How trees talk to each other | Suzanne Simard

2,283,843 views ใƒป 2016-08-30

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Imagine you're walking through a forest.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื™ืขืจ.
00:15
I'm guessing you're thinking of a collection of trees,
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉืขืจืช ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื,
00:19
what we foresters call a stand,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ืขืจื ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื stand,
00:21
with their rugged stems and their beautiful crowns.
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ืขื ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ืกืคืกื™ื ื•ืฆืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื™ื.
00:25
Yes, trees are the foundation of forests,
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ื›ืŸ, ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช,
00:28
but a forest is much more than what you see,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื,
00:31
and today I want to change the way you think about forests.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
00:35
You see, underground there is this other world,
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื™ืฉ ืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ.
00:39
a world of infinite biological pathways
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ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
00:42
that connect trees and allow them to communicate
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ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ.
00:45
and allow the forest to behave as though it's a single organism.
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื™ืขืจ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืื—ื“.
00:50
It might remind you of a sort of intelligence.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”.
00:53
How do I know this?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืืช ื–ื” ?
00:55
Here's my story.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™.
00:57
I grew up in the forests of British Columbia.
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ืื ื™ ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช.
01:01
I used to lay on the forest floor and stare up at the tree crowns.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ืœืฉื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืจืฆืคืช ื”ื™ืขืจ ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืฆืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื.
01:04
They were giants.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื ืงื™ื™ื.
01:06
My grandfather was a giant, too.
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ืกื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืขื ืง.
01:07
He was a horse logger,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ืขื™ืŸ ืขืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืกื•ืก.
01:09
and he used to selectively cut cedar poles from the inland rainforest.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ืœื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื’ื–ืขื™ ืืจื– ืžื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื.
01:13
Grandpa taught me about the quiet and cohesive ways of the woods,
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ืกื‘ื ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฉืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื,
01:17
and how my family was knit into it.
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ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื–ื”.
01:21
So I followed in grandpa's footsteps.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื.
01:23
He and I had this curiosity about forests,
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ืื ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
01:26
and my first big "aha" moment
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ื•ื”"ื-ื”ื" ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื™
01:28
was at the outhouse by our lake.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœื™ื“ ื”ืื’ื ืฉืœื ื•.
01:31
Our poor dog Jigs had slipped and fallen into the pit.
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ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื’'ื™ื’ืก ืžืขื“ ื•ื ืคืœ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื•ืจ.
01:36
So grandpa ran up with his shovel to rescue the poor dog.
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ืื– ืกื‘ื ืจืฅ ืขื ื”ืืช ืฉืœื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ.
01:39
He was down there, swimming in the muck.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื˜ื”, ืฉื•ื—ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคืช.
01:43
But as grandpa dug through that forest floor,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืกื‘ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืจืฆืคืช ื”ื™ืขืจ,
01:45
I became fascinated with the roots,
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืงืกืžืชื™ ืžื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื,
01:48
and under that, what I learned later was the white mycelium
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ื•ืžืชื—ืช ืœื–ื”, ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ.
01:51
and under that the red and yellow mineral horizons.
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ื•ืžืชื—ืช ืœื–ื” ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ื ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื.
01:55
Eventually, grandpa and I rescued the poor dog,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืกื‘ื ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืฆืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ,
01:58
but it was at that moment that I realized
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื ืชื™
02:00
that that palette of roots and soil
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ืฉืœื•ื— ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืื“ืžื”
02:03
was really the foundation of the forest.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขืจ.
02:06
And I wanted to know more.
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ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืขื•ื“.
02:08
So I studied forestry.
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ืื– ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื™ืขืจื ื•ืช.
02:11
But soon I found myself working alongside the powerful people
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ื•ืžื”ืจ ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื™ื
02:15
in charge of the commercial harvest.
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ื”ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™.
02:17
The extent of the clear-cutting
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ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช
02:20
was alarming,
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืื™ื’.
02:21
and I soon found myself conflicted by my part in it.
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ื–ื”.
02:25
Not only that, the spraying and hacking of the aspens and birches
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ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”, ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืก ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ืฆึทืคืฆึธืคึธื” ื•ื”ืœึดื‘ื ึถื”
02:30
to make way for the more commercially valuable planted pines and firs
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืคื ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฆื™ ื”ืื•ืจืŸ ื•ื”ืืฉื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:35
was astounding.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื–ืขื–ืขื™ื.
02:37
It seemed that nothing could stop this relentless industrial machine.
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ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื—ืกืจืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื.
02:41
So I went back to school,
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ืื– ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
02:44
and I studied my other world.
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ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื™.
02:47
You see, scientists had just discovered in the laboratory in vitro
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืจืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื’ื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื‘ื—ื ื”
02:51
that one pine seedling root
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ืฉืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืชื™ืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ืื—ื“
02:53
could transmit carbon to another pine seedling root.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืœืฉืชื™ืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ืื—ืจ.
02:58
But this was in the laboratory,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
02:59
and I wondered, could this happen in real forests?
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ื•ืื ื™ ืชื”ื™ืชื™ ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื?
03:03
I thought yes.
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ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื›ืŸ.
03:05
Trees in real forests might also share information below ground.
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ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงืจืงืข.
03:10
But this was really controversial,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช,
03:11
and some people thought I was crazy,
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช,
03:14
and I had a really hard time getting research funding.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื™.
03:17
But I persevered,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืžื“ืชื™.
03:20
and I eventually conducted some experiments deep in the forest,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื™ื”ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืขืจ,
03:24
25 years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ 25 ืฉื ื”.
03:26
I grew 80 replicates of three species:
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ืื ื™ ื’ื™ื“ืœืชื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ื ื™ื:
03:29
paper birch, Douglas fir, and western red cedar.
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ืœื™ื‘ื ื” ื ื™ื™ืจ, ืืฉื•ื— ื“ืื’ืœืก, ื•ืืจื– ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืื“ื•ื.
03:32
I figured the birch and the fir would be connected in a belowground web,
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ื”ื ื—ืชื™ ืฉื”ืœื™ื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ืืฉื•ื— ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ืช,
03:36
but not the cedar.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืืจื–.
03:37
It was in its own other world.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ ืžืฉืœื•.
03:40
And I gathered my apparatus,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืฆืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™,
03:42
and I had no money, so I had to do it on the cheap.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื›ืกืฃ, ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื•ืœ.
03:45
So I went to Canadian Tire --
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ืื– ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืคื ืฆ'ืจื™ื” ืงื ื“ื™ืช ..
03:47
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืงื”ืœ)
03:48
and I bought some plastic bags and duct tape and shade cloth,
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ื•ืงื ื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื•ืกืจื˜ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื•ื‘ื“ ืœืื”ื™ืœ,
03:52
a timer, a paper suit, a respirator.
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ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืขืฆืจ, ื—ืœื™ืคืช ื ื™ื™ืจ, ื•ืžืกื›ืช ื’ื–.
03:56
And then I borrowed some high-tech stuff from my university:
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ื•ืื– ืฉืืœืชื™ ืžืขื˜ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืงื™ ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื™:
03:59
a Geiger counter, a scintillation counter, a mass spectrometer, microscopes.
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ืžื•ื ื” ื’ื™ื™ื’ืจ, ืžื•ื ื”ึพื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช, ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžืกื”, ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื.
04:04
And then I got some really dangerous stuff:
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ื•ืื– ื”ืฉื’ืชื™ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžืžืฉ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.
04:06
syringes full of radioactive carbon-14 carbon dioxide gas
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ืžื–ืจืงื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืคื—ืžืŸ ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ 14 ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™
04:11
and some high pressure bottles
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ื•ืžื™ื›ืœื™ ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืื—ื“ื™ื
04:13
of the stable isotope carbon-13 carbon dioxide gas.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืค ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื’ื– ืคื—ืžืŸ 13 ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™
04:17
But I was legally permitted.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื›ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™.
04:19
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:20
Oh, and I forgot some stuff,
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ืื•ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืฉื›ื—ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
04:23
important stuff: the bug spray,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื: ืชืจืกื™ืก ื ื’ื“ ื—ืจืงื™ื,
04:25
the bear spray, the filters for my respirator.
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ืชืจืกื™ืก ื ื’ื“ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืžืกื ื ื™ื ืœืžืกื›ืช ื”ื’ื– ืฉืœื™.
04:29
Oh well.
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ืื•ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
04:31
The first day of the experiment, we got out to our plot
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™, ื™ืฆืื ื• ืœื—ืœืงื” ืฉืœื ื•
04:34
and a grizzly bear and her cub chased us off.
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ื•ื“ื•ื‘ืช ื’ืจื™ื–ืœื™ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื• ืื•ืชื ื•.
04:37
And I had no bear spray.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืชืจืกื™ืก ื ื’ื“ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื.
04:41
But you know, this is how forest research in Canada goes.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ืš ื ืขืฉื” ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื“ื”.
04:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:45
So I came back the next day,
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ืื– ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืžื—ืจืช.
04:47
and mama grizzly and her cub were gone.
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ื•ืืžื ื’ืจื™ื–ืœื™ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ื ืขืœืžื•.
04:49
So this time, we really got started,
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ืื– ื”ืคืขื, ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ืืžืช,
04:51
and I pulled on my white paper suit,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืœื™ ืืช ื—ืœื™ืคืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื™,
04:54
I put on my respirator,
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ื—ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืืช ืžืกื›ืช ื”ื’ื– ืฉืœื™
04:58
and then
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ื•ืื– ..
04:59
I put the plastic bags over my trees.
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ืฉืžืชื™ ืืช ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืžืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืœื™.
05:03
I got my giant syringes,
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ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื–ืจืงื™ื ื”ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
05:05
and I injected the bags
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ื•ื”ื–ืจืงืชื™ ืœืฉืงื™ื•ืช
05:06
with my tracer isotope carbon dioxide gases,
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ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืค ื”ื ื•ืชื‘ ื’ื– ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
05:10
first the birch.
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ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืœึดื™ื‘ื ึถื”.
05:11
I injected carbon-14, the radioactive gas,
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ื”ื–ืจืงืชื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ-14, ื”ื’ื– ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
05:14
into the bag of birch.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœึดื™ื‘ื ึถื”.
05:16
And then for fir,
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ื•ืื– ืœืืฉื•ื—,
05:17
I injected the stable isotope carbon-13 carbon dioxide gas.
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ื”ื–ืจืงืชื™ ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืค ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืคื—ืžืŸ 13 ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™.
05:21
I used two isotopes,
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื,
05:23
because I was wondering
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ื›ื™ ืชื”ื™ืชื™
05:24
whether there was two-way communication going on between these species.
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ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื“ื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:29
I got to the final bag,
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ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืฉืงื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
05:32
the 80th replicate,
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ื”ืฉื™ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžืกืคืจ 80,
05:33
and all of a sudden mama grizzly showed up again.
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ื•ืคืชืื•ื ืืžื ื’ืจื™ื–ืœื™ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืฉื•ื‘.
05:36
And she started to chase me,
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™,
05:37
and I had my syringes above my head,
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ื•ื”ืžื–ืจืงื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืžืขืœ ืœืจืืฉื™,
05:40
and I was swatting the mosquitos, and I jumped into the truck,
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ื•ื—ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืงืคืฆืชื™ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืื™ืช,
05:43
and I thought,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™,
05:44
"This is why people do lab studies."
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"ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื”."
05:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:49
I waited an hour.
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ื—ื™ื›ื™ืชื™ ืฉืขื”.
05:50
I figured it would take this long
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ื”ื ื—ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ
05:52
for the trees to suck up the CO2 through photosynthesis,
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ืฉื™ืงื— ืœืขืฆื™ื ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืืช ื“ื•-ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”,
05:55
turn it into sugars, send it down into their roots,
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ืฉืชื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืชืฉืœื— ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžื˜ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื,
05:58
and maybe, I hypothesized,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™, ืื ื™ ืฉื™ืขืจืชื™,
06:00
shuttle that carbon belowground to their neighbors.
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ืชืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื” ืœืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
06:04
After the hour was up,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืฉืขื” ื ื’ืžืจื”,
06:06
I rolled down my window,
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ื”ื•ืจื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ,
06:08
and I checked for mama grizzly.
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ื•ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืืžื ื’ืจื™ื–ืœื™.
06:10
Oh good, she's over there eating her huckleberries.
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ืื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืื•ื›ืœืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
06:13
So I got out of the truck and I got to work.
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ืื– ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืžื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
06:16
I went to my first bag with the birch. I pulled the bag off.
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืฉืงื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืขื ื”ืœึดื™ื‘ื ึถื”. ื”ืกืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืช.
06:20
I ran my Geiger counter over its leaves.
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ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื™ื™ื’ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืžืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื•.
06:23
Kkhh!
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ื›ื›ื›ื›ื›ื›ื—ื—!
06:25
Perfect.
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ืžื•ืฉืœื.
06:26
The birch had taken up the radioactive gas.
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ื”ืœึดื™ื‘ื ึถื” ืกืคื’ ืืช ื”ื’ื– ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
06:29
Then the moment of truth.
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ื•ืื– ืจื’ืข ื”ืืžืช.
06:31
I went over to the fir tree.
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืขืฅ ื”ืืฉื•ื—.
06:33
I pulled off its bag.
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ื”ืกืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
06:35
I ran the Geiger counter up its needles,
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ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื™ื™ื’ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื•,
06:37
and I heard the most beautiful sound.
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ื•ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื”.
06:40
Kkhh!
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ื›ื›ื›ื›ื—ื—!
06:42
It was the sound of birch talking to fir,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœึดื™ื‘ื ึถื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ืืฉื•ื—,
06:45
and birch was saying, "Hey, can I help you?"
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ื•ื”ืœึดื™ื‘ื ึถื” ืืžืจ, "ื”ื™ื™, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš?"
06:49
And fir was saying, "Yeah, can you send me some of your carbon?
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ื•ื”ืืฉื•ื— ืืžืจ, "ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœื™ ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืœืš?
06:52
Because somebody threw a shade cloth over me."
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ื›ื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื–ืจืง ื‘ื“ ื”ืฆืœืœื” ืžืขืœื™. "
06:56
I went up to cedar, and I ran the Geiger counter over its leaves,
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ื ื™ื’ืฉืชื™ ืœืืจื–, ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื™ื™ื’ืจ ืžืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื•,
07:00
and as I suspected,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ืฉื“ืชื™,
07:02
silence.
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ื“ืžืžื”.
07:04
Cedar was in its own world.
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ื”ืืจื– ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืœื•.
07:06
It was not connected into the web interlinking birch and fir.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืจืฉืช ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœึดื™ื‘ื ึถื” ืœืืฉื•ื—.
07:11
I was so excited,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืจื’ืฉืช,
07:14
I ran from plot to plot and I checked all 80 replicates.
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ืจืฆืชื™ ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื—ืœืงื” ื•ื‘ื“ืงืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ 80 ื”ืฉื›ืคื•ืœื™ื.
07:18
The evidence was clear.
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ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช.
07:20
The C-13 and C-14 was showing me
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ื” C-13 ื•ื” C-14 ื”ืจืื• ืœื™.
07:23
that paper birch and Douglas fir were in a lively two-way conversation.
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ืฉืœื™ื‘ื ื” ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืืฉื•ื— ื”ื“ืื’ืœืก ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื“ื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ื”.
07:27
It turns out at that time of the year,
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ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื”,
07:29
in the summer,
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ื‘ืงื™ืฅ,
07:31
that birch was sending more carbon to fir than fir was sending back to birch,
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ื”ืœึดื™ื‘ื ึถื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืœื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืœืึทืฉืื•ึผื—ึท ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืึทืฉืื•ึผื—ึท ืฉื•ืœื— ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืœึดื™ื‘ื ึถื”,
07:34
especially when the fir was shaded.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืึทืฉืื•ึผื—ึท ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืœ.
07:37
And then in later experiments, we found the opposite,
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ื•ืื–, ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืคืš,
07:40
that fir was sending more carbon to birch than birch was sending to fir,
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ื”ืึทืฉืื•ึผื—ึท ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืœื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืœืœึดื™ื‘ื ึถื” ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืœึดื™ื‘ื ึถื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืœื— ืœืึทืฉืื•ึผื—ึท,
07:43
and this was because the fir was still growing while the birch was leafless.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืึทืฉืื•ึผื—ึท ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืœึดื™ื‘ื ึถื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื›ืช.
07:47
So it turns out the two species were interdependent,
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ืื– ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”,
07:50
like yin and yang.
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ื›ืžื• ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืื ื’.
07:52
And at that moment, everything came into focus for me.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข, ื”ื›ืœ ื ื›ื ืก ืืฆืœื™ ืœืคื•ืงื•ืก.
07:55
I knew I had found something big,
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ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
07:58
something that would change the way we look at how trees interact in forests,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช,
08:03
from not just competitors
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืชื—ืจื•ืช
08:05
but to cooperators.
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ืืœื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
08:07
And I had found solid evidence
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆืืชื™ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื•ืช
08:10
of this massive belowground communications network,
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ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช,
08:13
the other world.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื—ืจ.
08:15
Now, I truly hoped and believed
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืืžืช ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื•ื”ืืžื ืชื™
08:17
that my discovery would change how we practice forestry,
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ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืขื•ืจ,
08:21
from clear-cutting and herbiciding
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ืžื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ื™ืœืช ืขืฉื‘ื™ื
08:23
to more holistic and sustainable methods,
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ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื,
08:26
methods that were less expensive and more practical.
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ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช.
08:29
What was I thinking?
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ืžื” ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™?
08:31
I'll come back to that.
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ืื ื™ ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ื”.
08:35
So how do we do science in complex systems like forests?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื“ืข ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื™ืขืจื•ืช?
08:40
Well, as forest scientists, we have to do our research in the forests,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช,
08:44
and that's really tough, as I've shown you.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื.
08:46
And we have to be really good at running from bears.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ื™ื.
08:50
But mostly, we have to persevere
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื™ื“
08:52
in spite of all the stuff stacked against us.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื’ื“ื ื•.
08:55
And we have to follow our intuition and our experiences
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
08:57
and ask really good questions.
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ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
09:00
And then we've got to gather our data and then go verify.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืื– ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœืืžืช.
09:03
For me, I've conducted and published hundreds of experiments in the forest.
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ืžืฆื“ื™, ืื ื™ ืขืจื›ืชื™, ื•ืคืจืกืžืชื™ ืžืื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
09:09
Some of my oldest experimental plantations are now over 30 years old.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-30 ืฉื ื”,
09:14
You can check them out.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื•ืชื.
09:15
That's how forest science works.
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ื›ืš ืžื“ืข ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“.
09:18
So now I want to talk about the science.
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืข.
09:20
How were paper birch and Douglas fir communicating?
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ืื™ืš ืœึดื™ื‘ื ื” ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืึทืฉืื•ึผื—ึท ื”ื“ืื’ืœืก ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื?
09:23
Well, it turns out they were conversing not only in the language of carbon
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ื—ื—ื• ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ
09:28
but also nitrogen and phosphorus
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื—ึทื ืงึธืŸ ื•ื–ึทืจื—ึธืŸ
09:31
and water and defense signals and allele chemicals and hormones --
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ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ ืืœืœ ื•ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื --
09:35
information.
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ืžื™ื“ืข.
09:38
And you know, I have to tell you, before me, scientists had thought
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื, ืœืคื ื™ , ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•
09:41
that this belowground mutualistic symbiosis called a mycorrhiza
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ืฉืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ื”
09:44
was involved.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช.
09:46
Mycorrhiza literally means "fungus root."
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ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืขื” "ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื•ืคื˜ืจื™ื”."
09:50
You see their reproductive organs when you walk through the forest.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื” ื›ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจ.
09:54
They're the mushrooms.
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
09:56
The mushrooms, though, are just the tip of the iceberg,
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ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ, ื”ืŸ ืจืง ืงืฆื” ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ.
09:59
because coming out of those stems are fungal threads that form a mycelium,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชึทืคื˜ึดื™ืจ,
10:03
and that mycelium infects and colonizes the roots
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ื•ื”ืชึทืคื˜ึดื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื“ื‘ื™ืง ื•ืžื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื
10:06
of all the trees and plants.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
10:08
And where the fungal cells interact with the root cells,
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืชืื™ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืชืื™ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื,
10:11
there's a trade of carbon for nutrients,
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืกื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื,
10:13
and that fungus gets those nutrients by growing through the soil
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ื•ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืฉื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืื“ืžื”
10:16
and coating every soil particle.
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ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ื›ืœ ื’ืจื’ืจ ืื“ืžื”.
10:19
The web is so dense that there can be hundreds of kilometers of mycelium
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ื”ืžืืจื’ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฆืคื•ืฃ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชึทืคื˜ึดื™ืจ
10:24
under a single footstep.
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ืชื—ืช ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“.
10:26
And not only that, that mycelium connects different individuals in the forest,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”, ืชึทืคื˜ึดื™ืจ ื–ื” ืžืงืฉืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจ,
10:32
individuals not only of the same species but between species, like birch and fir,
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ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืŸ ืืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœึดื‘ื ึถื” ื•ืึทืฉืื•ึผื—ึท,
10:37
and it works kind of like the Internet.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
10:41
You see, like all networks,
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช,
10:43
mycorrhizal networks have nodes and links.
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ืœืจืฉืช ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืฆืžืชื™ื ื•ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื.
10:46
We made this map by examining the short sequences of DNA
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžืคื” ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืจืฆืคื™ ื“ื "ื ืงืฆืจื™ื
10:50
of every tree and every fungal individual in a patch of Douglas fir forest.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืขืฅ ื•ื›ืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ืœืงืช ื™ืขืจ ืฉืœ ืืฉื•ื— ื“ืื’ืœืก.
10:56
In this picture, the circles represent the Douglas fir, or the nodes,
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•, ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ืืฉื•ื— ื”ื“ืื’ืœืก ืื• ืืช ื”ืฆืžืชื™ื,
10:59
and the lines represent the interlinking fungal highways, or the links.
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ื•ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื”, ืื• ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื.
11:05
The biggest, darkest nodes are the busiest nodes.
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ื”ืฆืžืชื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื ื”ืฆืžืชื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืขืžื•ืกื™ื.
11:09
We call those hub trees,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืืœื” ืขืฆื™ ืจื›ื–ืช,
11:11
or more fondly, mother trees,
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ืื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื”, ืขืฆื™ ืื,
11:13
because it turns out that those hub trees nurture their young,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืขืฆื™ ืจื›ื–ืช ืืœื” ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
11:18
the ones growing in the understory.
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ืืœื” ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ืžืชื—ืชื.
11:21
And if you can see those yellow dots,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืŸ,
11:23
those are the young seedlings that have established within the network
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืฉืชื™ืœื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืžื—ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืฉืช
11:26
of the old mother trees.
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ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ืื ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื.
11:28
In a single forest, a mother tree can be connected to hundreds of other trees.
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ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืขืฅ-ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžืื•ืช ืขืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
11:33
And using our isotope tracers,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
11:36
we have found that mother trees
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืขืฆื™-ืื
11:37
will send their excess carbon through the mycorrhizal network
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ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ื“ืจืš ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ื”
11:40
to the understory seedlings,
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ืืœ ื”ืฉืชื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ืชื,
11:42
and we've associated this with increased seedling survival
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ืฉื™ื™ื›ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ืœื™ื
11:45
by four times.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืข,
11:47
Now, we know we all favor our own children,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
11:51
and I wondered, could Douglas fir recognize its own kin,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืชื”ื™ืชื™, ื”ืื ืืฉื•ื—-ื“ืื’ืœืก ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืงืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื•,
11:55
like mama grizzly and her cub?
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ื›ืžื• ืืžื ื’ืจื™ื–ืœื™ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจ ืฉืœื”?
11:58
So we set about an experiment,
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™,
12:00
and we grew mother trees with kin and stranger's seedlings.
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ื•ื’ื™ื“ืœื ื• ืขืฆื™-ืื ืขื ืฉืชื™ืœื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื•ืฉืชื™ืœื™ื ื–ืจื™ื.
12:04
And it turns out they do recognize their kin.
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ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื ืื›ืŸ ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
12:07
Mother trees colonize their kin with bigger mycorrhizal networks.
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ืขืฆื™-ืื ื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื”ื ืขื ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:12
They send them more carbon below ground.
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ื”ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
12:14
They even reduce their own root competition
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆืžืฆืžื• ืืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
12:17
to make elbow room for their kids.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
12:20
When mother trees are injured or dying,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฆื™-ืื ื ืคืฆืขื™ื ืื• ืžืชื™ื,
12:23
they also send messages of wisdom on to the next generation of seedlings.
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ื”ื ื’ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžืกืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชื™ืœื™ื.
12:29
So we've used isotope tracing
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ ืึดื™ื–ื•ึนื˜ื•ึนืคึผื™ื
12:30
to trace carbon moving from an injured mother tree
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ืœืืชืจ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžืขืฅ-ืื ืคื’ื•ืข
12:33
down her trunk into the mycorrhizal network
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœื• ืœืชื•ืš ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ื”
12:35
and into her neighboring seedlings,
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ื•ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืชื™ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•,
12:38
not only carbon but also defense signals.
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ืœื ืจืง ืคื—ืžืŸ ืืœื ื’ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื”.
12:41
And these two compounds
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ื•ืฉืชื™ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื•
12:43
have increased the resistance of those seedlings to future stresses.
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ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœืœื—ืฆื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
12:47
So trees talk.
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ืื– ืขืฆื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
12:50
(Applause)
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(ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช)
12:52
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
12:57
Through back and forth conversations,
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ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช,
12:59
they increase the resilience of the whole community.
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ื”ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
13:03
It probably reminds you of our own social communities,
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
13:06
and our families,
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ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
13:07
well, at least some families.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช.
13:09
(Laughter)
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{ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:11
So let's come back to the initial point.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
13:14
Forests aren't simply collections of trees,
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ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจืง ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื,
13:16
they're complex systems with hubs and networks
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ื”ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืจื›ื–ื•ืช ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช
13:20
that overlap and connect trees and allow them to communicate,
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ืฉื—ื•ืคืคื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ,
13:24
and they provide avenues for feedbacks and adaptation,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืืคื™ืงื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช,
13:27
and this makes the forest resilient.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ืขืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช.
13:30
That's because there are many hub trees and many overlapping networks.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืฆื™ ืจื›ื–ืช ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืคื•ืช.
13:34
But they're also vulnerable,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื,
13:36
vulnerable not only to natural disturbances
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ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืžืคื ื™ ืคื’ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
13:40
like bark beetles that preferentially attack big old trees
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ืฉืžืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืขืฆื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื–ืงื ื™ื
13:43
but high-grade logging and clear-cut logging.
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ืืœื ื›ืจื™ืชืช ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฃ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
13:47
You see, you can take out one or two hub trees,
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ืชืจืื•, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฅ ืื—ื“ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ืจื›ื–ืช,
13:50
but there comes a tipping point,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื”,
13:52
because hub trees are not unlike rivets in an airplane.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขืฆื™ ืจื›ื–ืช ื“ืŸืžื™ื ืœืžืกืžืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืก.
13:55
You can take out one or two and the plane still flies,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื˜ื•ืก,
13:59
but you take out one too many,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ื™,
14:01
or maybe that one holding on the wings,
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื,
14:03
and the whole system collapses.
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ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื•ืœื” ืžืชืจืกืงืช.
14:07
So now how are you thinking about forests? Differently?
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื™ืš ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช? ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”?
14:09
(Audience) Yes.
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{ื”ืงื”ืœ) ื›ืŸ
14:11
Cool.
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ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
14:13
I'm glad.
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ืื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื”.
14:14
So, remember I said earlier that I hoped that my research,
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ืื–, ื–ื›ืจื• ืืžืจืชื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื™,
14:18
my discoveries would change the way we practice forestry.
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ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจื ื•ืช.
14:22
Well, I want to take a check on that 30 years later here in western Canada.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืงื ื“ื”.
14:34
This is about 100 kilometers to the west of us,
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ื–ื” ื›ืžืื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
14:37
just on the border of Banff National Park.
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ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืื ืฃ.
14:41
That's a lot of clear-cuts.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
14:43
It's not so pristine.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืชื•ืœื™.
14:45
In 2014, the World Resources Institute reported that Canada in the past decade
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ื‘-2014, ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืœืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœืงื ื“ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
14:51
has had the highest forest disturbance rate of any country worldwide,
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช,
14:55
and I bet you thought it was Brazil.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉื–ืืช ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ.
14:59
In Canada, it's 3.6 percent per year.
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ื‘ืงื ื“ื”, ื–ื” 3.6 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืœืฉื ื”.
15:02
Now, by my estimation, that's about four times the rate that is sustainable.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื™, ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืžื“ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื.
15:09
Now, massive disturbance at this scale is known to affect hydrological cycles,
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ื›ืขืช, ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
15:13
degrade wildlife habitat,
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ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจ,
15:15
and emit greenhouse gases back into the atmosphere,
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
15:18
which creates more disturbance and more tree diebacks.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœืœืช ืขืฆื™ื.
15:23
Not only that, we're continuing to plant one or two species
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ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ื–ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื
15:26
and weed out the aspens and birches.
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ื•ืขื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆื™ ื”ืฆึทืคืฆึธืคึธื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ื ื”.
15:29
These simplified forests lack complexity,
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ืคื™ืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื–ื”, ื—ืกืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
15:31
and they're really vulnerable to infections and bugs.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื—ืจืงื™ื.
15:35
And as climate changes,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืืงืœื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื”,
15:37
this is creating a perfect storm
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืกืขืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช
15:41
for extreme events, like the massive mountain pine beetle outbreak
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืงืจื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ื
15:45
that just swept across North America,
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ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
15:47
or that megafire in the last couple months in Alberta.
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ืื• ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืขื ืง ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื”.
15:52
So I want to come back to my final question:
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™:
15:56
instead of weakening our forests,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
15:58
how can we reinforce them and help them deal with climate change?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ืง ืื•ืชื ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื?
16:03
Well, you know, the great thing about forests as complex systems
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืคืœื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื›ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
16:07
is they have enormous capacity to self-heal.
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™.
16:11
In our recent experiments,
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
16:13
we found with patch-cutting and retention of hub trees
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืขื ื—ื™ืชื•ืš-ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื•ืื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ืจื›ื–ืช
16:16
and regeneration to a diversity of species and genes and genotypes
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื
16:20
that these mycorrhizal networks, they recover really rapidly.
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ืฉืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ื” ืืœื•, ื™ืชืื•ืฉืฉื• ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
16:25
So with this in mind, I want to leave you with four simple solutions.
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ืื– ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ื›ื, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื 4 ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
16:30
And we can't kid ourselves that these are too complicated to act on.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืžื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืฉืืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉืžื.
16:35
First, we all need to get out in the forest.
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ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืœื™ืขืจื•ืช.
16:39
We need to reestablish local involvement in our own forests.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
16:44
You see, most of our forests now
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
16:45
are managed using a one-size-fits-all approach,
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ืžื ื•ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื›ื•ืœื,
16:48
but good forest stewardship requires knowledge of local conditions.
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื“ืจื ื•ืช ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
16:54
Second, we need to save our old-growth forests.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
16:59
These are the repositories of genes and mother trees and mycorrhizal networks.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ืžืื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืขืฆื™-ืื ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ื”.
17:06
So this means less cutting.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืจื™ืชื”.
17:08
I don't mean no cutting, but less cutting.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืœื ื›ืจื™ืชื”, ืืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืจื™ืชื”.
17:11
And third, when we do cut,
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ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืจืชื™ื,
17:14
we need to save the legacies,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช,
17:17
the mother trees and networks,
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ืืช ืขืฆื™ ื”ืื ื•ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช,
17:18
and the wood, the genes,
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ื•ื”ืขืฅ, ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื,
17:20
so they can pass their wisdom onto the next generation of trees
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ื›ืžืชื ื”ืœืื” ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื‘ื
17:24
so they can withstand the future stresses coming down the road.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืจืš.
17:28
We need to be conservationists.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืจื™ื.
17:31
And finally, fourthly and finally,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
17:35
we need to regenerate our forests with a diversity of species
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื
17:38
and genotypes and structures
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ื•ื’ื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื
17:41
by planting and allowing natural regeneration.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื˜ื™ืขื” ื•ืื™ืคืฉื•ืจ ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
17:44
We have to give Mother Nature the tools she needs
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืช ืœืืžื ื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื”
17:47
to use her intelligence to self-heal.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื” ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™-ืขืฆืžื™.
17:51
And we need to remember that forests aren't just a bunch of trees
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื
17:54
competing with each other,
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ืฉืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™,
17:55
they're supercooperators.
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœืชืคืืจืช.
17:58
So back to Jigs.
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ืื– ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื’'ื™ื’ืก.
18:00
Jigs's fall into the outhouse showed me this other world,
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ื”ื ืคื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื’ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืชื” ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื—ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
18:04
and it changed my view of forests.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
18:07
I hope today to have changed how you think about forests.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
18:10
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
18:12
(Applause)
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(ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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