How trees talk to each other | Suzanne Simard

Translator: liang helen Reviewer: Sylvia He

Imagine you're walking through a forest.

想像你喺片森林度散緊步

I'm guessing you're thinking of a collection of trees,

我估你望到嘅係密麻麻嘅樹

what we foresters call a stand,

我哋林務員稱佢為「林分」

with their rugged stems and their beautiful crowns.

佢哋嘅樹幹粗壯、樹冠茂盛

Yes, trees are the foundation of forests,

冇錯，樹係森林嘅基礎

but a forest is much more than what you see,

但係森林絕對唔止你睇到嘅咁樣

and today I want to change the way you think about forests.

今日，我希望改變你哋對森林嘅睇法

You see, underground there is this other world,

喺地底有另一個世界係

a world of infinite biological pathways

一個連結無窮生命嘅世界

that connect trees and allow them to communicate

連繫住樹木，畀空間佢哋交流

and allow the forest to behave as though it's a single organism.

使成個森林成為一個生物咁運作

It might remind you of a sort of intelligence.

佢可能使你諗起一種智慧

How do I know this?

我點知嘅？

Here's my story.

以下係我嘅故事

I grew up in the forests of British Columbia.

我喺加拿大卑詩省嘅森林度大嘅

I used to lay on the forest floor and stare up at the tree crowns.

細細個鍾意瞓喺度望住啲樹

They were giants.

佢哋十足十巨人

My grandfather was a giant, too.

我爺爺都係一個巨人

He was a horse logger,

佢係一個伐木工人

and he used to selectively cut cedar poles from the inland rainforest.

佢喺內陸森林度會揀一啲杉樹來鋸

Grandpa taught me about the quiet and cohesive ways of the woods,

佢教識我欣賞森林生活嘅恬靜同諧嘅

and how my family was knit into it.

仲有森林同我哋一家嘅聯繫

So I followed in grandpa's footsteps.

所以我繼承咗爺爺嘅事業

He and I had this curiosity about forests,

佢同我對森林都有好奇

and my first big "aha" moment

而我第一個醒悟

was at the outhouse by our lake.

就來自我哋喺湖邊嘅廁所

Our poor dog Jigs had slipped and fallen into the pit.

我哋隻狗 Jigs 跣咗落個屎氹度

So grandpa ran up with his shovel to rescue the poor dog.

爺爺就攞住個鏟，跑去救隻衰狗

He was down there, swimming in the muck.

爺爺喺個氹度游，成身臭晒

But as grandpa dug through that forest floor,

就喺爺爺挖緊泥嗰陣

I became fascinated with the roots,

我俾氹裡邊啲樹根吸引住

and under that, what I learned later was the white mycelium

後來先知，地底嗰啲係白色菌絲

and under that the red and yellow mineral horizons.

菌絲下面，係紅色同黃色嘅礦物層

Eventually, grandpa and I rescued the poor dog,

後尾，我同爺爺救到隻狗

but it was at that moment that I realized

喺嗰一剎那，我體會到

that that palette of roots and soil

樹根同土壤嘅融合

was really the foundation of the forest.

先係森林嘅基礎

And I wanted to know more.

我仲想了解多啲

So I studied forestry.

於是我去讀森林學

But soon I found myself working alongside the powerful people

好快就同一班大人物做嘢

in charge of the commercial harvest.

一齊經營商業伐木

The extent of the clear-cutting

大規模嘅濫伐

was alarming,

景況令人擔憂

and I soon found myself conflicted by my part in it.

我亦飽受良心嘅譴責

Not only that, the spraying and hacking of the aspens and birches

佢哋仲灑農藥、斬晒啲白楊樹同樺樹

to make way for the more commercially valuable planted pines and firs

純粹為咗改種更賺錢嘅松樹同冷杉樹

was astounding.

好令人震驚

It seemed that nothing could stop this relentless industrial machine.

似乎咩都阻止唔到工業機器嘅推進

So I went back to school,

所以我再讀去返書

and I studied my other world.

開始研究我嘅另一個世界

You see, scientists had just discovered in the laboratory in vitro

科學家啱啱先喺實驗室發現

that one pine seedling root

喺試管裡邊，碳可以從一個松樹嘅幼苗

could transmit carbon to another pine seedling root.

傳去另一棵幼苗嗰度

But this was in the laboratory,

但呢個只係實驗室裡邊頭發現

and I wondered, could this happen in real forests?

我喺度諗，喺森林度得唔得呢？

I thought yes.

我諗應該得

Trees in real forests might also share information below ground.

樹木或者真係可以喺地底傳送信息

But this was really controversial,

但呢個諗法爭議太大

and some people thought I was crazy,

啲人甚至以為我癲咗

and I had a really hard time getting research funding.

所以我好難籌到研究經費

But I persevered,

但係我一直堅持

and I eventually conducted some experiments deep in the forest,

卒之， 我喺森林做咗啲實驗

25 years ago.

喺 25 年前

I grew 80 replicates of three species:

我種咗 3 種樹，一種 80 棵：

paper birch, Douglas fir, and western red cedar.

北美白樺、黃杉同紅崖柏

I figured the birch and the fir would be connected in a belowground web,

我設想北美白樺同黃杉會喺地底有交流

but not the cedar.

但紅崖柏就冇

It was in its own other world.

紅崖柏只會自成一國

And I gathered my apparatus,

跟住，我準備好曬啲器材

and I had no money, so I had to do it on the cheap.

因為冇錢，成本盡量要低

So I went to Canadian Tire --

所以我去咗加拿大輪胎公司

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

and I bought some plastic bags and duct tape and shade cloth,

買咗啲膠袋、牛皮膠紙、遮光布

a timer, a paper suit, a respirator.

計時器、防護衣同防護口罩

And then I borrowed some high-tech stuff from my university:

跟住我問大學借咗啲儀器：

a Geiger counter, a scintillation counter, a mass spectrometer, microscopes.

一個蓋革計數器、一個閃爍輻射儀、 一個質譜儀同幾座顯微鏡

And then I got some really dangerous stuff:

我仲攞咗一啲超危險嘅嘢：

syringes full of radioactive carbon-14 carbon dioxide gas

幾支裝滿放射性

and some high pressure bottles

有「碳-14」嘅二氧化碳嘅注射器

of the stable isotope carbon-13 carbon dioxide gas.

同埋幾個裝咗穩定同位素

But I was legally permitted.

有「碳-13」嘅二氧化碳嘅高壓氣樽

(Laughter)

全部合法嘎

Oh, and I forgot some stuff,

（笑聲）

important stuff: the bug spray,

有幾樣嘢我帶漏咗， 好重要嘅嘢：

the bear spray, the filters for my respirator.

殺蟲噴霧、防熊噴霧、口罩濾網

Oh well.

好喇

The first day of the experiment, we got out to our plot

實驗嘅第一日，我哋嚟到目的地

and a grizzly bear and her cub chased us off.

點知有隻灰熊媽媽同個仔追住我哋

And I had no bear spray.

我冇帶防熊噴霧

But you know, this is how forest research in Canada goes.

不過喺加拿大嘅森林做研究係咁㗎喇

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

So I came back the next day,

第二日，我又嚟喇

and mama grizzly and her cub were gone.

隻灰熊同個仔走咗喇

So this time, we really got started,

所以今次，我哋真正開始喇

and I pulled on my white paper suit,

我著好件防護衣

I put on my respirator,

戴好個防護面罩

and then

之後

I put the plastic bags over my trees.

用膠袋冚住啲樹

I got my giant syringes,

我拎住個超大注射器

and I injected the bags

將示蹤同位素二氧化碳

with my tracer isotope carbon dioxide gases,

射入個膠袋度

first the birch.

首先係北美白樺

I injected carbon-14, the radioactive gas,

我將放射性氣體「碳-14」

into the bag of birch.

射入佢度

And then for fir,

之後係黃杉，我注入咗

I injected the stable isotope carbon-13 carbon dioxide gas.

穩定嘅同位素「碳-13」二氧化碳

I used two isotopes,

我用咗兩種唔同嘅同位素

because I was wondering

因為我想知

whether there was two-way communication going on between these species.

呢兩種樹之間係咪有雙向交流

I got to the final bag,

注射用到最後一袋

the 80th replicate,

即係第 80 組樹

and all of a sudden mama grizzly showed up again.

突然間，隻灰熊又來咗

And she started to chase me,

喺後面追住我

and I had my syringes above my head,

我舉住個注射器過我個頭

and I was swatting the mosquitos, and I jumped into the truck,

一邊拍蚊，一邊跳到架貨車度

and I thought,

我心諗

"This is why people do lab studies."

難怪啲科學家鍾意留喺實驗室啦！

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

I waited an hour.

我等咗一個鐘

I figured it would take this long

我諗啲樹需要咁上下時間

for the trees to suck up the CO2 through photosynthesis,

透過光合作用吸收啲

turn it into sugars, send it down into their roots,

放射性嘅二氧化碳

and maybe, I hypothesized,

轉換成糖，然後送到樹根

shuttle that carbon belowground to their neighbors.

然後傳畀隔離棵樹

After the hour was up,

過咗一個鐘

I rolled down my window,

我拉低個車窗

and I checked for mama grizzly.

睇下隻灰熊喺邊

Oh good, she's over there eating her huckleberries.

太好喇，佢喺埋邊食緊堆黑莓

So I got out of the truck and I got to work.

於是我行出架貨車，開始做嘢

I went to my first bag with the birch. I pulled the bag off.

我行近第一棵樺樹，掹個袋落嚟

I ran my Geiger counter over its leaves.

將部蓋勒計數器擺近啲葉度

Kkhh!

咔！

Perfect.

完美

The birch had taken up the radioactive gas.

樺樹已經吸收咗啲放射性氣體

Then the moment of truth.

關鍵時刻嚟喇

I went over to the fir tree.

我行近棵杉樹

I pulled off its bag.

掹走個袋

I ran the Geiger counter up its needles,

將部機擺近啲針葉度

and I heard the most beautiful sound.

我聽到極之美妙嘅聲音

Kkhh!

咔！

It was the sound of birch talking to fir,

係樺樹同杉樹傾偈嘅聲音

and birch was saying, "Hey, can I help you?"

樺樹問︰「喂，有冇嘢要幫手?」

And fir was saying, "Yeah, can you send me some of your carbon?

杉樹話︰「有呀，你畀啲碳我得唔得？

Because somebody threw a shade cloth over me."

我俾塊遮光布擋住咗呀。」

I went up to cedar, and I ran the Geiger counter over its leaves,

我行近棵杉樹，將部機擺近啲葉度

and as I suspected,

不出我所料

silence.

一啲聲音都冇

Cedar was in its own world.

柏樹完全自成一國

It was not connected into the web interlinking birch and fir.

佢冇同樺樹同杉樹連繫埋一齊

I was so excited,

我太興奮嘞

I ran from plot to plot and I checked all 80 replicates.

行勻成個地方，檢查晒八十組嘅實驗

The evidence was clear.

事實擺在眼前

The C-13 and C-14 was showing me

「碳-13」同「碳-14」向我證明咗

that paper birch and Douglas fir were in a lively two-way conversation.

樺樹同杉樹真係有傾有講嘎

It turns out at that time of the year,

我哋發現

in the summer,

夏天時

that birch was sending more carbon to fir than fir was sending back to birch,

樺樹送碳俾杉樹，多過收碳返來

especially when the fir was shaded.

尤其喺杉樹俾嘢遮住嗰陣

And then in later experiments, we found the opposite,

往後嘅實驗有相反嘅結果

that fir was sending more carbon to birch than birch was sending to fir,

杉樹送碳元素俾樺樹，多過收碳返來

and this was because the fir was still growing while the birch was leafless.

事關嗰時杉樹仲有葉，而樺樹落曬葉

So it turns out the two species were interdependent,

兩種樹真係互相倚靠

like yin and yang.

就好似陰同陽咁

And at that moment, everything came into focus for me.

喺嗰一刻，一切都豁然開朗

I knew I had found something big,

我知道我嘅發現好重大

something that would change the way we look at how trees interact in forests,

使我哋重新審視到樹木同森林嘅關係

from not just competitors

佢哋之間唔單只有競爭

but to cooperators.

仲有互相合作

And I had found solid evidence

我終於搵到有力嘅證據

of this massive belowground communications network,

證明龐大嘅地下溝通網絡

the other world.

確實存在

Now, I truly hoped and believed

呢個時候，我衷心期盼

that my discovery would change how we practice forestry,

我嘅發現會改變林業嘅操作

from clear-cutting and herbiciding

從大規模斬樹、濫用除草劑

to more holistic and sustainable methods,

轉為宏觀、持續

methods that were less expensive and more practical.

廉價、更實嘅方法

What was I thinking?

我有啲咩方法？

I'll come back to that.

陣間話你聽

So how do we do science in complex systems like forests?

我們點樣研究森林嘅複雜系統？

Well, as forest scientists, we have to do our research in the forests,

既然係研究森林，就要深入森林

and that's really tough, as I've shown you.

但確實好難，正如你啱啱所見

And we have to be really good at running from bears.

兼且要識得點避開啲熊人

But mostly, we have to persevere

但我哋要堅持

in spite of all the stuff stacked against us.

哪怕係困難重重

And we have to follow our intuition and our experiences

更要順從自己嘅直覺同經驗

and ask really good questions.

問一啲有價值嘅問題

And then we've got to gather our data and then go verify.

之後我們要收集數據，同去驗證

For me, I've conducted and published hundreds of experiments in the forest.

我做同發表過數以百計嘅森林實驗

Some of my oldest experimental plantations are now over 30 years old.

有啲實驗基地已經用咗三十年

You can check them out.

你哋可以去望下

That's how forest science works.

森林科學本應係咁

So now I want to talk about the science.

接住我想從科學角度探討

How were paper birch and Douglas fir communicating?

樺樹同杉樹到底點溝通嘅呢？

Well, it turns out they were conversing not only in the language of carbon

事實上，佢哋除咗用碳作為媒介嚟交流

but also nitrogen and phosphorus

仲會用氮同磷

and water and defense signals and allele chemicals and hormones --

同水、防禦信號 等位基因化學物、激素

information.

呢啲都係信息

And you know, I have to tell you, before me, scientists had thought

喺我嘅發現之前，科學家認為

that this belowground mutualistic symbiosis called a mycorrhiza

地底之所以有互惠共生嘅現象

was involved.

係因為有菌根

Mycorrhiza literally means "fungus root."

菌根，亦即係「菇菌嘅根」

You see their reproductive organs when you walk through the forest.

你行過森林，會見到佢哋嘅繁殖器官

They're the mushrooms.

佢哋就係蘑菇

The mushrooms, though, are just the tip of the iceberg,

而菇頂只係佢嘅一小部份

because coming out of those stems are fungal threads that form a mycelium,

因為菇柄底會長出真菌絲

and that mycelium infects and colonizes the roots

形成菌絲體，繼而感染同侵佔

of all the trees and plants.

其他植物嘅根部

And where the fungal cells interact with the root cells,

真菌細胞同樹根細胞交織嘅地方

there's a trade of carbon for nutrients,

都有用碳換取養份嘅現象

and that fungus gets those nutrients by growing through the soil

真菌向下生長，包實啲土壤顆粒

and coating every soil particle.

繼而吸收養份

The web is so dense that there can be hundreds of kilometers of mycelium

個菌絲網密到話唔定有幾百公里長

under a single footstep.

堆埋得個腳板咁細

And not only that, that mycelium connects different individuals in the forest,

除此之外，菌絲會連接森林嘅不同植物

individuals not only of the same species but between species, like birch and fir,

不論係咪同一物種，譬如樺樹同杉樹咁

and it works kind of like the Internet.

運作模式十足十係個互聯網

You see, like all networks,

同所有嘅網絡一樣

mycorrhizal networks have nodes and links.

菌根嘅網絡由綫同點組成

We made this map by examining the short sequences of DNA

我哋分析咗森林每棵杉樹同菇嘅

of every tree and every fungal individual in a patch of Douglas fir forest.

DNA 短序， 然後畫咗呢張地圖

In this picture, the circles represent the Douglas fir, or the nodes,

圖中嘅圓點代表住黃杉

and the lines represent the interlinking fungal highways, or the links.

啲綫代表住菌根之間嘅連繫

The biggest, darkest nodes are the busiest nodes.

最大最深色嘅圓點，擁有最多連接

We call those hub trees,

佢哋叫核心樹木

or more fondly, mother trees,

又暱稱「母樹」

because it turns out that those hub trees nurture their young,

因為佢哋會滋養住

the ones growing in the understory.

年輕嘅矮層灌木

And if you can see those yellow dots,

黃色圓點

those are the young seedlings that have established within the network

代表同母樹有連繫嘅樹苗

of the old mother trees.

森林裡面 一棵母樹可以連繫住過百棵樹

In a single forest, a mother tree can be connected to hundreds of other trees.

透過同位素示蹤劑進行檢測

And using our isotope tracers,

我哋察覺到

we have found that mother trees

母樹會透過菌根嘅聯網傳

will send their excess carbon through the mycorrhizal network

送剩餘嘅碳俾

to the understory seedlings,

矮層嘅樹苗

and we've associated this with increased seedling survival

我哋發現，樹苗嘅存活率

by four times.

會因此大增四倍

Now, we know we all favor our own children,

正如父母會愛錫自己嘅仔女

and I wondered, could Douglas fir recognize its own kin,

所以我諗，黃杉會唔會好似嗰隻熊咁

like mama grizzly and her cub?

認到自己啲仔女呢？

So we set about an experiment,

我哋於是設計咗個實驗

and we grew mother trees with kin and stranger's seedlings.

將母樹、幼苗同其他種子種埋一齊

And it turns out they do recognize their kin.

結果母樹認得出自己嘅後代

Mother trees colonize their kin with bigger mycorrhizal networks.

母樹利用更大嘅菌根網包裹幼苗

They send them more carbon below ground.

喺地底傳送更多嘅碳

They even reduce their own root competition

甚至減少自己根部嘅發展

to make elbow room for their kids.

為幼苗創造生長空間

When mother trees are injured or dying,

喺母樹受傷或者就來枯萎

they also send messages of wisdom on to the next generation of seedlings.

佢哋會將生存智慧傳俾下一代

So we've used isotope tracing

我哋透過同位素示蹤法，追蹤碳嘅移動

to trace carbon moving from an injured mother tree

從受傷嘅母樹嘅樹幹傳到菌根網

down her trunk into the mycorrhizal network

再傳到周圍嘅幼苗

and into her neighboring seedlings,

唔單止係碳

not only carbon but also defense signals.

仲有防禦信號

And these two compounds

呢兩種混合物

have increased the resistance of those seedlings to future stresses.

增加咗幼苗嘅抗壓能力

So trees talk.

所以樹木識講嘢

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Thank you.

多謝

Through back and forth conversations,

經過反反覆覆嘅對話

they increase the resilience of the whole community.

佢哋增強咗成個團體嘅適應力

It probably reminds you of our own social communities,

佢哋可能令你諗起咗

and our families,

我嘅社會群體，我哋嘅家庭

well, at least some families.

嗯，至少部分家庭啦

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

So let's come back to the initial point.

我哋返到最初嘅問題

Forests aren't simply collections of trees,

森林唔單只有樹

they're complex systems with hubs and networks

佢哋係有樞紐同網絡嘅複雜系統

that overlap and connect trees and allow them to communicate,

彼此覆蓋同聯繫，令佢哋可以交流

and they provide avenues for feedbacks and adaptation,

仲提供咗反饋同適應嘅方式

and this makes the forest resilient.

加強咗森林嘅適應能力

That's because there are many hub trees and many overlapping networks.

因為森林有好多樞紐同彼此覆蓋嘅網絡

But they're also vulnerable,

但係佢哋都好脆弱

vulnerable not only to natural disturbances

唔單只會受到自然嘅干擾

like bark beetles that preferentially attack big old trees

譬如特別鍾意侵襲老樹嘅樹皮甲蟲

but high-grade logging and clear-cut logging.

仲受到高強度伐木同清場式伐木嘅影響

You see, you can take out one or two hub trees,

你可以攞走一兩棵樞紐樹

but there comes a tipping point,

但係呢個就已經係極限

because hub trees are not unlike rivets in an airplane.

因為樞紐樹好似飛機上嘅卯釘

You can take out one or two and the plane still flies,

你攞走一兩粒卯釘，飛機仲飛得

but you take out one too many,

但係如果你攞走太多

or maybe that one holding on the wings,

或著你攞走一個關鍵嘅卯釘

and the whole system collapses.

成個系統都會塌

So now how are you thinking about forests? Differently?

咁宜家你係點睇啲森林？有冇啲唔同？

(Audience) Yes.

（觀眾）係

Cool.

太好啦

I'm glad.

我好高興

So, remember I said earlier that I hoped that my research,

記得我之前話過，我希望我嘅研究

my discoveries would change the way we practice forestry.

同發現會改變我哋實踐林學嘅方式

Well, I want to take a check on that 30 years later here in western Canada.

我諗喺 30 年後，喺加拿大西部做檢測

This is about 100 kilometers to the west of us,

既係呢度向西 100 公里

just on the border of Banff National Park.

就喺班夫國家公園嘅邊界

That's a lot of clear-cuts.

嗰度有好多清場式伐木

It's not so pristine.

唔再係原始森林啦

In 2014, the World Resources Institute reported that Canada in the past decade

2014 年，世界資源研究所報導

has had the highest forest disturbance rate of any country worldwide,

過去十年加拿大有世界最高森林破壞率

and I bet you thought it was Brazil.

你哋以為嗰個國家係巴西，係唔係

In Canada, it's 3.6 percent per year.

喺加拿大，破壞率係每年 3.6%

Now, by my estimation, that's about four times the rate that is sustainable.

據我估計，係可持續破壞率嘅四倍

Now, massive disturbance at this scale is known to affect hydrological cycles,

咁規模嘅大面積破壞明顯影響水循環

degrade wildlife habitat,

惡化野生生態環境

and emit greenhouse gases back into the atmosphere,

而且将溫室氣體放返入大氣

which creates more disturbance and more tree diebacks.

結果導致更加多嘅破壞同樹嘅回枯

Not only that, we're continuing to plant one or two species

仲有，我們繼續種一種或著兩種樹木

and weed out the aspens and birches.

停種同消滅山楊樹同樺樹

These simplified forests lack complexity,

咁嘅森林冇曬多樣性

and they're really vulnerable to infections and bugs.

會好易患傳染病同受蟲害影響

And as climate changes,

隨著氣候變化

this is creating a perfect storm

幾樣嘢夾埋後果會好嚴重

for extreme events, like the massive mountain pine beetle outbreak

譬如啱啱蔓延咗成個北美洲嘅

that just swept across North America,

大規模山地松樹甲蟲蟲災

or that megafire in the last couple months in Alberta.

仲有最近喺阿爾伯塔嘅超級大火

So I want to come back to my final question:

所以宜家我哋返到最後一個問題：

instead of weakening our forests,

與其弱化我哋嘅森林， 我哋點樣

how can we reinforce them and help them deal with climate change?

強化佢哋適應氣候變化嘅能力

Well, you know, the great thing about forests as complex systems

作為複雜嘅生態系統，森林好叻嘅一點

is they have enormous capacity to self-heal.

就係佢哋有好強嘅自我修復能力

In our recent experiments,

我哋近期嘅實驗表明

we found with patch-cutting and retention of hub trees

用小規模砍伐、保護樞紐樹

and regeneration to a diversity of species and genes and genotypes

重現物種多樣性

that these mycorrhizal networks, they recover really rapidly.

會使真菌菌根網好快咁恢復

So with this in mind, I want to leave you with four simple solutions.

我想留畀你哋四個簡單嘅方案，我哋

And we can't kid ourselves that these are too complicated to act on.

唔可以呃自己，話啲方法太複雜做唔到

First, we all need to get out in the forest.

首先，我哋都需要行入森林

We need to reestablish local involvement in our own forests.

我哋需要令當地人重新融入啲森林度

You see, most of our forests now

宜家我哋大多數嘅森林

are managed using a one-size-fits-all approach,

都俾人用單一嘅方式管理，但係

but good forest stewardship requires knowledge of local conditions.

好嘅森林管理需要關於當地條件嘅知識

Second, we need to save our old-growth forests.

第二，我哋要完挽救我哋嘅老齡林

These are the repositories of genes and mother trees and mycorrhizal networks.

佢哋係基因、母樹同真菌菌根網 嘅信息庫

So this means less cutting.

即係要減少伐木

I don't mean no cutting, but less cutting.

我唔係話禁止伐木，而係減少伐木

And third, when we do cut,

第三，喺我哋伐木時

we need to save the legacies,

挽救樹木嘅「遺産」

the mother trees and networks,

母樹同真菌菌根網

and the wood, the genes,

仲有樹林同基因

so they can pass their wisdom onto the next generation of trees

咁樣先可以将智慧傳畀下一代嘅樹木

so they can withstand the future stresses coming down the road.

使佢哋有應對未來壓力嘅能力

We need to be conservationists.

我哋需要成為自然環境保護主義者

And finally, fourthly and finally,

最尾，第四點

we need to regenerate our forests with a diversity of species

再生擁有物種多樣性

and genotypes and structures

基因型多樣性同結構多樣性嘅森林

by planting and allowing natural regeneration.

必须通過人工種植同自然再生

We have to give Mother Nature the tools she needs

我哋必須畀大自然需要嘅

to use her intelligence to self-heal.

可以幫佢自我治癒嘅工具

And we need to remember that forests aren't just a bunch of trees

森林唔單只係互相競爭嘅

competing with each other,

一叢叢樹木

they're supercooperators.

佢哋係超級合作者

So back to Jigs.

再講返 Jigs

Jigs's fall into the outhouse showed me this other world,

Jigs 嗰件事令我睇到另外嘅世界

and it changed my view of forests.

同改變咗我對森林嘅睇法

I hope today to have changed how you think about forests.

希望我今日改變咗你哋對森林嘅睇法

Thank you.

多謝

(Applause)

（掌聲）