Animations of unseeable biology | Drew Berry | TED

2,589,015 views ใƒป 2012-01-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
What I'm going to show you are the astonishing molecular machines
0
15585
5317
ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช
ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืื•ืช
00:20
that create the living fabric of your body.
1
20926
3300
ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืืช ืžืืจื’ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื•.
00:24
Now molecules are really, really tiny.
2
24250
3783
ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืžืฉ, ืžืžืฉ ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช.
ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช,
00:28
And by tiny, I mean really.
3
28057
2880
ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื–ื”.
00:31
They're smaller than a wavelength of light,
4
31905
2002
ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ,
00:33
so we have no way to directly observe them.
5
33931
2305
ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ืจืš ืœืจืื•ืชืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘
00:37
But through science, we do have a fairly good idea
6
37011
2343
ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช.
00:39
of what's going on down at the molecular scale.
7
39378
2212
ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช,
00:42
So what we can do is actually tell you about the molecules,
8
42059
2777
00:44
but we don't really have a direct way of showing you the molecules.
9
44860
3237
ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื.
00:48
One way around this is to draw pictures.
10
48121
2250
00:50
And this idea is actually nothing new.
11
50395
2540
ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ.
00:52
Scientists have always created pictures
12
52959
2288
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฆืจื• ืกืงื™ืฆื•ืช
ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
00:55
as part of their thinking and discovery process.
13
55271
2786
ื”ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื,
00:58
They draw pictures of what they're observing with their eyes,
14
58081
2875
01:00
through technology like telescopes and microscopes,
15
60980
2392
ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื,
ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—ื.
01:03
and also what they're thinking about in their minds.
16
63396
2439
01:05
I picked two well-known examples,
17
65859
1603
ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช,
01:07
because they're very well-known for expressing science through art.
18
67486
3605
ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืขืช ืžื“ืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช.
ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืœืื•
01:11
And I start with Galileo, who used the world's first telescope
19
71440
3703
ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื—.
01:15
to look at the Moon.
20
75167
1186
01:16
And he transformed our understanding of the Moon.
21
76377
2307
ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—.
01:18
The perception in the 17th century
22
78708
1633
ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-17,
01:20
was the Moon was a perfect heavenly sphere.
23
80365
2057
ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื™ื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื™ ืžื•ืฉืœื.
01:22
But what Galileo saw was a rocky, barren world,
24
82835
2984
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื’ืœื™ืœืื• ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื ืกืœืขื™ ืฉื•ืžื,
01:25
which he expressed through his watercolor painting.
25
85843
2393
ืฉืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื“ืจืš ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื•.
01:28
Another scientist with very big ideas,
26
88671
2798
ืžื“ืขืŸ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืจื™ื,
ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
01:31
the superstar of biology is Charles Darwin.
27
91594
2524
ื•ืขื ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืจืชื•,
01:34
And with this famous entry in his notebook,
28
94142
2044
ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื‘-"ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ",
01:36
he begins in the top left-hand corner with, "I think,"
29
96210
2840
ื•ืื– ืžืฉืจื‘ื˜ ืกืงื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
01:39
and then sketches out the first tree of life,
30
99074
2707
01:41
which is his perception of how all the species,
31
101805
2930
ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ื™ืฆื“
ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:44
all living things on Earth are connected through evolutionary history --
32
104759
3858
ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช --
01:48
the origin of species through natural selection
33
108641
2247
ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
01:50
and divergence from an ancestral population.
34
110912
2324
ื•ื”ืชืคืฆืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.
01:53
Even as a scientist,
35
113775
1461
ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช
01:55
I used to go to lectures by molecular biologists
36
115648
2513
ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื™ื,
ื”ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื™,
01:58
and find them completely incomprehensible,
37
118185
2725
02:00
with all the fancy technical language and jargon
38
120934
2268
ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื
ืฉื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื,
02:03
that they would use in describing their work,
39
123226
2124
ืขื“ ืฉื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ื’ื•ื“ืกืœ,
02:05
until I encountered the artworks of David Goodsell,
40
125374
3051
ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืกืงืจื™ืคืก.
02:08
who is a molecular biologist at the Scripps Institute.
41
128449
2741
ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•,
02:11
And his pictures -- everything's accurate and it's all to scale.
42
131214
3569
ื”ื›ืœ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
02:14
And his work illuminated for me
43
134807
2429
ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื™ืจื• ืœื™
02:17
what the molecular world inside us is like.
44
137260
2315
ืื™ืš ื ืจืื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื.
ื–ื”ื• ื—ืชืš ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื“ื.
02:20
So this is a transection through blood.
45
140075
2025
02:22
In the top left-hand corner, you've got this yellow-green area.
46
142124
2977
ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืจื•ืื™ื ืื–ื•ืจ ืฆื”ื•ื‘-ื™ืจื•ืง.
ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื™ื,
02:25
The yellow-green area is the fluid of blood, which is mostly water,
47
145125
3216
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื, ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื,
02:28
but it's also antibodies, sugars, hormones, that kind of thing.
48
148365
2987
ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”. ื•ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื
02:31
And the red region is a slice into a red blood cell.
49
151376
2488
ื”ื•ื ื—ืชืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื ื“ื ืื“ื•ื.
02:33
And those red molecules are hemoglobin.
50
153888
1866
ื•ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ.
02:35
They are actually red; that's what gives blood its color.
51
155778
2695
ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช; ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื“ื ืœืื“ื•ื.
ื”ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืกืคื•ื’ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™
02:38
And hemoglobin acts as a molecular sponge
52
158497
1967
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
02:40
to soak up the oxygen in your lungs
53
160488
1677
ื•ืœืฉืืชื• ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:42
and then carry it to other parts of the body.
54
162189
2113
ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืชืจืฉืžืชื™ ืžืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช,
02:44
I was very much inspired by this image many years ago,
55
164326
2532
02:46
and I wondered whether we could use computer graphics
56
166882
2551
ื•ืชื”ื™ืชื™ ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™.
02:49
to represent the molecular world.
57
169457
1604
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืจืื”?
02:51
What would it look like?
58
171085
1151
02:52
And that's how I really began.
59
172260
1440
ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™. ืื– ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชื—ื™ืœ.
02:54
So let's begin.
60
174123
1613
02:55
This is DNA in its classic double helix form.
61
175760
2385
ื–ื”ื• DNA ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืงืœืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืœื™ืœ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ.
ื–ื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ืคืจืงืฆื™ื™ืช ืงืจื ื™-X,
02:58
And it's from X-ray crystallography, so it's an accurate model of DNA.
62
178169
3356
ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”-DNA.
03:01
If we unwind the double helix and unzip the two strands,
63
181549
2971
ืื ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืœื™ืœ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ื•ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื•,
ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.
03:04
you see these things that look like teeth.
64
184544
2019
ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™,
03:06
Those are the letters of genetic code,
65
186587
1817
25,000 ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘-DNA ืฉืœื ื•.
03:08
the 25,000 genes you've got written in your DNA.
66
188428
2269
03:10
This is what they typically talk about -- the genetic code --
67
190721
2936
ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื --
ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ -- ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:13
this is what they're talking about.
68
193681
1691
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื—ืจ
03:15
But I want to talk about a different aspect of DNA science,
69
195396
2770
ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื”-DNA, ืฉื–ื” ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ DNA.
03:18
and that is the physical nature of DNA.
70
198190
1889
ืืœื” ืฉื ื™ ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื
03:20
It's these two strands that run in opposite directions
71
200103
2585
03:22
for reasons I can't go into right now.
72
202712
2170
ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืจื˜ ื›ืจื’ืข.
03:24
But they physically run in opposite directions,
73
204906
2208
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื,
ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
03:27
which creates a number of complications for your living cells,
74
207138
3631
ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ืžื™ื™ื“,
03:30
as you're about to see,
75
210793
1229
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ DNA ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื›ืคื•ืœ.
03:32
most particularly when DNA is being copied.
76
212046
2362
03:34
And so what I'm about to show you
77
214432
1918
ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช
03:36
is an accurate representation of the actual DNA replication machine
78
216374
4016
ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื ืืžืŸ ืฉืœ
ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืฉื™ื›ืคื•ืœ DNA ื”ืคื•ืขืœืช ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื•,
03:40
that's occurring right now inside your body,
79
220414
2057
ื›ืš ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉื ืช 2002.
03:42
at least 2002 biology.
80
222495
1812
03:44
So DNA's entering the production line from the left-hand side,
81
224617
3011
ื”-DNA ื ื›ื ืก ืœืงื• ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ,
03:47
and it hits this collection, these miniature biochemical machines,
82
227994
3167
ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื–ื”, ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ ื”-DNA ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง.
03:51
that are pulling apart the DNA strand and making an exact copy.
83
231185
3144
ื›ืš ืฉื”-DNA ื ื›ื ืก
03:54
So DNA comes in and hits this blue, doughnut-shaped structure
84
234353
3509
ื•ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกื•ืคื’ื ื™ื™ื”
03:57
and it's ripped apart into its two strands.
85
237886
2307
ื•ืฉื ื™ ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื• ืžืชื ืชืงื™ื.
ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืขืชืง ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช,
04:00
One strand can be copied directly,
86
240679
1624
ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื™ืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืžื˜ื”.
04:02
and you can see these things spooling off to the bottom there.
87
242327
2923
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืขื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™
04:05
But things aren't so simple for the other strand
88
245274
2260
ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืขืชื™ืงื• ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืš.
04:07
because it must be copied backwards.
89
247558
1765
ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืœืš ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืœื•ืœืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
04:09
So it's thrown out repeatedly in these loops
90
249347
2110
ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืชืงื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืงื˜ืข ื‘ื ืคืจื“,
04:11
and copied one section at a time, creating two new DNA molecules.
91
251481
4044
ืชื•ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉืชื™ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช DNA ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
04:15
Now you have billions of this machine right now working away inside you,
92
255549
5283
ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื•
ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•,
04:20
copying your DNA with exquisite fidelity.
93
260856
2217
ื”ืžืฉื›ืคืœื•ืช ืืช ื”-DNA ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
ื–ื”ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง,
04:23
It's an accurate representation,
94
263936
1534
ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•.
04:25
and it's pretty much at the correct speed for what is occurring inside you.
95
265494
3529
ืœื ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:29
I've left out error correction and a bunch of other things.
96
269047
2817
04:31
(Laughter)
97
271888
1759
ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
04:33
This was work from a number of years ago--
98
273671
2121
ืชื•ื“ื”.
04:35
Thank you.
99
275816
1169
ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื,
04:37
(Applause)
100
277009
1372
04:38
This is work from a number of years ago,
101
278405
1929
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืฆื™ื’ ื›ืขืช ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ืช.
04:40
but what I'll show you next is updated science,
102
280358
2267
04:42
it's updated technology.
103
282649
1162
ืื– ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื DNA.
04:43
So again, we begin with DNA.
104
283835
1360
ื”ื•ื ื ืข ื•ืžืชื ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืจืง ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืงื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื•,
04:45
And it's jiggling and wiggling there
105
285219
1718
04:46
because of the surrounding soup of molecules,
106
286961
2181
ืฉืื ื™ ื”ืกืจืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•.
04:49
which I've stripped away so you can see something.
107
289166
2383
ื”-DNA ื”ื•ื ื›-2 ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžืงืฆื” ืœืงืฆื”,
04:51
DNA is about two nanometers across, which is really quite tiny.
108
291573
2975
ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื–ืขื™ืจ.
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืชืื™ื ื•,
04:54
But in each one of your cells,
109
294572
1434
ืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื’ื“ื™ืœ DNA ื”ื•ื ื›-30 ืขื“ 40 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ.
04:56
each strand of DNA is about 30 to 40 million nanometers long.
110
296030
3177
04:59
So to keep the DNA organized and regulate access to the genetic code,
111
299674
3816
ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”-DNA ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™,
ื”ื•ื ืžืœื•ืคืฃ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืื™ื ื™ื ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• --
05:03
it's wrapped around these purple proteins --
112
303514
2083
ื‘ืขืฆื ืื ื™ ืกื™ืžื ืชื™ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืกื’ื•ืœ.
05:05
or I've labeled them purple here.
113
305621
1582
ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื•ืจ ื•ืืจื•ื– ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืœื”.
05:07
It's packaged up and bundled up.
114
307227
1584
05:08
All this field of view is a single strand of DNA.
115
308835
2401
ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืจืื” ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœ DNA.
05:11
This huge package of DNA is called a chromosome.
116
311771
3082
ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืขื ืงื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ DNA ื ืงืจืืช ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื.
05:14
And we'll come back to chromosomes in a minute.
117
314877
2359
ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜.
05:17
We're pulling out, we're zooming out,
118
317675
2066
ืื ื• ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
05:19
out through a nuclear pore,
119
319765
1471
ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ืจืš ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ,
05:21
which is the gateway to this compartment that holds all the DNA,
120
321260
3660
ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืขืจ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื—ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”-DNA
05:24
called the nucleus.
121
324944
1419
ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืชื.
05:26
All of this field of view is about a semester's worth of biology,
122
326917
4231
ื›ืœ ืžื” ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืกืžืกื˜ืจ ืฉืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืจืง 7 ื“ืงื•ืช.
05:31
and I've got seven minutes,
123
331172
1365
ืื– ืื ื• ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื?
05:32
So we're not going to be able to do that today?
124
332561
2688
ืœื, ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™ ืฉืœื.
05:35
No, I'm being told, "No."
125
335273
1962
05:37
This is the way a living cell looks down a light microscope.
126
337676
3365
ื›ื›ื” ื ืจืื” ืชื ื—ื™ ืชื—ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืื•ืคื˜ื™.
ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืœื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื–ื–.
05:41
And it's been filmed under time-lapse, which is why you can see it moving.
127
341065
3498
ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื ืงืจืขืช.
05:44
The nuclear envelope breaks down.
128
344587
1581
ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื ืงื ื™ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ื.
05:46
These sausage-shaped things are the chromosomes,
129
346192
2245
05:48
and we'll focus on them.
130
348461
1181
ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
05:49
They go through this very striking motion that is focused on these little red spots.
131
349666
4038
ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื ื—ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื–ื”,
05:54
When the cell feels it's ready to go, it rips apart the chromosome.
132
354328
4235
ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืœืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื.
05:58
One set of DNA goes to one side,
133
358587
2041
ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช DNA ืื—ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืฆื“ ืื—ื“,
06:00
the other side gets the other set of DNA --
134
360652
2023
ืœืฆื“ ื”ืื—ืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”-DNA ื”ืฉื ื™ื” --
06:02
identical copies of DNA.
135
362699
1837
ื”ืขืชืงื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ DNA.
06:04
And then the cell splits down the middle.
136
364560
1960
ื•ืื– ื”ืชื ืžืชืคืฆืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืข.
06:06
And again, you have billions of cells undergoing this process
137
366544
2859
ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืชืื™ื
ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•.
06:09
right now inside of you.
138
369427
1357
06:11
Now we're going to rewind and just focus on the chromosomes,
139
371602
2856
ื›ืขืช ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื•ื ืชืžืงื“ ืจืง ื‘ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื,
06:14
and look at its structure and describe it.
140
374482
2242
ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื ืชืืจ ืื•ืชื.
ืฉื•ื‘ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื—ืฆื™ื”.
06:17
So again, here we are at that equator moment.
141
377248
2425
ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกืชื“ืจื™ื.
06:20
The chromosomes line up.
142
380654
1200
06:21
And if we isolate just one chromosome,
143
381878
1827
ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื ืื—ื“,
06:23
we're going to pull it out and have a look at its structure.
144
383729
2817
ื ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื”ื•.
ื–ื”ื• ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ ืžื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื™ื™ื,
06:26
So this is one of the biggest molecular structures that you have,
145
386570
3062
ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
06:29
at least as far as we've discovered so far inside of us.
146
389656
3055
ื–ื”ื• ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
06:33
So this is a single chromosome.
147
393286
1976
ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ DNA ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื.
06:35
And you have two strands of DNA in each chromosome.
148
395286
2601
06:37
One is bundled up into one sausage.
149
397911
1721
ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ื’ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื ืงื ื™ืงื™ื™ื”.
06:39
The other strand is bundled up into the other sausage.
150
399656
2733
ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืื•ื’ื“ ื›ื ืงื ื™ืงื™ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช.
ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืจืื™ื ื›ื–ื™ืคื™ื ื”ืžื–ื“ืงืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืฆื“
06:42
These things that look like whiskers that are sticking out from either side
151
402413
3562
ื”ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื.
06:45
are the dynamic scaffolding of the cell.
152
405999
1906
06:47
They're called microtubules, that name's not important.
153
407929
2911
ื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ื”ืฉื ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
ืื‘ืœ ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื–ื” -- ืกื™ืžื ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื“ื•ื --
06:50
But we're going to focus on the region labeled red here --
154
410864
2731
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืžืฉืง
06:53
and it's the interface between the dynamic scaffolding
155
413619
2537
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื.
06:56
and the chromosomes.
156
416180
1167
06:57
It is obviously central to the movement of the chromosomes.
157
417371
3105
ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื.
07:00
We have no idea, really, as to how it's achieving that movement.
158
420500
3572
ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื–ื•.
ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืงื™ื ื˜ื•ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ
07:04
We've been studying this thing they call the kinetochore
159
424096
2647
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช,
07:06
for over a hundred years with intense study,
160
426767
2072
ื•ืื ื• ืจืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ.
07:08
and we're still just beginning to discover what it's about.
161
428863
2826
ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื›-200 ืกื•ื’ื™ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
07:11
It is made up of about 200 different types of proteins,
162
431713
2754
ืกื”"ื› ืืœืคื™ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
07:14
thousands of proteins in total.
163
434491
1711
07:16
It is a signal broadcasting system.
164
436990
2820
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•ืช.
07:19
It broadcasts through chemical signals,
165
439834
2164
ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื“ืจืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ืชื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื
ื”ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืชื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ,
07:22
telling the rest of the cell when it's ready,
166
442022
2744
07:24
when it feels that everything is aligned and ready to go
167
444790
2831
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืขืจื•ืš ื•ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืœื‘
07:27
for the separation of the chromosomes.
168
447645
1978
ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื.
07:29
It is able to couple onto the growing and shrinking microtubules.
169
449647
3332
ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“ ืœืžื™ืงืจื•-ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช.
ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
07:33
It's involved with the growing of the microtubules,
170
453003
3199
ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“ ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ืืจืขื™ืช.
07:36
and it's able to transiently couple onto them.
171
456226
2403
ื–ื• ื’ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื”ืคื ื™ื™ืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘.
07:39
It's also an attention-sensing system.
172
459359
1820
ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืžืชื™ ื”ืชื ืžื•ื›ืŸ,
07:41
It's able to feel when the cell is ready,
173
461203
1976
ืžืชื™ ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
07:43
when the chromosome is correctly positioned.
174
463203
2234
ื›ืืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื™ืจื•ืง
07:45
It's turning green here because it feels that everything is just right.
175
465461
3813
ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื” ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืขืจื•ืš ื•ืžื•ื›ืŸ.
ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชืจืื•, ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ
07:49
And you'll see, there's this one little last bit
176
469298
2258
ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ื.
07:51
that's still remaining red.
177
471580
1433
ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื—ืง ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ-ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
07:53
And it's walked away down the microtubules.
178
473037
2533
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืื•ืช ืœืขืฆื™ืจื”.
07:57
That is the signal broadcasting system sending out the stop signal.
179
477149
3179
ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื—ืง ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ื” ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืžื›ื ื™.
08:00
And it's walked away -- I mean, it's that mechanical.
180
480352
2696
ื–ื”ื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ-ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™.
08:03
It's molecular clockwork.
181
483072
1568
08:04
This is how you work at the molecular scale.
182
484664
2572
ื›ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช.
08:07
So with a little bit of molecular eye candy,
183
487869
2264
ื›ืš, ืขื ืงืฆืช ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ืคื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
08:10
(Laughter)
184
490157
1198
ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืงื™ื ื–ื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื›ืชื•ื.
08:11
we've got kinesins, the orange ones.
185
491379
1950
08:13
They're little molecular courier molecules walking one way.
186
493353
2773
ื”ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช-ืฉืœื™ื— ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“.
ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื™ื. ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ.
08:16
And here are the dynein, they're carrying that broadcasting system.
187
496150
3146
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืœื’ ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ื•'.
08:19
And they've got their long legs
188
499320
1544
08:20
so they can step around obstacles and so on.
189
500888
2066
ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง
08:22
So again, this is all derived accurately from the science.
190
502978
3027
ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™.
ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช.
08:26
The problem is we can't show it to you any other way.
191
506029
2550
08:28
Exploring at the frontier of science, at the frontier of human understanding,
192
508603
4834
ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืข,
ืžื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื˜ืจื™ืฃ.
08:33
is mind-blowing.
193
513461
1235
08:35
Discovering this stuff
194
515974
1178
ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”
08:37
is certainly a pleasurable incentive to work in science.
195
517176
3528
ื”ื•ื ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืžื•ืฉืš ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื“ืข.
ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” --
08:41
But most medical researchers --
196
521220
1728
08:43
discovering the stuff is simply steps along the path to the big goals,
197
523901
4213
ื”ืžื’ืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
ืืœื” ื”ื ืจืง ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืขืœื•ืช,
08:48
which are to eradicate disease, to eliminate the suffering
198
528138
4421
ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื’ื•ืŸ
ืฉื ื’ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช
08:52
and the misery that disease causes
199
532583
2075
ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื™.
08:54
and to lift people out of poverty.
200
534682
1680
ืชื•ื“ื”.
08:56
Thank you.
201
536386
1272
08:57
(Applause)
202
537682
5197
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7