ูˆู†ุชู‡ู… ุจุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุจู†ูุณุฌูŠ
05:05
or I've labeled them purple here.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุฉ ูˆ ู…ู„ุชูุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ
05:07
It's packaged up and bundled up.
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05:08
All this field of view is a single strand of DNA.
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ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู†ู‡ ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุดุฑูŠุท ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ
05:11
This huge package of DNA is called a chromosome.
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ุงู† ุญุฒู…ุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุชุฏุนู‰ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…
05:14
And we'll come back to chromosomes in a minute.
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ูˆุณูˆู ู†ุนูˆุฏ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…ุงุช ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
05:17
We're pulling out, we're zooming out,
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ู†ุญู† ู†ู†ุณุญุจ .. ู†ุญู† ู†ุตุนุฏ ู„ูƒูŠ ู†ู„ู‚ูŠ ู†ุธุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุนู„ู‰
05:19
out through a nuclear pore,
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ูุชุญุฉ ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฉ
05:21
which is the gateway to this compartment that holds all the DNA,
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู…ู†ูุฐ ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ู„ู„ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญูˆูŠ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ
05:24
called the nucleus.
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ุชุฏุนู‰ ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฉ
05:26
All of this field of view is about a semester's worth of biology,
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ุงู† ู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู†ู‡ ุงู„ุขู†
ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ูุตู„ุงู‹ ูƒุงู…ู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุดุฑุญ ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุงู…ู„ูƒู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุณุจุน ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚
05:31
and I've got seven minutes,
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ู„ุฐุง ู„ู† ู†ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ..
05:32
So we're not going to be able to do that today?
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ู„ุง .. ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ .. ู„ู‚ุฏ ุงุฎุจุฑูˆู†ูŠ ุงู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† .
05:35
No, I'm being told, "No."
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05:37
This is the way a living cell looks down a light microscope.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุดุงูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุจุฏูˆ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ูƒูŠุฑูˆุณูƒูˆุจ ุงู„ุนุงุฏูŠ
ูˆู‚ุฏ ุชู… ุชุตูˆูŠุฑู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฑุงุญู„ ูˆู„ู‡ุฐุง ุชุฑูˆู†ู‡ุง ุชุชุญุฑูƒ
05:41
And it's been filmed under time-lapse, which is why you can see it moving.
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ูŠุชู… ู‚ุณู… ุบุดุงุก ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ
05:44
The nuclear envelope breaks down.
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ูˆุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุดุจู‡ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงู†ู‚ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…ุงุช .. ุณูˆู ู†ุฑูƒุฒ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู…
05:46
These sausage-shaped things are the chromosomes,
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05:48
and we'll focus on them.
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ุชู…ุฑ ุนุจุฑ ุญุฑูƒุงุช ุงู‡ุชุฒุงุฒูŠุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ
05:49
They go through this very striking motion that is focused on these little red spots.
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ุชุชุฑูƒุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก
ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุดุนุฑ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู†ู‡ุง ู…ุณุชุนุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุงู†ู‚ุณุงู… ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠูˆูŠ
05:54
When the cell feels it's ready to go, it rips apart the chromosome.
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ูุงู†ู‡ุง ุชูุตู„ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…
05:58
One set of DNA goes to one side,
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ููŠุฐู‡ุจ ู†ุตูู‡ ู„ุฌู‡ุฉ
06:00
the other side gets the other set of DNA --
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ูˆ ุงู„ู†ุตู ุงู„ุงุฎุฑ ู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงุฎุฑู‰
06:02
identical copies of DNA.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ู†ุณุฎุชูŠู† ู…ุชุทุงุจู‚ุชูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ
06:04
And then the cell splits down the middle.
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุชู†ู‚ุณู… ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุตู
06:06
And again, you have billions of cells undergoing this process
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ูˆู…ุฑุฉ ุงุฎุฑู‰ ุจู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง
ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงู†ู‚ุณุงู… ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠูˆูŠ ุงู„ุงู† ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงุฌุณุงู…ูƒู…
06:09
right now inside of you.
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06:11
Now we're going to rewind and just focus on the chromosomes,
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ุงู„ุงู† ุณูˆู ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุงุนุงุฏุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ูˆ ุณู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…ุงุช
06:14
and look at its structure and describe it.
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ูˆู†ู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ู‰ ุจู†ูŠุชู‡ุง ูˆู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุดุฑุญู‡ุง
ู…ุฑุฉ ุงุฎุฑู‰ ู‡ุงูƒู… ู„ุญุธุฉ ุงู„ุงู†ู‚ุณุงู…
06:17
So again, here we are at that equator moment.
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ูŠุฑุชุตู ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…
06:20
The chromosomes line up.
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06:21
And if we isolate just one chromosome,
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ูˆุงู† ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุนุฒู„ ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ูˆุงุญุฏ
06:23
we're going to pull it out and have a look at its structure.
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุบุตู†ุง ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ู‡ ูˆ ุญุงูˆู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ู‰ ุจู†ูŠุชู‡
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนุฏ ุงูƒุจุฑ ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุฌุฒุฆูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุงู†ุณุงู†
06:26
So this is one of the biggest molecular structures that you have,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู‚ู„ ู…ุง ู†ุนุฑูู‡ ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงู† ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงุฌุณุงู…ู†ุง
06:29
at least as far as we've discovered so far inside of us.
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ุงุฐุง ู‡ุฐุง ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ูˆุญูŠุฏ
06:33
So this is a single chromosome.
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ูˆููŠ ูƒู„ ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ุชู…ู„ูƒ ุดุฑูŠุทูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ
06:35
And you have two strands of DNA in each chromosome.
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06:37
One is bundled up into one sausage.
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ูŠู„ุชู ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุง ู„ูŠุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุดุจู‡ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงู†ู‚
06:39
The other strand is bundled up into the other sausage.
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ู…ู† ูƒู„ุง ุงู„ุทุฑููŠู†
ุงู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุจุฏูˆ ูƒู…ุง " ุงู„ุดุงุฑุจ " ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชุฌูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ุง ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจูŠู†
06:42
These things that look like whiskers that are sticking out from either side
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ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุณู‚ุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฑูƒุฉ ู„ู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ
06:45
are the dynamic scaffolding of the cell.
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06:47
They're called microtubules, that name's not important.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ุชุฏุนู‰ ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุชุซุจูˆู„ .. ุงู„ุงุณู… ู„ูŠุณ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงู‡ู…ูŠุฉ
ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุฑูƒุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก .. ู„ู‚ุฏ ู„ูˆู†ุชู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุงุญู…ุฑ
06:50
But we're going to focus on the region labeled red here --
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ู‡ูŠ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุงุญุชูƒุงูƒ
06:53
and it's the interface between the dynamic scaffolding
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ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุณู‚ุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฑูƒุฉ ูˆุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…
06:56
and the chromosomes.
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06:57
It is obviously central to the movement of the chromosomes.
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุถุญ ุงู†ู‡ุง ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…ุงุช
07:00
We have no idea, really, as to how it's achieving that movement.
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ู†ุญู† ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ุง ู†ู…ู„ูƒ ุงูŠ ููƒุฑุฉ ุนู† ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุญุฑูƒุชู‡ุง
ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุดุท ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฑูŠุฉ
07:04
We've been studying this thing they call the kinetochore
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ู„ุงูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู…ุฆุฉ ุนุงู… ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู…ูƒุซูุฉ
07:06
for over a hundred years with intense study,
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ูˆู…ุงุฒู„ู†ุง ููŠ ุจุฏุงูŠุงุช ุงูƒุชุดุงูู†ุง ู…ุงู‡ูŠุชู‡ุง
07:08
and we're still just beginning to discover what it's about.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ู…ูƒูˆู†ุฉ ู…ู† ู†ุญูˆ 200 ู†ูˆุน ู…ุฎุชู„ู ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช
07:11
It is made up of about 200 different types of proteins,
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ู…ุง ูŠุดูƒู„ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนู‡ ุงู„ุงู„ุงู ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช
07:14
thousands of proteins in total.
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07:16
It is a signal broadcasting system.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ู†ุธุงู… ุจุซ ูˆุญูŠุฏ
07:19
It broadcasts through chemical signals,
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ุชุจุซ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุงุดุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ
ู„ูƒูŠ ุชุฎุจุฑ ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุงุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุนู† ุงุณุชุนุฏุงุฏู‡ุง
07:22
telling the rest of the cell when it's ready,
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07:24
when it feels that everything is aligned and ready to go
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ูˆุดุนูˆุฑู‡ุง ุจุงู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู‚ุฏ ุญุงู† ู…ู† ุงุฌู„ ุงู„ุงุฑุชุตุงู
07:27
for the separation of the chromosomes.
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ุงุณุชุนุฏุงุฏุงู‹ ู„ูุตู„ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…
07:29
It is able to couple onto the growing and shrinking microtubules.
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ุงู†ู‡ ู‚ุงุฏุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชู‚ูˆู„ุจ ู…ุน ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆ ูˆุงู„ุงู‡ุชุฒุงุฒ ู„ู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุชุซุจูˆู„.
ูƒู…ุง ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุชุทูˆุฑ ู…ุน ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุชุซุจูˆู„.
07:33
It's involved with the growing of the microtubules,
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ุงู†ู‡ ู‚ุงุฏุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชู…ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠ
07:36
and it's able to transiently couple onto them.
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ุงู†ู‡ ุงูŠุถุงู‹ ู†ุธุงู… ุงุณุชุดุนุงุฑ
07:39
It's also an attention-sensing system.
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ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุดุนุฑ ู…ุชู‰ ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ู…ุณุชุนุฏุฉ
07:41
It's able to feel when the cell is ready,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ู…ุชู…ูˆุถุน ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹
07:43
when the chromosome is correctly positioned.
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ูุงู†ู‡ ูŠุชุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุงุฎุถุฑ
07:45
It's turning green here because it feels that everything is just right.
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ู„ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุดุนุฑ ุงู† ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ
ูˆุณูˆู ุชุฑูˆู† .. ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุงุฒุงู„ ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงุฎูŠุฑ
07:49
And you'll see, there's this one little last bit
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ู…ุงุฒุงู„ ุงุญู…ุฑุงู‹
07:51
that's still remaining red.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠุณูŠุฑ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุชุซุจูˆู„.
07:53
And it's walked away down the microtubules.
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ุงู†ู‡ ู†ุธุงู… ุจุซ ูŠุฑุณู„ ุงุดุงุฑุงุช ู„ู„ุชูˆู‚ู
07:57
That is the signal broadcasting system sending out the stop signal.
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ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุณูŠุฑ .. ุฃุนู†ูŠ ุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ูŠูƒุฉ ู…ุง ..
08:00
And it's walked away -- I mean, it's that mechanical.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ุณุงุนุฉ ุถุจุท ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠุฉ
08:03
It's molecular clockwork.
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08:04
This is how you work at the molecular scale.
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ู‡ูƒุฐุง ูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠ
08:07
So with a little bit of molecular eye candy,
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ุงุฐุง ูˆุจู†ุธุฑุฉ ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ
08:10
(Laughter)
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ " ูƒูŠู†ุณูŠู†ุณ " ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุจุฏูˆ ุจุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุจุฑุชู‚ุงู„ูŠ
08:11
we've got kinesins, the orange ones.
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08:13
They're little molecular courier molecules walking one way.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุณุงุนูŠุฉ ุชุณูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ูˆุงุญุฏ
ูˆู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฏุงูŠู†ูŠู† .. ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชุญู…ู„ ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุจุซ
08:16
And here are the dynein, they're carrying that broadcasting system.
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ูˆู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุฃุฑุฌู„ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงุฌู„ ุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ุงู„ุนู‚ุจุงุช
08:19
And they've got their long legs
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08:20
so they can step around obstacles and so on.
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ูˆู…ุฑุฉ ุงุฎุฑู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุณุชุณู‚ุงุฉ ุจุฏู‚ุฉ
08:22
So again, this is all derived accurately from the science.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ูˆ ุชู…ุซู„ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ
ูˆุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู† ู†ุฑูŠูƒู… ู‡ุฐุง ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงุฎุฑู‰
08:26
The problem is we can't show it to you any other way.
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08:28
Exploring at the frontier of science, at the frontier of human understanding,
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ุงู† ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู‚ุตู‰ ุญุฏูˆุฏ ุงู„ุนู„ู…
ูˆุงู‚ุตู‰ ุญุฏูˆุฏ ุงู„ูู‡ู… ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ
ู„ู‡ูˆ ุฃู…ุฑูŒ ูŠู‚ุถ ู…ุถุฌุน ุงู„ุฃู„ุจุงุจ
08:33
is mind-blowing.
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08:35
Discovering this stuff
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ูˆ ุงูƒุชุดุงู ู…ู† ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงู…ูˆุฑ
08:37
is certainly a pleasurable incentive to work in science.
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ู‡ูˆ ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู…ุฑุถูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ุถู†ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู…
ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ุงุจุญุงุซ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุฉ
08:41
But most medical researchers --
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08:43
discovering the stuff is simply steps along the path to the big goals,
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ูˆุงูƒุชุดุงู ู…ู† ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงู…ูˆุฑ
ุชุตุจ ุญุชู…ุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ู‡ุฏู ุงู„ุงูƒุจุฑ
08:48
which are to eradicate disease, to eliminate the suffering
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุฎู„ุต ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู…ุฑุงุถ
ูˆ ู…ุญูˆ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ุงุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงู„ู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุจุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุงู…ุฑุงุถ
08:52
and the misery that disease causes
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ูˆุฑูุน ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู…ู† ุงู„ูู‚ุฑ
08:54
and to lift people out of poverty.
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ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ู„ูƒู…
08:56
Thank you.
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08:57
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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