How trees talk to each other | Suzanne Simard

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Milenka Okuka

Imagine you're walking through a forest.

Zamislite da hodate kroz šumu.

I'm guessing you're thinking of a collection of trees,

Pretpostavljam da mislite na skupinu drveća,

what we foresters call a stand,

ono što mi šumari nazivamo grupom,

with their rugged stems and their beautiful crowns.

sa njihovim robusnim stablima i predivnim krošnjama.

Yes, trees are the foundation of forests,

Da, drveće je osnova šume,

but a forest is much more than what you see,

ali šuma je mnogo više od onoga što vidite,

and today I want to change the way you think about forests.

i danas želim da promenim način na koji razmišljate o šumama.

You see, underground there is this other world,

Vidite, pod zemljom je ovaj drugi svet,

a world of infinite biological pathways

svet beskonačnih bioloških puteva

that connect trees and allow them to communicate

koji povezuju drveće i dozvoljavaju im da komuniciraju

and allow the forest to behave as though it's a single organism.

i dozvoljavaju šumama da se ponašaju kao da su jedan organizam.

It might remind you of a sort of intelligence.

Možda će vas podsetiti na neku vrstu inteligencije.

How do I know this?

Kako znam ovo?

Here's my story.

Evo moje priče.

I grew up in the forests of British Columbia.

Odrasla sam u šumama Britanske Kolumbije.

I used to lay on the forest floor and stare up at the tree crowns.

Ležala bih na tlu šume i zurila nagore u krošnje.

They were giants.

Bile su ogromne.

My grandfather was a giant, too.

I moj deda je bio ogroman.

He was a horse logger,

On je bio drvoseča

and he used to selectively cut cedar poles from the inland rainforest.

i birao bi posebna debla kedra i sekao ih u unutrašnjosti prašume.

Grandpa taught me about the quiet and cohesive ways of the woods,

Deda me je naučio tihim i kohezivnim običajima šume

and how my family was knit into it.

i tome da je moja porodica utkana u šumu.

So I followed in grandpa's footsteps.

Nastavila sam dedinim koracima.

He and I had this curiosity about forests,

On i ja smo se zanimali za šume

and my first big "aha" moment

i moj prvi veliki "aha" trenutak

was at the outhouse by our lake.

bio je pored poljskog toaleta blizu našeg jezera.

Our poor dog Jigs had slipped and fallen into the pit.

Naš jadni pas Džigs se okliznuo i upao u jamu.

So grandpa ran up with his shovel to rescue the poor dog.

Deda je dotrčao sa ašovom da spasi jadnog psa.

He was down there, swimming in the muck.

Bio je tamo dole i plivao u prljavštini.

But as grandpa dug through that forest floor,

Ali dok je deda kopao po šumskom tlu,

I became fascinated with the roots,

fasciniralo me je korenje

and under that, what I learned later was the white mycelium

i ono ispod njega, za šta sam kasnije saznala da je beli micelijum

and under that the red and yellow mineral horizons.

i ispod toga, crveni i žuti mineralni horizonti.

Eventually, grandpa and I rescued the poor dog,

Na kraju smo deda i ja spasili jadnog psa,

but it was at that moment that I realized

ali tog trenutka sam shvatila

that that palette of roots and soil

da je paleta korenja i zemljišta

was really the foundation of the forest.

zapravo osnova šume.

And I wanted to know more.

I želela sam da znam više.

So I studied forestry.

Pa sam studirala šumarstvo.

But soon I found myself working alongside the powerful people

Ali uskoro sam se zatekla kako radim pored moćnih ljudi

in charge of the commercial harvest.

zaduženih za komercijalnu seču.

The extent of the clear-cutting

Razmere krčenja šuma

was alarming,

bile su uznemirujuće

and I soon found myself conflicted by my part in it.

i uskoro sam se zatekla u konfliktnoj poziciji.

Not only that, the spraying and hacking of the aspens and birches

Ne samo to, nego prskanje i orezivanje jasika i breza,

to make way for the more commercially valuable planted pines and firs

kako bi se prokrčio put za isplativije sadnice borova i jela

was astounding.

bilo je zapanjujuće.

It seemed that nothing could stop this relentless industrial machine.

Činilo se da ništa ne može da zaustavi upornu industrijsku mašinu.

So I went back to school,

Tako sam se vratila na školovanje

and I studied my other world.

i izučavala sam svoj drugi svet.

You see, scientists had just discovered in the laboratory in vitro

Vidite, naučnici su tek otkrili u laboratoriji in vitro

that one pine seedling root

da jedan koren sadnice bora

could transmit carbon to another pine seedling root.

može da prenosi ugljenik na drugi koren sadnice bora.

But this was in the laboratory,

Ali ovo je bilo u laboratoriji,

and I wondered, could this happen in real forests?

i zapitala sam se, može li ovo da se desi u pravim šumama?

I thought yes.

Mislila sam da može.

Trees in real forests might also share information below ground.

Drveće u stvarnim šumama može da deli informacije pod zemljom.

But this was really controversial,

Ali ovo je bilo zaista kontroverzno

and some people thought I was crazy,

i neki ljudi su mislili da sam luda

and I had a really hard time getting research funding.

i bilo mi je veoma teško da dobijem sredstva za istraživanje.

But I persevered,

Ali bila sam istrajna

and I eventually conducted some experiments deep in the forest,

i na kraju sam sprovela neke eksperimente duboko u šumi,

25 years ago.

pre 25 godina.

I grew 80 replicates of three species:

Uzgajila sam po 80 primeraka tri vrste:

paper birch, Douglas fir, and western red cedar.

papiraste breze, Daglasove jele i zapadnog crvenog kedra.

I figured the birch and the fir would be connected in a belowground web,

Pretpostavila sam da će breza i jela biti povezane mrežom pod zemljom,

but not the cedar.

ali ne i kedar.

It was in its own other world.

On je bio u sopstvenom svetu.

Skupila sam aparaturu

And I gathered my apparatus,

and I had no money, so I had to do it on the cheap.

i nisam imala novca, tako da sam morala to da uradim na jeftin način.

So I went to Canadian Tire --

Otišla sam u prodavnicu opreme za majstore -

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

and I bought some plastic bags and duct tape and shade cloth,

i kupila sam plastične kese i selotejp i tkaninu za prekrivanje,

a timer, a paper suit, a respirator.

tajmer, papirno odelo i respirator.

And then I borrowed some high-tech stuff from my university:

Onda sam pozajmila neke moderne stvari sa svog univerziteta:

a Geiger counter, a scintillation counter, a mass spectrometer, microscopes.

Gajgerov brojač, scintilacioni brojač, maseni spektrometar, mikroskope.

And then I got some really dangerous stuff:

Onda sam uzela neke zaista opasne stvari:

syringes full of radioactive carbon-14 carbon dioxide gas

špriceve pune radioaktivnog gasa ugljenik-14 ugljenik dioksid

and some high pressure bottles

i boce pod visokim pritiskom

of the stable isotope carbon-13 carbon dioxide gas.

pune stabilnog izotopa gasa ugljenik-13 ugljenik dioksid.

But I was legally permitted.

Ali sve je bilo legalno.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Oh, and I forgot some stuff,

Da, ponešto sam zaboravila,

important stuff: the bug spray,

bitne stvari: sprej protiv insekata,

the bear spray, the filters for my respirator.

sprej protiv medveda, filter za respirator.

Oh well.

Šta sad.

The first day of the experiment, we got out to our plot

Prvog dana eksperimenta, otišli smo do svog parčeta zemlje

and a grizzly bear and her cub chased us off.

i oterali su nas grizli medvedica i njeno mladunče.

And I had no bear spray.

A ja nisam imala sprej protiv medveda.

But you know, this is how forest research in Canada goes.

Ali znate, tako to ide sa istraživanjem u šumi u Kanadi.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So I came back the next day,

Vratila sam se narednog dana

and mama grizzly and her cub were gone.

i mama grizli i mladunče su nestali.

So this time, we really got started,

Ovaj put smo se stvarno zaleteli

and I pulled on my white paper suit,

i obukla sam belo papirno odelo,

I put on my respirator,

stavila respirator

and then

i onda

I put the plastic bags over my trees.

sam stavila plastične kese preko svog drveća.

I got my giant syringes,

Uzela sam ogromne špriceve

and I injected the bags

i u kese ubrizgala

with my tracer isotope carbon dioxide gases,

gasove ugljen dioksida u vidu izotopa za praćenje,

first the birch.

prvo u brezu.

I injected carbon-14, the radioactive gas,

Ubrizgala sam radioaktivni gas, ugljenik-14

into the bag of birch.

u kesu sa brezom.

And then for fir,

A za jelu,

I injected the stable isotope carbon-13 carbon dioxide gas.

ubrizgala sam stabilni izotop gasa ugljenik-13 ugljenik dioksid.

I used two isotopes,

Koristila sam dva izotopa

because I was wondering

zato što sam se pitala

whether there was two-way communication going on between these species.

da li je postojala dvosmerna komunikacija između ove dve vrste.

I got to the final bag,

Došla sam do poslednje kese,

the 80th replicate,

do osamdesetog primerka

and all of a sudden mama grizzly showed up again.

i odjednom se opet pojavila mama grizli.

And she started to chase me,

I počela je da me juri

and I had my syringes above my head,

i špricevi su mi bili nad glavom

and I was swatting the mosquitos, and I jumped into the truck,

i ubijala sam komarce i uskočila sam u kamionet

and I thought,

i pomislila sam:

"This is why people do lab studies."

"Zato ljudi rade istraživanja u laboratoriji."

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

I waited an hour.

Čekala sam sat vremena.

I figured it would take this long

Pretpostavila sam da će ovoliko trebati

for the trees to suck up the CO2 through photosynthesis,

da drveće upije ugljen-dioksid putem fotosinteze,

turn it into sugars, send it down into their roots,

pretvori ga u šećere, pošalje ga dole do korenja

and maybe, I hypothesized,

i možda, pretpostavljala sam,

shuttle that carbon belowground to their neighbors.

prebaci taj ugljenik pod zemljom do svojih suseda.

After the hour was up,

Nakon što je prošao sat,

I rolled down my window,

spustila sam prozor,

and I checked for mama grizzly.

i proverila da li je grizli tu.

Oh good, she's over there eating her huckleberries.

Super, eto je tamo i jede svoje borovnice.

So I got out of the truck and I got to work.

Izlazim iz kamioneta i vraćam se poslu.

I went to my first bag with the birch. I pulled the bag off.

Otišla sam do prve kese sa brezom, skinula sam kesu,

I ran my Geiger counter over its leaves.

prošla sam Gajgerovim brojačem preko njenog lišća.

Kkhh!

Khhh!

Perfect.

Savršeno.

The birch had taken up the radioactive gas.

Breza je upila radioaktivni gas.

Then the moment of truth.

Trenutak istine.

I went over to the fir tree.

Otišla sam do drveta jele.

I pulled off its bag.

Skinula sam kesu.

I ran the Geiger counter up its needles,

Prevukla sam Gajgerov brojač preko iglica

and I heard the most beautiful sound.

i čula sam predivan zvuk.

Kkhh!

Khhh!

It was the sound of birch talking to fir,

To je bio zvuk razgovora breze i jele

and birch was saying, "Hey, can I help you?"

i breza je govorila: "Hej, mogu li da ti pomognem?"

And fir was saying, "Yeah, can you send me some of your carbon?

A jela je govorila: "Da, možeš li mi poslati nešto ugljenika?

Because somebody threw a shade cloth over me."

Pošto je neko prebacio tkaninu preko mene."

I went up to cedar, and I ran the Geiger counter over its leaves,

Došla sam do kedra i prešla sam Gajgerovim brojačem preko lišća

and as I suspected,

i kao što sam i sumnjala,

silence.

tišina.

Cedar was in its own world.

Kedar je bio u svom svetu.

It was not connected into the web interlinking birch and fir.

Nije bio povezan u mrežu koja je spajala brezu i jelu.

I was so excited,

Bila sam tako uzbuđena,

I ran from plot to plot and I checked all 80 replicates.

trčala sam od zasada do zasada i proverila sam svih 80 komada.

The evidence was clear.

Dokazi su bili jasni.

The C-13 and C-14 was showing me

C-13 i C-14 su mi pokazivali

that paper birch and Douglas fir were in a lively two-way conversation.

da papirasta breza i Daglasova jela vode živahan dvostrani razgovor.

It turns out at that time of the year,

Ispostavlja se da u to doba godine,

in the summer,

tokom leta,

that birch was sending more carbon to fir than fir was sending back to birch,

ta breza šalje više ugljenika jeli nego što je jela vraćala brezi,

especially when the fir was shaded.

naročito kad je jela bila u senci.

And then in later experiments, we found the opposite,

U kasnijim eksperimentima otkrili smo suprotno,

that fir was sending more carbon to birch than birch was sending to fir,

da je jela slala više ugljenika brezi nego što je breza jeli,

and this was because the fir was still growing while the birch was leafless.

a to je zato što je jela još rasla dok breza nije imala listova.

So it turns out the two species were interdependent,

Ispostavlja se da su dve vrste zavisne jedna od druge,

like yin and yang.

poput jina i janga.

And at that moment, everything came into focus for me.

U tom trenutku, sve mi se razbistrilo.

I knew I had found something big,

Znala sam da sam otkrila nešto veliko,

something that would change the way we look at how trees interact in forests,

nešto što bi promenilo način na koji gledamo interakciju drveća u šumama,

from not just competitors

ne kao suparnike

but to cooperators.

već kao članove tima.

And I had found solid evidence

Takođe sam otkrila jake dokaze

of this massive belowground communications network,

za ovu ogromnu podzemnu mrežu za komunikacije,

the other world.

za drugi svet.

Now, I truly hoped and believed

Zaista sam se nadala i verovala

that my discovery would change how we practice forestry,

da će moje otkriće izmeniti to kako se bavimo šumarstvom,

from clear-cutting and herbiciding

od krčenja i prskanja herbicidima

to more holistic and sustainable methods,

do drugih metoda koji su više holistički i održivi,

methods that were less expensive and more practical.

metoda koje su jeftinije i praktičnije.

What was I thinking?

Gde mi je bila pamet?

I'll come back to that.

Vratiću se na to.

So how do we do science in complex systems like forests?

Kako da se bavimo naukom u kompleksnim sistemima poput šuma.

Well, as forest scientists, we have to do our research in the forests,

Kao naučnici za šume, moramo da istražujemo u šumama

and that's really tough, as I've shown you.

a to je zaista teško, kao što sam vam pokazala.

And we have to be really good at running from bears.

I moramo da budemo sjajni u bežanju od medveda.

But mostly, we have to persevere

Ali pre svega moramo biti istrajni,

in spite of all the stuff stacked against us.

uprkos svim stvarima koje su protiv nas.

And we have to follow our intuition and our experiences

I moramo da pratimo svoju intuiciju i svoja iskustva

and ask really good questions.

i postavljamo zaista dobra pitanja.

And then we've got to gather our data and then go verify.

Onda moramo da skupimo podatke i potvrdimo ih.

For me, I've conducted and published hundreds of experiments in the forest.

Za mene, sprovela sam i objavila stotine eksperimenata u šumi.

Some of my oldest experimental plantations are now over 30 years old.

Neke od mojih najstarijih eksperimentalnih plantaža sada imaju preko 30 godina.

You can check them out.

Možete ih pogledati.

That's how forest science works.

Tako radi nauka o šumi.

So now I want to talk about the science.

Sada želim da pričam o nauci.

How were paper birch and Douglas fir communicating?

Kako su komunicirale papirasta breza i Daglasova jela?

Well, it turns out they were conversing not only in the language of carbon

Ispostavlja se da su pričale ne samo jezikom ugljenika

but also nitrogen and phosphorus

već i azota i fosfora

and water and defense signals and allele chemicals and hormones --

i vode i odbrambenih signala i hemikalija alela i hormona -

information.

informacije.

And you know, I have to tell you, before me, scientists had thought

Znate, moram da vam kažem, pre mene, naučnici su mislili

that this belowground mutualistic symbiosis called a mycorrhiza

da su ovde uključene zajedničke podzemne simbioze

was involved.

zvane mikorize.

Mycorrhiza literally means "fungus root."

Mikoriza bukvalno znači "koren gljive".

You see their reproductive organs when you walk through the forest.

Vidite njihove reproduktivne organe kada hodate kroz šumu.

They're the mushrooms.

To su gljive.

The mushrooms, though, are just the tip of the iceberg,

Ipak, gljive su samo vrh ledenog brega,

because coming out of those stems are fungal threads that form a mycelium,

jer iz tih stabljika rastu vlakna gljiva koja stvaraju micelijum

and that mycelium infects and colonizes the roots

i taj micelijum zarazi i koloniše korenje

of all the trees and plants.

sveg drveća i biljaka.

And where the fungal cells interact with the root cells,

Tu gde dolazi do interakcije ćelija gljiva i korenja,

there's a trade of carbon for nutrients,

trampi se ugljenik za hranljive materije

and that fungus gets those nutrients by growing through the soil

i ta gljiva dobija te hranljive materije tako što raste kroz tlo

and coating every soil particle.

i prekriva svaku česticu tla.

The web is so dense that there can be hundreds of kilometers of mycelium

Mreža je toliko gusta da može postojati stotine kilometara micelijuma

under a single footstep.

pod jednim otiskom stopala.

And not only that, that mycelium connects different individuals in the forest,

Ne samo to, taj micelijum povezuje različite jedinke u šumi,

individuals not only of the same species but between species, like birch and fir,

ne samo jedinke iste vrste nego između vrsta, poput breze i jele

and it works kind of like the Internet.

i to funkcioniše poput interneta.

You see, like all networks,

Vidite, poput svih mreža,

mycorrhizal networks have nodes and links.

mreža mikoriza ima čvorove i veze.

We made this map by examining the short sequences of DNA

Ovu mapu smo napravili ispitujući kratke delove DNK

of every tree and every fungal individual in a patch of Douglas fir forest.

svakog drveta i svake jedinke gljive u delu šume Daglasove jele.

In this picture, the circles represent the Douglas fir, or the nodes,

Na ovoj slici krugovi predstavljaju Daglasove jele, tj. čvorove,

and the lines represent the interlinking fungal highways, or the links.

a linije predstavljaju povezane puteve gljiva, tj. veze.

The biggest, darkest nodes are the busiest nodes.

Najveći, najtamniji čvorovi su i najprometniji.

We call those hub trees,

Njih zovemo centralnim drvećem,

or more fondly, mother trees,

ili prisnije, drvećem-majkama,

because it turns out that those hub trees nurture their young,

jer se ispostavlja da to centralno drveće pazi na svoj podmladak,

the ones growing in the understory.

na one koji rastu pod njima.

And if you can see those yellow dots,

Ako možete da vidite te žute tačke,

those are the young seedlings that have established within the network

to su mlade sadnice koje su se utvrdile unutar mreže

of the old mother trees.

starog drveća-majki.

In a single forest, a mother tree can be connected to hundreds of other trees.

U jednoj šumi, drvo-majka može biti povezano sa stotinama drugog drveća.

And using our isotope tracers,

Koristeći praćenje putem izotopa,

we have found that mother trees

otkrili smo da drveće-majke

will send their excess carbon through the mycorrhizal network

šalje višak ugljenika kroz mrežu mikoriza

to the understory seedlings,

do sadnica ispod njih,

and we've associated this with increased seedling survival

a ovo smo povezali sa porastom u preživljavanju sadnica

by four times.

povećanim za četiri puta.

Now, we know we all favor our own children,

Svi znamo da više volimo sopstvenu decu

and I wondered, could Douglas fir recognize its own kin,

i zapitala sam se, može li Daglasova jela da prepozna sopstvenu vrstu,

like mama grizzly and her cub?

poput mame grizli i njenog mladunčeta?

So we set about an experiment,

Započeli smo eksperiment

and we grew mother trees with kin and stranger's seedlings.

i zasadili smo drveće-majke sa njihovim i tuđim sadnicama.

And it turns out they do recognize their kin.

Ispostavlja se da zaista prepoznaju svoj rod.

Mother trees colonize their kin with bigger mycorrhizal networks.

Drveće-majke kolonizuje svoj rod uz pomoć veće mreže mikoriza.

They send them more carbon below ground.

Šalje im više ugljenika pod zemljom.

They even reduce their own root competition

Čak i smanjuje konkurenciju u smislu sopstvenog korenja

to make elbow room for their kids.

kako bi napravilo više prostora za svoju decu.

When mother trees are injured or dying,

Kada je drveće-majke povređeno ili umire,

they also send messages of wisdom on to the next generation of seedlings.

takođe šalje mudre poruke narednoj generaciji sadnica.

So we've used isotope tracing

Koristili smo praćenje izotopom

to trace carbon moving from an injured mother tree

da bismo pratili kretanje ugljenika od povređenog drveta majke

down her trunk into the mycorrhizal network

kroz njeno deblo do mreže mikoriza

and into her neighboring seedlings,

i do susednih sadnica,

not only carbon but also defense signals.

ne samo ugljenik već i odbrambeni signali.

And these two compounds

Ova dva sastojka

have increased the resistance of those seedlings to future stresses.

povećala su otpornost tih sadnica na buduće stresove.

So trees talk.

Tako da drveće priča.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

Through back and forth conversations,

Kroz razgovor,

they increase the resilience of the whole community.

ono povećava otpornost čitave zajednice.

It probably reminds you of our own social communities,

To vas verovatno podseća na naše društvene zajednice

and our families,

i naše porodice,

well, at least some families.

pa, makar na neke porodice.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So let's come back to the initial point.

Vratimo se na početak.

Forests aren't simply collections of trees,

Šume nisu samo skupine drveća,

they're complex systems with hubs and networks

one su složeni sistemi centara i mreža,

that overlap and connect trees and allow them to communicate,

koje se preklapaju i povezuju drveće i omogućavaju im komunikaciju

and they provide avenues for feedbacks and adaptation,

i pružaju im mesta za povratne informacije i adaptaciju

and this makes the forest resilient.

i ovo šumu čini otpornom.

That's because there are many hub trees and many overlapping networks.

To je zato što postoji mnogo centralnog drveća

i mreža koje se preklapaju.

But they're also vulnerable,

Ali takođe su i osetljive,

vulnerable not only to natural disturbances

ne samo na prirodne poremećaje,

like bark beetles that preferentially attack big old trees

poput buba potkornjaka koje više vole veće, starije drveće

but high-grade logging and clear-cut logging.

već i na preveliku seču drveća, poput krčenja šuma.

You see, you can take out one or two hub trees,

Vidite, možete skloniti dva ili tri centralna drveta

but there comes a tipping point,

ali postoji određena granica,

because hub trees are not unlike rivets in an airplane.

pošto je centralno drveće nešto nalik zakivcima na avionu.

You can take out one or two and the plane still flies,

Možete da izvadite jedan ili dva i avion će još leteti,

but you take out one too many,

ali ako izvadite previše njih

or maybe that one holding on the wings,

ili onaj koji pridržava krila,

and the whole system collapses.

ceo sistem će propasti.

So now how are you thinking about forests? Differently?

Da li sada drugačije razmišljate o šumama?

(Audience) Yes.

(Publika) Da.

Cool.

Kul.

I'm glad.

Drago mi je.

So, remember I said earlier that I hoped that my research,

Sećate se da sam ranije rekla da sam se nadala da će moje istraživanje,

my discoveries would change the way we practice forestry.

da će moja otkrića izmeniti način na koji se bavimo šumarstvom.

Well, I want to take a check on that 30 years later here in western Canada.

Želela sam da proverim to 30 godina kasnije ovde u Zapadnoj Kanadi.

This is about 100 kilometers to the west of us,

Ovo je oko 100 kilometara zapadno od nas,

just on the border of Banff National Park.

tik uz granicu Nacionalnog parka Banf.

That's a lot of clear-cuts.

To je dosta krčenja.

It's not so pristine.

Nije baš sjajno.

In 2014, the World Resources Institute reported that Canada in the past decade

Godine 2014, Svetski institut za resurse izjavio je da je Kanada protekle decenije

has had the highest forest disturbance rate of any country worldwide,

imala najveću stopu remećenja šuma od svih zemalja širom sveta,

and I bet you thought it was Brazil.

a kladim se da ste mislili da je to Brazil.

In Canada, it's 3.6 percent per year.

U Kanadi, to je 3,6 procenata godišnje.

Now, by my estimation, that's about four times the rate that is sustainable.

Po mojoj proceni, to je oko četiri puta više od stope koja je održiva.

Now, massive disturbance at this scale is known to affect hydrological cycles,

Masivno remećenje na ovom nivou zna da utiče na vodene cikluse,

degrade wildlife habitat,

da smanji prisustvo životinjskog sveta

and emit greenhouse gases back into the atmosphere,

i da emituje gasove staklene bašte nazad u atmosferu

which creates more disturbance and more tree diebacks.

što prouzrokuje još remećenja i još uginulog drveća.

Not only that, we're continuing to plant one or two species

Ne samo to, nastavljamo da sadimo jednu ili dve vrste

and weed out the aspens and birches.

i istrebljujemo jasike i breze.

These simplified forests lack complexity,

Ovim pojednostavljenim šumama nedostaje kompleksnost

and they're really vulnerable to infections and bugs.

i veoma su ranjive na infekcije i parazite.

And as climate changes,

A kako se menja klima,

this is creating a perfect storm

ovo stvara savršenu situaciju

for extreme events, like the massive mountain pine beetle outbreak

za ekstremne događaje, poput pojave velikog broja planinskih potkornjaka

that just swept across North America,

koji su u preplavili Severnu Ameriku

or that megafire in the last couple months in Alberta.

ili onaj ogromni požar pre nekoliko meseci u Alberti.

So I want to come back to my final question:

Želim da se vratim na svoje poslednje pitanje:

instead of weakening our forests,

umesto da oslabljujemo svoje šume,

how can we reinforce them and help them deal with climate change?

kako da ih ojačamo i pomognemo im da se nose sa klimatskim promenama?

Well, you know, the great thing about forests as complex systems

Znate, sjajna stvar kod šuma kao kompleksnih sistema

is they have enormous capacity to self-heal.

je da imaju ogroman kapacitet da se same leče.

In our recent experiments,

U našim skorašnjim eksperimentima,

we found with patch-cutting and retention of hub trees

otkrili smo da uz mestimičnu seču i održavanje centralnog drveća

and regeneration to a diversity of species and genes and genotypes

i regeneracije s ciljem raznolikosti vrsta i gena i genotipa,

that these mycorrhizal networks, they recover really rapidly.

ove mreže mikoriza se vraćaju u život prilično brzo.

So with this in mind, I want to leave you with four simple solutions.

S ovim na umu, ostaviću vas sa četiri jednostavna rešenja.

And we can't kid ourselves that these are too complicated to act on.

Ne možemo se zavaravati da su previše komplikovana za delanje.

First, we all need to get out in the forest.

Pre svega, moramo izaći u šumu.

We need to reestablish local involvement in our own forests.

Moramo da ponovo uspostavimo lokalni udeo u sopstvenim šumama.

You see, most of our forests now

Vidite, u većini sadašnjih šuma

are managed using a one-size-fits-all approach,

upravlja se jednim istim pristupom,

but good forest stewardship requires knowledge of local conditions.

ali dobro vođenje šuma zahteva poznavanje lokalnih uslova.

Second, we need to save our old-growth forests.

Drugo, moramo da sačuvamo naše starije šume.

These are the repositories of genes and mother trees and mycorrhizal networks.

To su skladišta gena i drveća-majki i mreža mikoriza.

So this means less cutting.

To znači manje sečenja.

I don't mean no cutting, but less cutting.

Ne mislim na ukidanje sečenja, već manje sečenja.

And third, when we do cut,

Treće, kada sečemo,

we need to save the legacies,

moramo da sačuvamo nasledstva,

the mother trees and networks,

drveće-majke i mreže

and the wood, the genes,

i drvo, gene,

so they can pass their wisdom onto the next generation of trees

tako da mogu da proslede svoju mudrost na narednu generaciju drveća,

so they can withstand the future stresses coming down the road.

kako bi ona mogla da izdrži buduće pritiske koji nailaze.

We need to be conservationists.

Moramo da čuvamo prirodu.

And finally, fourthly and finally,

Konačno, četvrto i poslednje,

we need to regenerate our forests with a diversity of species

moramo da regenerišemo svoje šume sa varijetetom vrsta

and genotypes and structures

i genotipa i struktura

by planting and allowing natural regeneration.

tako što ćem saditi i dozvoliti prirodnu regeneraciju.

We have to give Mother Nature the tools she needs

Moramo da Majci Prirodi damo alatke koje su joj neophodne

to use her intelligence to self-heal.

da koristi svoju inteligenciju da se leči sama.

And we need to remember that forests aren't just a bunch of trees

I moramo da zapamtimo da šume nisu samo gomile drveća

competing with each other,

koje se takmiči među sobom,

they're supercooperators.

one sarađuju međusobno.

So back to Jigs.

Vraćamo se Džigsu.

Jigs's fall into the outhouse showed me this other world,

Džigsov pad u poljski toalet pokazao mi je ovaj drugi svet

and it changed my view of forests.

i promenio moj pogled na šume.

I hope today to have changed how you think about forests.

Nadam se da ste danas promenili način na koji posmatrate šume.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)