Animations of unseeable biology | Drew Berry | TED

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What I'm going to show you are the astonishing molecular machines

Ono što ću vam pokazati

zapanjujući su molekularni strojevi

that create the living fabric of your body.

koji stvaraju živu tvornicu vašeg tijela.

Now molecules are really, really tiny.

Dakle, molekule su stvarno, stvarno sićušne.

A pod sićušne,

And by tiny, I mean really.

mislim stvarno sićušne.

They're smaller than a wavelength of light,

One su manje od valne duljine svjetlosti,

so we have no way to directly observe them.

tako da nemamo načina za njihvo izravno promatranje.

No, kroz znanost, imamo prilično dobru ideju

But through science, we do have a fairly good idea

o tome što se događa na molekularnoj razini.

of what's going on down at the molecular scale.

Dakle, ono što možemo učiniti je zapravo reći vam o molekulama,

So what we can do is actually tell you about the molecules,

but we don't really have a direct way of showing you the molecules.

ali u stvarnosti nemamo izravan način da vam pokažemo molekule.

Jedan od načina je crtanje slike.

One way around this is to draw pictures.

And this idea is actually nothing new.

Ova ideja zapravo nije ništa novo.

Scientists have always created pictures

Znanstvenici su oduvijek stvarali slike

kao dio njihova procesa razmišljanja i otkrića.

as part of their thinking and discovery process.

Oni crtaju slike onoga što promatraju svojim očima,

They draw pictures of what they're observing with their eyes,

through technology like telescopes and microscopes,

kroz tehnologiju kao što su teleskopi i mikroskopi,

kao i onoga o čemu razmišljaju u svom umu.

and also what they're thinking about in their minds.

I picked two well-known examples,

Izabrao sam dva dobro znana primjera

because they're very well-known for expressing science through art.

jer su vrlo poznati zbog izražavanja znanosti kroz umjetnost.

Počinjem s Galileom

And I start with Galileo, who used the world's first telescope

koji je koristio prvi teleskop na svijetu

za gledanje Mjeseca.

to look at the Moon.

And he transformed our understanding of the Moon.

I on je promijenio naše razumijevanje Mjeseca.

The perception in the 17th century

Percepcija u 17. stoljeću

was the Moon was a perfect heavenly sphere.

bila je da je Mjesec savršena nebeska kugla.

But what Galileo saw was a rocky, barren world,

No, ono što je Galileo vidio bio je stjenovit, pusti svijet,

which he expressed through his watercolor painting.

koji je izrazio kroz svoje akvarele.

Another scientist with very big ideas,

Drugi je znanstvenik s vrlo velikim idejama,

zvijezda biologije, Charles Darwin.

the superstar of biology is Charles Darwin.

S ovim glasovitim unosom u svoju bilježnicu,

And with this famous entry in his notebook,

on počinje u gornjem lijevom kutu sa, "Mislim",

he begins in the top left-hand corner with, "I think,"

a zatim skicira prvo stablo života,

and then sketches out the first tree of life,

which is his perception of how all the species,

koje je njegovo viđenje

o tome kako su sve vrste, sva živa bića na Zemlji,

all living things on Earth are connected through evolutionary history --

povezana kroz evolucijsku povijest --

the origin of species through natural selection

podrijetlo vrsta putem prirodne selekcije

and divergence from an ancestral population.

i odstupanje od rodovske populacije.

Even as a scientist,

Čak i kao znanstvenik,

I used to go to lectures by molecular biologists

običavao sam ići na predavanja molekularnih biologa

i smatrao ih u potpunosti nerazumljivima,

and find them completely incomprehensible,

with all the fancy technical language and jargon

sa svim tim otmjenim tehničkim jezikom i žargonom

koji su koristili u opisivanju svoga rada,

that they would use in describing their work,

sve dok nisam naišao na likovna djela Davida Goodsella,

until I encountered the artworks of David Goodsell,

koji je molekularni biolog na Scripps Institutu.

who is a molecular biologist at the Scripps Institute.

Njegove slike,

And his pictures -- everything's accurate and it's all to scale.

sve je točno i sve je u mjerilu.

And his work illuminated for me

Njegovo djelo mi je prosvjetlilo

what the molecular world inside us is like.

kako izgleda molekularni svijet u nama.

Dakle, ovo je presjek kroz krv.

So this is a transection through blood.

In the top left-hand corner, you've got this yellow-green area.

U gornjem lijevom kutu, imate ovo žuto-zeleno područje.

Žuto-zeleno područje je tekućina krvi, što je uglavnom voda,

The yellow-green area is the fluid of blood, which is mostly water,

ali također i protutijela, šećer,

but it's also antibodies, sugars, hormones, that kind of thing.

hormoni i takve stvari.

And the red region is a slice into a red blood cell.

A crveno područje je presjek crvenih krvnih stanica.

And those red molecules are hemoglobin.

I te crvene molekule su hemoglobin.

They are actually red; that's what gives blood its color.

Oni su zapravo crveni, to je ono što daje boju krvi.

Hemoglobin djeluje kao molekularna spužva

And hemoglobin acts as a molecular sponge

koja upija kisik u vaša pluća,

to soak up the oxygen in your lungs

a zatim ga nosi do drugih dijelova tijela.

and then carry it to other parts of the body.

Bio sam jako inspiriran ovom slikom prije mnogo godina

I was very much inspired by this image many years ago,

and I wondered whether we could use computer graphics

i zapitao sam se možemo li koristiti računalnu grafiku

za prikaz molekularnog svijeta.

to represent the molecular world.

Kako bi to izgledalo?

What would it look like?

And that's how I really began.

I to je kako sam stvarno počeo. Dakle počnimo.

So let's begin.

This is DNA in its classic double helix form.

Ovo je DNK u svom klasičnom obliku dvostruke zavojnice.

To je od kristalografije rentgenskim zrakama,

And it's from X-ray crystallography, so it's an accurate model of DNA.

tako da je to precizan model DNK.

If we unwind the double helix and unzip the two strands,

Ako odmotamo dvostruke spirale i razdvojimo dvije niti,

vidjet ćete stvari koje izgledaju kao zubi.

you see these things that look like teeth.

To su slova genetskog koda,

Those are the letters of genetic code,

25.000 gena imate zapisano u vašoj DNK.

the 25,000 genes you've got written in your DNA.

This is what they typically talk about -- the genetic code --

To je ono o čemu obično govore --

genetski kod -- to je ono o čemu pričaju.

this is what they're talking about.

Ali ja želim govoriti o drugačijem aspektu DNK znanosti,

But I want to talk about a different aspect of DNA science,

a to je fizička priroda DNK.

and that is the physical nature of DNA.

Te dvije niti koje se pokreću u suprotnim smjerovima

It's these two strands that run in opposite directions

for reasons I can't go into right now.

iz razloga u koji ne mogu sada ulaziti.

But they physically run in opposite directions,

Ali one se fizički kreću u suprotnim smjerovima,

što stvara niz komplikacija za vaše žive stanice,

which creates a number of complications for your living cells,

kao što ćete upravo vidjeti,

as you're about to see,

osobito kada se DNK kopira.

most particularly when DNA is being copied.

And so what I'm about to show you

Ono što ću vam sada pokazati

is an accurate representation of the actual DNA replication machine

točan je prikaz stvarnog

DNK repliciranja koje se odvija upravo sada unutar vašeg tijela,

that's occurring right now inside your body,

barem po biologiji iz 2002.

at least 2002 biology.

So DNA's entering the production line from the left-hand side,

Dakle, DNK ulazi u proizvodnu liniju s lijeve strane

and it hits this collection, these miniature biochemical machines,

te udara ovu skupinu, ovi minijaturni biokemijski strojevi,

koji razdvajaju DNK nit te prave identičnu kopiju.

that are pulling apart the DNA strand and making an exact copy.

Dakle, DNK dolazi

So DNA comes in and hits this blue, doughnut-shaped structure

i udara ovu plavu strukturu u obliku krafne,

and it's ripped apart into its two strands.

te se razdvaja u svoje vlastite dvije niti.

Jedna nit može biti direktno kopirana

One strand can be copied directly,

pa možete vidjeti kako se odmotava ovdje do dna.

and you can see these things spooling off to the bottom there.

No, stvari nisu tako jednostavne za drugu nit,

But things aren't so simple for the other strand

jer ona mora biti kopirana unazad.

because it must be copied backwards.

Tako da je iznova bačena u te petlje

So it's thrown out repeatedly in these loops

i kopirana jedan po jedan dio,

and copied one section at a time, creating two new DNA molecules.

stvarajući dvije nove DNK molekule.

Now you have billions of this machine right now working away inside you,

Imate milijarde ovakvih strojeva

koji ovoga trenutka rade unutar vas,

copying your DNA with exquisite fidelity.

kopirajući vašu DNK iznimno vjerno.

To je točan prikaz

It's an accurate representation,

i to otprilike iste brzine kojom se to događa unutar vas.

and it's pretty much at the correct speed for what is occurring inside you.

Izostavio sam ispravljanje pogreške i hrpu drugih stvari.

I've left out error correction and a bunch of other things.

(Laughter)

Ovo je moje djelo od prije više godina.

This was work from a number of years ago--

Hvala.

Thank you.

Ovo je rad od prije mnogo godina,

(Applause)

This is work from a number of years ago,

ali ono što ću vam sada pokazati je ažurirana znanost, nova tehnologija.

but what I'll show you next is updated science,

it's updated technology.

Pa opet, počinjemo s DNK.

So again, we begin with DNA.

Sve se migolji i pomiče ondje zbog okolnih juha od molekula,

And it's jiggling and wiggling there

because of the surrounding soup of molecules,

što sam uklonio, tako da možete vidjeti nešto.

which I've stripped away so you can see something.

DNK je u presjeku oko dva nanometra,

DNA is about two nanometers across, which is really quite tiny.

što je zapravo prilično sićušno.

No, u svakoj vašoj stanici,

But in each one of your cells,

svaka nit DNK je duga oko 30 do 40 milijuna nanometara.

each strand of DNA is about 30 to 40 million nanometers long.

So to keep the DNA organized and regulate access to the genetic code,

Dakle, da bi DNK ostala organizirana i da bi bio regulirani pristup genetskom kodu

ona je omotana oko ovih ljubičastih proteina --

it's wrapped around these purple proteins --

ili sam ih ja ovdje označio ljubičasto.

or I've labeled them purple here.

Upakirana je i grupirana.

It's packaged up and bundled up.

All this field of view is a single strand of DNA.

Svo ovo vidno polje je jedna nit DNK.

This huge package of DNA is called a chromosome.

Ovaj ogroman paket DNK se naziva kromosom.

And we'll come back to chromosomes in a minute.

Vratit ćemo se kromosomima za minutu.

We're pulling out, we're zooming out,

Mi čupamo, umanjujemo,

out through a nuclear pore,

kroz jezgrinu poru,

which is the gateway to this compartment that holds all the DNA,

koja je prolaz do ovog odjeljka koji sadrži svu DNK

called the nucleus.

zvanu jezgra.

All of this field of view is about a semester's worth of biology,

Sve to vidno polje

je vrijedno jednog semestra biologije, a ja imam sedam minuta.

and I've got seven minutes,

Dakle, nećemo biti u mogućnosti to učiniti danas?

So we're not going to be able to do that today?

Ne, rečeno mi je, "Ne."

No, I'm being told, "No."

This is the way a living cell looks down a light microscope.

Ovako izgleda živa stanica promatrana svjetlosnim mikroskopom.

Bila je snimana s greškom u vremenu, što je razlog zašto možete vidjeti da se kreće.

And it's been filmed under time-lapse, which is why you can see it moving.

Jezgrina ovojnica puca.

The nuclear envelope breaks down.

Ove stvari u obliku kobasice su kromosomi i usredotočit ćemo se na njih.

These sausage-shaped things are the chromosomes,

and we'll focus on them.

Oni prolaze kroz ovaj vrlo upečatljiv pokret

They go through this very striking motion that is focused on these little red spots.

koji je usredotočen na te male crvene točke.

Kada stanica smatra da je spremna,

When the cell feels it's ready to go, it rips apart the chromosome.

razdvoji kromosome.

One set of DNA goes to one side,

Jedan skup DNK ide na jednu stranu,

the other side gets the other set of DNA --

druga strana dobiva drugi set DNK --

identical copies of DNA.

identične kopije DNK.

And then the cell splits down the middle.

Onda se stanica razdvoji na sredini.

And again, you have billions of cells undergoing this process

I opet, imate milijardi stanica

koje prolaze kroz taj proces upravo sada unutar vas.

right now inside of you.

Now we're going to rewind and just focus on the chromosomes,

Vratit ćemo se unatrag i samo se usredotočiti na kromosome

and look at its structure and describe it.

i gledati njihovu strukturu te ju opisati.

Opet, ovdje smo u trenutku izjednačavanja.

So again, here we are at that equator moment.

Kromosomi se poredaju.

The chromosomes line up.

And if we isolate just one chromosome,

Ako izoliramo samo jedan kromosom,

we're going to pull it out and have a look at its structure.

izvući ćemo ga te pogledati njegovu strukturu.

Dakle, ovo je jedna od najvećih molekularnih struktura koje imate,

So this is one of the biggest molecular structures that you have,

barem što smo dosad otkrili unutar nas.

at least as far as we've discovered so far inside of us.

Dakle, ovo je jedan kromosom.

So this is a single chromosome.

A imate dvije niti DNK u svakom kromosomu.

And you have two strands of DNA in each chromosome.

One is bundled up into one sausage.

Jedna je grupirana u jednu kobasicu.

The other strand is bundled up into the other sausage.

Druga nit je grupirana u drugu kobasicu.

Ove stvari koje izgledaju kao brkovi koji strše sa svake strane

These things that look like whiskers that are sticking out from either side

su dinamičke skele stanice.

are the dynamic scaffolding of the cell.

They're called microtubules, that name's not important.

Oni se zovu mirkrotubuli. To ime nije toliko važno.

Ali ono na što ćemo se usredotočiti je ovo crveno područje -- označio sam ga ovdje crveno --

But we're going to focus on the region labeled red here --

to je sučelje

and it's the interface between the dynamic scaffolding

između dinamičke skele i kromosoma.

and the chromosomes.

It is obviously central to the movement of the chromosomes.

To je očito središte kretanje kromosoma.

We have no idea, really, as to how it's achieving that movement.

Uistinu nemamo pojma kako postiže te kretnje.

Proučavali smo ovu stvar zvanu kinetohora,

We've been studying this thing they call the kinetochore

intenzivno više od sto godina,

for over a hundred years with intense study,

a još uvijek tek počinjemo otkrivati o čemu se zapravo radi.

and we're still just beginning to discover what it's about.

Ona se sastoji od oko 200 različitih vrsta proteina,

It is made up of about 200 different types of proteins,

od tisuće proteina ukupno.

thousands of proteins in total.

It is a signal broadcasting system.

To je sustav emitiranja signala.

It broadcasts through chemical signals,

On emitira putem kemijskih signala

govoreći ostatku stanice kada je spreman,

telling the rest of the cell when it's ready,

when it feels that everything is aligned and ready to go

kada osjeća da je sve usklađeno i spremno

for the separation of the chromosomes.

za odvajanje kromosoma.

It is able to couple onto the growing and shrinking microtubules.

U mogućnosti je spojiti se na rast i smanjenje mikrotubula.

Uključen je u rast mikrotubula,

It's involved with the growing of the microtubules,

i u mogućnosti je prolazno se vezati na njih.

and it's able to transiently couple onto them.

To je također sustav za očitavanje pozornosti.

It's also an attention-sensing system.

U stanju je osjetiti kada je stanica spremna,

It's able to feel when the cell is ready,

kada je kromosom ispravno postavljen.

when the chromosome is correctly positioned.

Ovdje je pozelenio

It's turning green here because it feels that everything is just right.

jer osjeća da je sve u redu.

I vidjet ćete, ovdje je jedan zadnji mali dio

And you'll see, there's this one little last bit

koji je još uvijek crven.

that's still remaining red.

I otišao je dolje do mikrotubula.

And it's walked away down the microtubules.

To sustav emitiranja signala odašilje zaustavni signal.

That is the signal broadcasting system sending out the stop signal.

I odšetao je. Mislim, to je mehanički.

And it's walked away -- I mean, it's that mechanical.

To je molekularni radni sat.

It's molecular clockwork.

This is how you work at the molecular scale.

Ovo je kako radite na molekularnoj razini.

So with a little bit of molecular eye candy,

Dakle, uz malo molekularnog slatkiša za oči,

(Laughter)

imamo kinezine, to su ovi narančasti.

we've got kinesins, the orange ones.

They're little molecular courier molecules walking one way.

Oni su male molekularne poštarske molekule koje idu u jednom smjeru.

I ovdje su dineini. Oni nose taj sustav emitiranja.

And here are the dynein, they're carrying that broadcasting system.

Imaju duge noge pa mogu prekoračiti prepreke i tako dalje.

And they've got their long legs

so they can step around obstacles and so on.

I opet to sve precizno proizlazi

So again, this is all derived accurately from the science.

iz znanosti.

Problem je što vam to ne možemo pokazati ni na koji drugi način.

The problem is we can't show it to you any other way.

Exploring at the frontier of science, at the frontier of human understanding,

Istraživanje na granici znanosti,

na granici ljudskog razumijevanja

je fascinantno .

is mind-blowing.

Discovering this stuff

Otkrivati ove stvari

is certainly a pleasurable incentive to work in science.

zasigurno je ugodan poticaj za rad u znanosti.

No, za većinu medicinskih istraživača --

But most medical researchers --

discovering the stuff is simply steps along the path to the big goals,

otkrivanje stvari

jednostavno su koraci na putu do velikih ciljeva,

which are to eradicate disease, to eliminate the suffering

koji su iskorjenjivanje bolesti,

kako bi uklonili patnju i bijedu koju bolesti

and the misery that disease causes

uzrokuju te oslobodili ljude siromaštva.

and to lift people out of poverty.

Hvala Vam.

Thank you.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)