How trees talk to each other | Suzanne Simard

2,267,032 views ・ 2016-08-30

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Sieun Lee κ²€ν† : Katherine Cho
00:12
Imagine you're walking through a forest.
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숲 속을 κ±·λŠ” 상상을 ν•΄ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
00:15
I'm guessing you're thinking of a collection of trees,
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무리지은 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ΄ λ– μ˜€λ₯΄μ‹œκ² μ£ .
00:19
what we foresters call a stand,
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그런 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ˜ 밀집을 저희 μ‚Όλ¦Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 식뢄이라고 ν•˜λ©°
00:21
with their rugged stems and their beautiful crowns.
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그것듀은 κ°•μΈν•œ 쀄기와 μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ μˆ˜κ΄€λ“€μ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
Yes, trees are the foundation of forests,
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λ„€, 숲의 근원은 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
but a forest is much more than what you see,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μˆ²μ€ λˆˆμ— λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것 μ΄μƒμ˜ 비밀을 κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
and today I want to change the way you think about forests.
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였늘 μ €λŠ” μˆ²μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 생각을 λ°”κΏ” 보고 μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
You see, underground there is this other world,
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숲의 μ§€ν•˜μ—λŠ” 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 세계가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
a world of infinite biological pathways
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μ…€ 수 μ—†λŠ” 생물학적 μ—°κ²° ν†΅λ‘œμ˜ μ„Έκ³„μ§€μš”.
00:42
that connect trees and allow them to communicate
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μ΄λŠ” λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ€ μ„œλ‘œ μ—°κ²°ν•˜κ³  μ†Œν†΅ν•  수 있게 ν•˜λ©°
00:45
and allow the forest to behave as though it's a single organism.
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숲 전체가 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 생λͺ…μ²΄μ²˜λŸΌ 움직이도둝 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
It might remind you of a sort of intelligence.
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μΌμ’…μ˜ '지λŠ₯' 이라고 λ³Ό μˆ˜λ„ μžˆκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
How do I know this?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ•„λƒκ³ μš”?
00:55
Here's my story.
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μ €μ˜ 이야기λ₯Ό λ“€λ €λ“œλ¦΄κ²Œμš”.
00:57
I grew up in the forests of British Columbia.
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μ €λŠ” λΈŒλ¦¬ν‹°μ‹œ μ½œλŸΌλΉ„μ•„μ˜ μˆ²μ†μ—μ„œ μžλžμ–΄μš”.
01:01
I used to lay on the forest floor and stare up at the tree crowns.
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숲 속 λ°”λ‹₯에 λˆ„μ›Œμ„œ λ‚˜λ¬΄ κΌ­λŒ€κΈ°λ₯Ό μ˜¬λ €λ‹€λ³΄κ³€ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
They were giants.
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λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ€ 마치 거인듀 κ°™μ•˜μ–΄μš”.
01:06
My grandfather was a giant, too.
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저희 할아버지도 κ±°μΈμ΄μ…¨μ§€μš”.
01:07
He was a horse logger,
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ν• μ•„λ²„μ§€λŠ” 말을 μ“°λŠ” 벌λͺ©κΎΌμ΄μ…¨λŠ”데
01:09
and he used to selectively cut cedar poles from the inland rainforest.
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λ‚΄λ₯™ 우림의 μ‚Όλ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ„ 선별해 벌λͺ©ν•˜μ…¨μ–΄μš”.
01:13
Grandpa taught me about the quiet and cohesive ways of the woods,
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ν• μ•„λ²„μ§€λŠ” 제게 숲이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‘°μš©ν•œ 화합을 μ΄λ£¨λŠ”μ§€
01:17
and how my family was knit into it.
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그리고 우리 가쑱이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ·Έ ν™”ν•©μ˜ 일뢀뢄이 λ˜λŠ”μ§€ κ°€λ₯΄μ³ μ£Όμ…¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
So I followed in grandpa's footsteps.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” ν• μ•„λ²„μ§€μ˜ 발자취λ₯Ό λ”°λ₯΄κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
He and I had this curiosity about forests,
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저희 λ‘˜ λ‹€ μˆ²μ— λŒ€ν•œ ν˜ΈκΈ°μ‹¬μ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
01:26
and my first big "aha" moment
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제 졜초의 'μ•„ν•˜!' μˆœκ°„μ€
01:28
was at the outhouse by our lake.
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집 근처 호수의 μ˜₯μ™Έ λ³€μ†Œμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
Our poor dog Jigs had slipped and fallen into the pit.
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저희 가엾은 개 지그가 λ―ΈλŒμ–΄μ Έμ„œ ꡬ덩이에 빠져버린 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:36
So grandpa ran up with his shovel to rescue the poor dog.
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ν• μ•„λ²„μ§€λŠ” 삽을 λ“€κ³  λΆˆμŒν•œ 개λ₯Ό κ΅¬ν•˜λ € 달렀가셨죠.
01:39
He was down there, swimming in the muck.
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κ°œλŠ” ꡬ덩이의 였물 μ†μ—μ„œ ν—€μ—„μΉ˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
But as grandpa dug through that forest floor,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 할아버지가 κ·Έ 숲 μ†μ˜ 땅을 νŒŒλŠ” μˆœκ°„
01:45
I became fascinated with the roots,
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μ €λŠ” λ‚˜λ¬΄ λΏŒλ¦¬λ“€κ³Ό
01:48
and under that, what I learned later was the white mycelium
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κ·Έ 밑에 λ‚˜μ€‘μ— 흰 κ· μ‚¬μ²΄λ‘œ μ•Œκ²Œ 된 것, 그리고 더 밑에
01:51
and under that the red and yellow mineral horizons.
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λΆ‰κ³  λ…Έλž€ 무기질 ν† μ–‘ μˆ˜ν‰μ„ λ“€μ— 맀료되고 λ§μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
Eventually, grandpa and I rescued the poor dog,
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κ²°κ΅­ 할아버지와 μ €λŠ” 가엾은 개λ₯Ό κ΅¬μΆœν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
but it was at that moment that I realized
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κ·Έλ•Œκ°€ μ œκ°€ 깨달은 μˆœκ°„μ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:00
that that palette of roots and soil
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λ‚΄κ°€ λ³Έ λΏŒλ¦¬λ“€κ³Ό ν† μ–‘μ˜ νŒ”λ ˆνŠΈκ°€
02:03
was really the foundation of the forest.
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숲의 μ§„μ§œ κΈ°λ°˜μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ„μš”.
02:06
And I wanted to know more.
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μ €λŠ” 더 μ•Œκ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
So I studied forestry.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 삼림학을 μ „κ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
But soon I found myself working alongside the powerful people
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ‘Έμ—… 후에 μ €λŠ” 상업적 벌λͺ©μ„ ν•˜λŠ”
02:15
in charge of the commercial harvest.
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ꢌλ ₯κ°€λ“€κ³Ό μΌν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:17
The extent of the clear-cutting
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λ‹Ήμ‹œ 숲 개벌 μˆ˜μ€€μ€
02:20
was alarming,
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κ±±μ •μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ μ •λ„μ˜€κ³ 
02:21
and I soon found myself conflicted by my part in it.
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μ €λŠ” 곧 제 역할에 κ°ˆλ“±μ„ 느끼게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:25
Not only that, the spraying and hacking of the aspens and birches
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그뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ‚¬μ‹œλ‚˜λ¬΄μ™€ μžμž‘λ‚˜λ¬΄μ— 약을 μ‚΄ν¬ν•˜κ³  λ² μ–΄λ‚Έ λ‹€μŒ
02:30
to make way for the more commercially valuable planted pines and firs
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κ·Έ μžλ¦¬μ— μƒμ—…μ μœΌλ‘œ 더 κ°€μΉ˜μžˆλŠ” μ†Œλ‚˜λ¬΄μ™€ μ „λ‚˜λ¬΄λ₯Ό μ‹¬λŠ” 방식은
02:35
was astounding.
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μΆ©κ²©μ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
It seemed that nothing could stop this relentless industrial machine.
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μ–΄λ–€ 것도 이 κ°€μ°¨μ—†λŠ” κ³΅μ—…μ˜ 기계λ₯Ό 멈좜 수 μ—†μ–΄ λ³΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
So I went back to school,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” ν•™κ΅λ‘œ λŒμ•„μ™€
02:44
and I studied my other world.
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μ €μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 세상에 λŒ€ν•΄ 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
You see, scientists had just discovered in the laboratory in vitro
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졜근 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ—°κ΅¬μ‹€μ—μ„œ
02:51
that one pine seedling root
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ν•œ μ†Œλ‚˜λ¬΄ 묘λͺ© λΏŒλ¦¬κ°€
02:53
could transmit carbon to another pine seedling root.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ†Œλ‚˜λ¬΄ 묘λͺ© λΏŒλ¦¬μ—κ²Œ νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό μ „μ†‘ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
But this was in the laboratory,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이건 μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œμ˜ κ²°κ³Όμ˜€μ–΄μš”.
02:59
and I wondered, could this happen in real forests?
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μ €λŠ” μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이런 일이 μˆ²μ—μ„œλ„ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μΌμ–΄λ‚ κΉŒ?
03:03
I thought yes.
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그럴 κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” 생각이 λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
Trees in real forests might also share information below ground.
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숲의 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€λ„ λ•… μ†μœΌλ‘œ 정보λ₯Ό κ΅ν™˜ν•  수 μžˆμ„ 것 κ°™μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
But this was really controversial,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 μ£Όμ œλŠ” μ•„μ£Ό λ…Όλž€μ΄ λ˜μ—ˆκ³ .
03:11
and some people thought I was crazy,
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μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ œκ°€ λ―Έμ³€λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
03:14
and I had a really hard time getting research funding.
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연ꡬ비λ₯Ό 지원 λ°›λŠ” 것도 ꡉμž₯히 νž˜λ“€μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
03:17
But I persevered,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ „ ν¬κΈ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜κ³ 
03:20
and I eventually conducted some experiments deep in the forest,
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λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ κΉŠμ€ 숲 μ†μ—μ„œ λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ μ‹€ν—˜λ“€μ„ μ§„ν–‰ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
25 years ago.
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그게 25λ…„μ „μ˜ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
I grew 80 replicates of three species:
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μ €λŠ” μ„Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λ‚˜λ¬΄ 80그루λ₯Ό ν‚€μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
paper birch, Douglas fir, and western red cedar.
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μžμž‘λ‚˜λ¬΄, μ „λ‚˜λ¬΄, 그리고 μ‚Όλ‚˜λ¬΄λ₯Όμš”.
03:32
I figured the birch and the fir would be connected in a belowground web,
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μžμž‘λ‚˜λ¬΄μ™€ μ „λ‚˜λ¬΄λŠ” μ§€ν•˜λ‘œ μ—°κ²° λ˜μ–΄μžˆμ„ 것이라고 μ˜ˆμƒν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:36
but not the cedar.
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μ‚Όλ‚˜λ¬΄λŠ” λ‹¬λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
It was in its own other world.
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μžκΈ°λ“€λ§Œμ˜ 세상을 이루고 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
03:40
And I gathered my apparatus,
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μ €λŠ” 연ꡬ 자재λ₯Ό λͺ¨μœΌκΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
and I had no money, so I had to do it on the cheap.
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돈이 μ—†μ—ˆμœΌλ‹ˆ μ €λ ΄ν•˜κ²Œ μž₯λ§Œν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
03:45
So I went to Canadian Tire --
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 캐내디언 타이어 λ§Œλ¬Όμƒμ μ— κ°€μ„œ
03:47
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
03:48
and I bought some plastic bags and duct tape and shade cloth,
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비닐 봉지와 κ°•λ ₯ μ ‘μ°© ν…Œμ΄ν”„, μ°¨μ–‘ 천
03:52
a timer, a paper suit, a respirator.
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μŠ€νƒ‘μ›ŒμΉ˜, μž‘μ—…λ³΅, 그리고 마슀크λ₯Ό μƒ€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
And then I borrowed some high-tech stuff from my university:
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그리고 λŒ€ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œ μ΅œμ λ‹¨ 도ꡬ듀을 μ’€ 빌렸죠.
03:59
a Geiger counter, a scintillation counter, a mass spectrometer, microscopes.
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가이거 κ³„μˆ˜κΈ°, μ‹ ν‹Έλ ˆμ΄μ…˜ κ³„μˆ˜κΈ°, μ§ˆλŸ‰ 뢄석계와 ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μ„μš”.
04:04
And then I got some really dangerous stuff:
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μ•„μ£Ό μœ„ν—˜ν•œ λ¬Όν’ˆλ„ κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
syringes full of radioactive carbon-14 carbon dioxide gas
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νƒ„μ†Œ 14의 방사성 μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œ κ°€μŠ€κ°€ 가득 μ°¬ 주사기와
04:11
and some high pressure bottles
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κ³ μ••λ ₯용기 λͺ‡ κ°œμ™€
04:13
of the stable isotope carbon-13 carbon dioxide gas.
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μ•ˆμ • λ™μœ„ μ›μ†Œ νƒ„μ†Œ 13의 μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
But I was legally permitted.
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ν•©λ²•μ μœΌλ‘œμš”.
04:19
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:20
Oh, and I forgot some stuff,
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μ•„, λͺ‡ 개 μžŠμ€ 것듀도 μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
04:23
important stuff: the bug spray,
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μ€‘μš”ν•œ κ±°μ˜ˆμš”. 벌레 ν‡΄μΉ˜ μŠ€ν”„λ ˆμ΄
04:25
the bear spray, the filters for my respirator.
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κ³° ν‡΄μΉ˜ μŠ€ν”„λ ˆμ΄, 그리고 마슀크 ν•„ν„°μš”.
04:29
Oh well.
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μ–΄μ©” 수 μ—†μ£  뭐.
04:31
The first day of the experiment, we got out to our plot
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μ‹€ν—˜ μž₯μ†Œμ— λ„μ°©ν•œ 첫날은
04:34
and a grizzly bear and her cub chased us off.
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νšŒμƒ‰κ³°κ³Ό μƒˆλΌκ³° 두 λ§ˆλ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μ«’κ²¨λ‚¬μ–΄μš”.
04:37
And I had no bear spray.
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마침 κ³° μŠ€ν”„λ ˆμ΄κ°€ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
But you know, this is how forest research in Canada goes.
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μΊλ‚˜λ‹€μ—μ„œ μ‚Όλ¦Ό 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 게 λ‹€ 그런 κ±°μ£  뭐.
04:44
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:45
So I came back the next day,
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λ‹€μŒλ‚  λŒμ•„κ°€λ‹ˆ
04:47
and mama grizzly and her cub were gone.
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μ—„λ§ˆκ³°κ³Ό 아기곰듀은 사라지고 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
So this time, we really got started,
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μž‘μ—…μ΄ μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:51
and I pulled on my white paper suit,
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μ €λŠ” 흰 쒅이 μž‘μ—…λ³΅μ„ μž…κ³ 
04:54
I put on my respirator,
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호흑용 마슀크λ₯Ό 끼고
04:58
and then
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그리고
04:59
I put the plastic bags over my trees.
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제 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ— 비닐 봉지λ₯Ό μ”Œμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:03
I got my giant syringes,
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒ κ±°λŒ€ν•œ μ£Όμ‚¬κΈ°λ‘œ
05:05
and I injected the bags
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비닐 봉지 μ•ˆμ—
05:06
with my tracer isotope carbon dioxide gases,
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μΆ”μ μš© λ™μœ„ μ›μ†Œ μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό μ£Όμž…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:10
first the birch.
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μ²˜μŒμ€ μžμž‘λ‚˜λ¬΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:11
I injected carbon-14, the radioactive gas,
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νƒ„μ†Œ 14의 방사성 κ°€μŠ€λ₯Ό
05:14
into the bag of birch.
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비닐 봉지에 μ£Όμž…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:16
And then for fir,
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그리고 μ‚Όλ‚˜λ¬΄κ°€ λ“  λ΄‰μ§€μ—λŠ”
05:17
I injected the stable isotope carbon-13 carbon dioxide gas.
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μ•ˆμ • λ™μœ„ μ›μ†ŒμΈ νƒ„μ†Œ 13의 μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό μ£Όμž…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:21
I used two isotopes,
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μ œκ°€ 두 가지 λ™μœ„ μ›μ†Œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•œ μ΄μœ λŠ”
05:23
because I was wondering
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두가지 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…μ˜ λ‚˜λ¬΄ 사이에
05:24
whether there was two-way communication going on between these species.
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쌍방ν–₯ μ†Œν†΅μ΄ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œκ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:29
I got to the final bag,
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ 봉지, κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ
05:32
the 80th replicate,
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80번째 λ‚˜λ¬΄μ— μž‘μ—…μ„ μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
05:33
and all of a sudden mama grizzly showed up again.
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κ°‘μžκΈ° μ—„λ§ˆκ³°μ΄ λ‹€μ‹œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μ„œ
05:36
And she started to chase me,
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μ €λ₯Ό μ«’μ•„μ˜€κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:37
and I had my syringes above my head,
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μ €λŠ” κ°€μŠ€κ°€ λ“  주사기λ₯Ό 높이 쳐듀고
05:40
and I was swatting the mosquitos, and I jumped into the truck,
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λͺ¨κΈ°λ–Όλ“€μ„ μ«’μœΌλ©° μ„Έμ›Œ λ‘” νŠΈλŸ­μ— λ›°μ–΄λ“€μ–΄ κ°”μ§€μš”.
05:43
and I thought,
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문득 그런 생각이 λ“€λ”κ΅°μš”.
05:44
"This is why people do lab studies."
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μ΄λŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€ 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ” κ±°κ΅¬λ‚˜.
05:46
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
05:49
I waited an hour.
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ν•œ μ‹œκ°„μ„ κΈ°λ‹€λ Έμ–΄μš”.
05:50
I figured it would take this long
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이 정도 μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 되면
05:52
for the trees to suck up the CO2 through photosynthesis,
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λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ΄ 광합성을 톡해 μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό ν‘μˆ˜ν•΄
05:55
turn it into sugars, send it down into their roots,
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λ‹ΉλΆ„μœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν™”μ‹œμΌœ 뿌리둜 보내고
05:58
and maybe, I hypothesized,
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ 제 κ°€μ„€λŒ€λ‘œ
06:00
shuttle that carbon belowground to their neighbors.
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κ·Έ νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό μ£Όλ³€ λ‚˜λ¬΄μ— 보낼 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ„ 거라 μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:04
After the hour was up,
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ν•œ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μ§€λ‚˜κ³ 
06:06
I rolled down my window,
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μš°μ„  창문을 μ—΄μ–΄
06:08
and I checked for mama grizzly.
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μ—„λ§ˆ νšŒμƒ‰κ³°μ΄ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ ν™•μΈν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:10
Oh good, she's over there eating her huckleberries.
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λ‹€ν–‰νžˆ μ €μͺ½μ—μ„œ μ›”κ·€λ‚˜λ¬΄ 열맀λ₯Ό λ¨Ήκ³  μžˆκ΅°μš”.
06:13
So I got out of the truck and I got to work.
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μ €λŠ” νŠΈλŸ­μ—μ„œ λ‚΄λ €μ„œ μž‘μ—…μ— μ°©μˆ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:16
I went to my first bag with the birch. I pulled the bag off.
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μžμž‘λ‚˜λ¬΄μ— μ”Œμ›Œλ‘” 첫 번째 봉지λ₯Ό 벗겨내고
06:20
I ran my Geiger counter over its leaves.
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λ‚˜λ­‡μžŽ μœ„λ‘œ 가이거 κ³„μˆ˜κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•΄λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:23
Kkhh!
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크크크!
06:25
Perfect.
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μ™„λ²½ν•˜λ„€μš”.
06:26
The birch had taken up the radioactive gas.
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μžμž‘λ‚˜λ¬΄κ°€ 방사선 κ°€μŠ€λ₯Ό ν‘μˆ˜ν–ˆκ΅°μš”.
06:29
Then the moment of truth.
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그럼 이제 μ§„μ‹€μ˜ μ‹œκ°„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:31
I went over to the fir tree.
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μ €λŠ” μ „λ‚˜λ¬΄λ‘œ κ°€μ„œ
06:33
I pulled off its bag.
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비닐 봉지λ₯Ό λ²—κΈ°κ³ 
06:35
I ran the Geiger counter up its needles,
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가이거 κ³„μˆ˜κΈ°λ₯Ό μ†”μžŽμ— κ°–λ‹€ λŒ€λ‹ˆ
06:37
and I heard the most beautiful sound.
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κ°€μž₯ μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ λ“€λ €μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:40
Kkhh!
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크크크!
06:42
It was the sound of birch talking to fir,
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그것은 μžμž‘λ‚˜λ¬΄κ°€ μ „λ‚˜λ¬΄μ—κ²Œ λ§ν•˜λŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:45
and birch was saying, "Hey, can I help you?"
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μžμž‘λ‚˜λ¬΄κ°€ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "λ‚΄κ°€ λ„μ™€μ€„κΉŒ?"
06:49
And fir was saying, "Yeah, can you send me some of your carbon?
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μ „λ‚˜λ¬΄κ°€ λ‹΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. "응, νƒ„μ†Œ μ’€ λ‚˜λˆ μ€„λž˜?"
06:52
Because somebody threw a shade cloth over me."
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"μ™œλƒλ©΄ λˆ„κ΅°κ°€κ°€ λ‚˜ν•œν…Œ 그늘 μ²œλ§‰μ„ μ”Œμ› κ±°λ“ ."
06:56
I went up to cedar, and I ran the Geiger counter over its leaves,
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μ΄λ²ˆμ—λŠ” μ‚Όλ‚˜λ¬΄λ‘œ κ°€μ„œ 가이거 κ³„μˆ˜κΈ°λ₯Ό 확인해 λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:00
and as I suspected,
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μ œκ°€ μƒκ°ν–ˆλ˜λŒ€λ‘œ
07:02
silence.
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κ³„μˆ˜κΈ°λŠ” μ‘°μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:04
Cedar was in its own world.
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μ‚Όλ‚˜λ¬΄λŠ” 자기만의 세계에 μ‚΄κ³  μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ κ±°μ£ .
07:06
It was not connected into the web interlinking birch and fir.
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μžμž‘λ‚˜λ¬΄μ™€ μ „λ‚˜λ¬΄μ˜ 연결망에 μ—°κ²°λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:11
I was so excited,
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μ „ λ„ˆλ¬΄ 신이 λ‚˜μ„œ
07:14
I ran from plot to plot and I checked all 80 replicates.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ €κΈ° λ›°μ–΄λ‹€λ‹ˆλ©° 80 그루의 묘λͺ©μ„ μ „λΆ€ ν™•μΈν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:18
The evidence was clear.
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μ¦κ±°λŠ” λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ λͺ…ν™•ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
07:20
The C-13 and C-14 was showing me
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C-13 κ³Ό C-14 에 μ˜ν•˜λ©΄
07:23
that paper birch and Douglas fir were in a lively two-way conversation.
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μžμž‘λ‚˜λ¬΄μ™€ μ „λ‚˜λ¬΄λŠ” μ„œλ‘œ ν™œκΈ°μ°¨κ²Œ λŒ€ν™”ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
07:27
It turns out at that time of the year,
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마침 κ·Έ μ‹€ν—˜μ΄ μ§„ν–‰λœ μ—¬λ¦„μ—λŠ”
07:29
in the summer,
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07:31
that birch was sending more carbon to fir than fir was sending back to birch,
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μžμž‘λ‚˜λ¬΄κ°€ μ „λ‚˜λ¬΄μ—κ²Œ νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό μ’€ 더 λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” λ•Œμ˜€μ–΄μš”.
07:34
especially when the fir was shaded.
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μ „λ‚˜λ¬΄κ°€ 햇빛을 λͺ» λ°›λŠ” 경우라면 νŠΉνžˆμš”.
07:37
And then in later experiments, we found the opposite,
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κ·Έ ν›„μ˜ μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œλŠ” λ°˜λŒ€μ˜ 결과도 λ‚˜μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:40
that fir was sending more carbon to birch than birch was sending to fir,
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μ „λ‚˜λ¬΄κ°€ μžμž‘λ‚˜λ¬΄μ—κ²Œ νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό 더 보내고 μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°
07:43
and this was because the fir was still growing while the birch was leafless.
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이 κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” μ „λ‚˜λ¬΄λŠ” μ„±μž₯μ€‘μ΄μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ μžμž‘λ‚˜λ¬΄λŠ” μžŽμ‚¬κ·€κ°€ 없을 λ•Œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:47
So it turns out the two species were interdependent,
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연ꡬ κ²°κ³Ό 두가지 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…μ˜ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ΄ μ„œλ‘œ μƒν˜Έμ˜μ‘΄ν•˜κ³  있음이 λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
like yin and yang.
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음과 μ–‘μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
07:52
And at that moment, everything came into focus for me.
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κ·Έ μˆœκ°„ λͺ¨λ“  것이 λΆ„λͺ…ν•΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:55
I knew I had found something big,
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μ €λŠ” μ œκ°€ μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ°œκ²¬μ„ ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•˜μœΌλ©°
07:58
something that would change the way we look at how trees interact in forests,
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숲의 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ†Œν†΅ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 이해λ₯Ό λ°”κΏ€ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:03
from not just competitors
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μ„œλ‘œμ˜ κ²½μŸμžλ“€ 일 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
08:05
but to cooperators.
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ν˜‘λ ₯μžλ“€λ‘œμ„œμš”.
08:07
And I had found solid evidence
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ν™•μ‹€ν•œ 증거λ₯Ό 찾은 κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:10
of this massive belowground communications network,
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λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€ μ‚¬μ΄μ—λŠ” κ±°λŒ€ν•œ μ§€ν•˜ 톡신망이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ„μš”.
08:13
the other world.
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 세상.
08:15
Now, I truly hoped and believed
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자, μ €λŠ” 제 이 발견이
08:17
that my discovery would change how we practice forestry,
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μ‚Όλ¦Ό 산업을 λ°”κΎΈκΈ°λ₯Ό μ§„μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ μ†Œλ§ν–ˆκ³  또 그럴 거라 λ―Ώμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:21
from clear-cutting and herbiciding
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κ°œλ²Œμ΄λ‚˜ 제초제λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” λ°©λ²•μ—μ„œ
08:23
to more holistic and sustainable methods,
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μ’€ 더 전체둠적이고 ν™˜κ²½ νŒŒκ΄΄κ°€ μ—†λŠ” 지속적인 방법을
08:26
methods that were less expensive and more practical.
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λΉ„μš©λ„ 덜 λ“€κ³  더 μ‹€μš©μ μΈ 방법을 μ°Ύλ„λ‘μš”.
08:29
What was I thinking?
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μ œκ°€ λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ‚™κ΄€μ μ΄μ—ˆλ˜ κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
08:31
I'll come back to that.
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κ·Έ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” λ‚˜μ€‘μ— λ‹€μ‹œ ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜μ§€μš”.
08:35
So how do we do science in complex systems like forests?
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숲 같은 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ³Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ 연ꡬ할 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
08:40
Well, as forest scientists, we have to do our research in the forests,
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μ‚Όλ¦Όκ³Όν•™μžμΈ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 숲 μ†μ—μ„œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:44
and that's really tough, as I've shown you.
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μ•„κΉŒ 보셨듯이 쉽지 μ•Šμ€ μΌμ΄μ§€μš”.
08:46
And we have to be really good at running from bears.
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κ³°μ—κ²Œμ„œ 잘 도망칠 쀄 μ•Œμ•„μ•Ό ν•˜κ±°λ“ μš”.
08:50
But mostly, we have to persevere
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ κ²½μš°λŠ” 그런 어렀움에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
08:52
in spite of all the stuff stacked against us.
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λκΉŒμ§€ μ‹œλ„ν•˜κ³  λ…Έλ ₯ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:55
And we have to follow our intuition and our experiences
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직감과 κ²½ν—˜μ— μ˜μ§€ν•΄
08:57
and ask really good questions.
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정말 쒋은 μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ„ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:00
And then we've got to gather our data and then go verify.
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒ 데이터λ₯Ό 좕적해 확인해야 ν•˜κ³ μš”.
09:03
For me, I've conducted and published hundreds of experiments in the forest.
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μ €λŠ” μˆ˜λ°±κ°€μ§€μ˜ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•˜κ³  논문을 써 λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:09
Some of my oldest experimental plantations are now over 30 years old.
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제 μ‹€ν—˜μš© 쑰림지쀑 κ°€μž₯ 였래된 곳은 이제 30년이 λ„˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:14
You can check them out.
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€λ„ μ°Ύμ•„κ°€ 보싀 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
09:15
That's how forest science works.
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μ‚Όλ¦Ό 과학은 그런 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:18
So now I want to talk about the science.
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그럼 이제 과학적인 뢀뢄에 λŒ€ν•΄ 이야기 ν•΄ λ³ΌκΉŒμš”.
09:20
How were paper birch and Douglas fir communicating?
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μžμž‘λ‚˜λ¬΄μ™€ μ „λ‚˜λ¬΄λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ†Œν†΅ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
09:23
Well, it turns out they were conversing not only in the language of carbon
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μ•Œκ³ λ³΄λ‹ˆ 이 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ€ νƒ„μ†ŒλΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
09:28
but also nitrogen and phosphorus
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μ§ˆμ†Œμ™€ 인
09:31
and water and defense signals and allele chemicals and hormones --
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λ¬Όκ³Ό λ°©μ–΄ μ‹ ν˜Έ, λŒ€λ¦½ ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆκ³Ό 호λ₯΄λͺ¬
09:35
information.
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정보λ₯Ό κ΅ν™˜ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:38
And you know, I have to tell you, before me, scientists had thought
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μ €μ˜ 연ꡬ결과가 λ‚˜μ˜€κΈ° μ „κΉŒμ§€ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€
09:41
that this belowground mutualistic symbiosis called a mycorrhiza
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κ· κ·Όμ΄λΌλŠ” ꡬ쑰둜 μ§€ν•˜μ˜ 상리 곡생이
09:44
was involved.
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이뀄진닀고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:46
Mycorrhiza literally means "fungus root."
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균근은 말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 'κ·  뿌리' λΌλŠ” λœ»μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:50
You see their reproductive organs when you walk through the forest.
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μˆ²μ†μ„ κ±ΈμœΌμ‹œλ©΄ κ· κ·Όλ“€μ˜ 생식 기관을 보싀 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:54
They're the mushrooms.
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λ°”λ‘œ λ²„μ„―λ“€μ΄μ§€μš”.
09:56
The mushrooms, though, are just the tip of the iceberg,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 버섯은 λΉ™μ‚°μ˜ 일각에 μ§€λ‚˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:59
because coming out of those stems are fungal threads that form a mycelium,
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균근의 μ€„κΈ°μ—μ„œλŠ” κ· λ₯˜ λˆμ‹€μ΄ λ‚˜μ™€μ„œ 균사체λ₯Ό 이루고
10:03
and that mycelium infects and colonizes the roots
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κ· μ‚¬μ²΄λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  λ‚˜λ¬΄μ™€ ν’€λ“€μ˜
10:06
of all the trees and plants.
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λΏŒλ¦¬μ— κ°μ—Όλ˜μ–΄ μ„œμ‹ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:08
And where the fungal cells interact with the root cells,
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κ·  세포가 뿌리 세포와 λ§Œλ‚˜λ©΄
10:11
there's a trade of carbon for nutrients,
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세포끼리 νƒ„μ†Œ μ˜μ–‘λΆ„μ„ κ΅ν™˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:13
and that fungus gets those nutrients by growing through the soil
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κ· λ₯˜λŠ” 흙 속에 퍼져 자라며
10:16
and coating every soil particle.
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ν† μ–‘ μ•Œκ°±μ΄ ν•˜λ‚˜ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ½”νŒ…ν•΄ μ˜μ–‘λΆ„μ„ μ–»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:19
The web is so dense that there can be hundreds of kilometers of mycelium
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이 균의 망은 밀도가 맀우 λ†’μ•„μ„œ 발자ꡭ ν•˜λ‚˜ μ •λ„μ˜ 넓이에
10:24
under a single footstep.
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수백 ν‚¬λ‘œλ―Έν„°μ˜ 균사체가 엉겨 μžˆμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:26
And not only that, that mycelium connects different individuals in the forest,
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뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ κ· μ‚¬μ²΄λŠ” 숲 μ†μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ κ°œμ²΄λ“€μ„ μ„œλ‘œ μ—°κ²° ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:32
individuals not only of the same species but between species, like birch and fir,
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같은 μ’…μ˜ κ°œμ²΄λ“€ 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μžμž‘λ‚˜λ¬΄μ™€ μ „λ‚˜λ¬΄μ²˜λŸΌ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…μ˜ κ°œμ²΄λ“€λ„μš”.
10:37
and it works kind of like the Internet.
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인터넷 같은 κ±°μ£ .
10:41
You see, like all networks,
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μ—¬λŠ 연결망듀 처럼
10:43
mycorrhizal networks have nodes and links.
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균근망도 ꡐ점과 연결이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:46
We made this map by examining the short sequences of DNA
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이 μ§€λ„λŠ” 저희가 μ „λ‚˜λ¬΄ 숲의 ν•œ λΆ€λΆ„μ˜
10:50
of every tree and every fungal individual in a patch of Douglas fir forest.
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λͺ¨λ“  λ‚˜λ¬΄μ™€ λͺ¨λ“  κ· λ₯˜ 개체의 DNA μ—ΌκΈ° μˆœμ„œλ₯Ό 쑰사해 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:56
In this picture, the circles represent the Douglas fir, or the nodes,
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ λ™κ·ΈλΌλ―ΈλŠ” μ „λ‚˜λ¬΄, λ˜λŠ” ꡐ점을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄κ³ 
10:59
and the lines represent the interlinking fungal highways, or the links.
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선듀은 ꡐ점 사이λ₯Ό μž‡λŠ” κ· λ₯˜μ˜ κ³ μ†λ„λ‘œ, 연결을 λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:05
The biggest, darkest nodes are the busiest nodes.
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κ°€μž₯ 크고 색이 μ§„ν•œ ꡐ점듀은 κ°€μž₯ λ°”μœ κ΅μ λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:09
We call those hub trees,
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쀑심 λ‚˜λ¬΄λΌκ³  λΆ€λ₯΄κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
11:11
or more fondly, mother trees,
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μ’€ 더 애정을 λ‹΄μ•„ μ—„λ§ˆ λ‚˜λ¬΄λΌκ³  λΆ€λ₯΄κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:13
because it turns out that those hub trees nurture their young,
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μ™œλƒλ©΄ λ°”λ‘œ 이 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ΄ 숲의 ν•˜μΈ΅μ—μ„œ μžλΌλŠ” μ–΄λ¦° λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ„
11:18
the ones growing in the understory.
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λŒλ³΄λŠ” λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:21
And if you can see those yellow dots,
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μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” λ…Έλž€ 점듀이
11:23
those are the young seedlings that have established within the network
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λ‚˜μ΄λ“  μ—„λ§ˆ λ‚˜λ¬΄μ˜ 연결망에
11:26
of the old mother trees.
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μ—°κ²° 된 μ–΄λ¦° 묘λͺ©λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:28
In a single forest, a mother tree can be connected to hundreds of other trees.
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μˆ²μ—μ„œ 수백 그루의 λ‚˜λ¬΄κ°€ ν•œ μ—„λ§ˆ λ‚˜λ¬΄μ— μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ μžˆκΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:33
And using our isotope tracers,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ™μœ„ μ›μ†Œ κ²€μΆœκΈ°λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄
11:36
we have found that mother trees
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μ—„λ§ˆ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ΄ κ· κ·Ό 연결망을 톡해
11:37
will send their excess carbon through the mycorrhizal network
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μžμ‹ μ΄ 가진 μ—¬λΆ„μ˜ νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό
11:40
to the understory seedlings,
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묘λͺ©λ“€μ—κ²Œ 보내 μ£ΌλŠ” 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:42
and we've associated this with increased seedling survival
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λ˜ν•œ 이런 양뢄이 묘λͺ©μ˜ 생쑴λ₯ μ„
11:45
by four times.
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λ„€λ°°λ‚˜ λ†’μΈλ‹€λŠ” 것도 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
11:47
Now, we know we all favor our own children,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 자기 아이듀을 μ˜ˆλ»ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ‚¬μ‹€μ΄μ–΄μ„œ
11:51
and I wondered, could Douglas fir recognize its own kin,
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μ €λŠ” μ „λ‚˜λ¬΄λ„ μžμ‹ μ˜ 아이λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ„μ§€ κΆκΈˆν•΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:55
like mama grizzly and her cub?
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μ—„λ§ˆ νšŒμƒ‰κ³°μ΄ 자기 아기곰을 μ•Œμ•„ λ³΄λ“―μ΄μš”.
11:58
So we set about an experiment,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ‹€ν—˜ ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό ν•΄λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:00
and we grew mother trees with kin and stranger's seedlings.
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μ—„λ§ˆ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ₯Ό μžλ…€ 묘λͺ© 그리고 μ™ΈλΆ€μ—μ„œ 온 묘λͺ©κ³Ό 같이 ν‚€μ›Œ λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:04
And it turns out they do recognize their kin.
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κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό μ—„λ§ˆ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ€ 자기의 묘λͺ©μ„ μ•Œμ•„ λ³Έλ‹€λŠ” 것이 증λͺ…λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:07
Mother trees colonize their kin with bigger mycorrhizal networks.
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μžλ…€ 묘λͺ©μ€ 더 큰 κ· κ·Ό μ—°κ²°λ§μœΌλ‘œ 감쌌고
12:12
They send them more carbon below ground.
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더 λ§Žμ€ νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό μ§€ν•˜λ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:14
They even reduce their own root competition
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심지어 μžμ‹ μ˜ 뿌리 μ„±μž₯을 μ€„μ—¬μ„œ
12:17
to make elbow room for their kids.
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μžλ…€ 묘λͺ©λ“€μ΄ μžλž„ 곡간을 λ‚΄μ–΄ μ£Όμ—ˆμ£ .
12:20
When mother trees are injured or dying,
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μƒμ²˜λ₯Ό μž…κ±°λ‚˜ μ£½μ–΄κ°€λŠ” μ—„λ§ˆ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ€
12:23
they also send messages of wisdom on to the next generation of seedlings.
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μžμ‹ μ˜ μƒμ˜ μ§€ν˜œλ₯Ό λ‹€μŒ μ„ΈλŒ€ 묘λͺ©λ“€μ—κ²Œ 보내기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:29
So we've used isotope tracing
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” νƒ„μ†Œ 방사선 λ™μœ„ μ›μ†Œ μΈ‘μ •μœΌλ‘œ
12:30
to trace carbon moving from an injured mother tree
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μƒμ²˜ μž…μ€ μ—„λ§ˆ λ‚˜λ¬΄μ˜ λͺΈν†΅μ„ 따라
12:33
down her trunk into the mycorrhizal network
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μ§€ν•˜μ˜ κ· κ·Ό 연결망을 톡해
12:35
and into her neighboring seedlings,
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무엇이 μ£Όλ³€μ˜ 묘λͺ©λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ „λ‹¬λ˜λŠ”μ§€ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:38
not only carbon but also defense signals.
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그것은 νƒ„μ†Œ 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λ°©μ–΄ μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:41
And these two compounds
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이 λ‘κ°€μ§€μ˜ λ°©μ–΄ 물질둜
12:43
have increased the resistance of those seedlings to future stresses.
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묘λͺ©λ“€μ€ 미래의 μœ„ν—˜μ— 더 높은 탄λ ₯성을 μ§€λ‹ˆκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:47
So trees talk.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ€ λŒ€ν™”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:50
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
12:52
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:57
Through back and forth conversations,
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이런 μƒν˜Έκ°„μ˜ λŒ€ν™”λ‘œ
12:59
they increase the resilience of the whole community.
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곡동체 μ „μ²΄μ˜ 회볡λ ₯κ³Ό 탄λ ₯성이 λ†’μ•„μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:03
It probably reminds you of our own social communities,
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μ•„λ§ˆ μΈκ°„λ“€μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒ 곡동체가 μƒκ°λ‚˜μ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:06
and our families,
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우리의 κ°€μ •λ“€λ„μš”.
13:07
well, at least some families.
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뭐, 적어도 λͺ‡ 가쑱듀은 λ§μ΄μ—μš”.
13:09
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
13:11
So let's come back to the initial point.
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그럼 처음의 μš”μ μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€ λ³ΌκΉŒμš”.
13:14
Forests aren't simply collections of trees,
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μˆ²μ€ λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ λ‚˜λ¬΄κ°€ λ°€μ§‘ν•œ 게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
13:16
they're complex systems with hubs and networks
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쀑심뢀듀과 μ—°κ²°λ§μœΌλ‘œ 이뀄진 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:20
that overlap and connect trees and allow them to communicate,
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이 연결망듀은 μ„œλ‘œ 겹치며 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ„ μ—°κ²°ν•˜κ³  μ†Œν†΅ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λ©°
13:24
and they provide avenues for feedbacks and adaptation,
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ν”Όλ“œλ°±κ³Ό 적응을 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜κ³ 
13:27
and this makes the forest resilient.
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이 λͺ¨λ“  것이 μˆ²μ„ 더 κ°•μΈν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:30
That's because there are many hub trees and many overlapping networks.
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 쀑심 λ‚˜λ¬΄μ™€ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ—°κ²°λ§μœΌλ‘œ 이뀄져 μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
13:34
But they're also vulnerable,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μˆ²μ€ μ‰½κ²Œ μƒμ²˜ 받기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:36
vulnerable not only to natural disturbances
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크고 였래된 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ₯Ό 골라 κ³΅κ²©ν•˜λŠ” λ‚˜λ¬΄μ’€μ²˜λŸΌ
13:40
like bark beetles that preferentially attack big old trees
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μžμ—°μ μΈ 폐해에 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
13:43
but high-grade logging and clear-cut logging.
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높은 λ“±κΈ‰μ˜ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ₯Ό 골라 ν˜Ήμ€ 숲 전체λ₯Ό 벌λͺ©ν•˜λŠ” ν–‰μœ„μ— κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:47
You see, you can take out one or two hub trees,
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ν•œλ‘ 그루의 쀑심 λ‚˜λ¬΄λŠ” λ² μ–΄ λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:50
but there comes a tipping point,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ³€ν™”μ˜ μ‹œμ μ΄ μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:52
because hub trees are not unlike rivets in an airplane.
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쀑심 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ€ 마치 λΉ„ν–‰κΈ°μ˜ λͺ» κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:55
You can take out one or two and the plane still flies,
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λͺ» ν•œ 두 개λ₯Ό 빼도 λΉ„ν–‰κΈ°λŠ” 계속 λ‚ κ² μ§€λ§Œ
13:59
but you take out one too many,
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μ–΄λŠ 갯수λ₯Ό λ„˜μ–΄μ„œκ±°λ‚˜
14:01
or maybe that one holding on the wings,
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λ‚ κ°œλ₯Ό μ§€νƒ±ν•˜λŠ” λͺ»μ„ λΉΌλ‚΄λŠ” μˆœκ°„
14:03
and the whole system collapses.
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λΉ„ν–‰κΈ° 전체가 λ¬΄λ„ˆμ Έ λ‚΄λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:07
So now how are you thinking about forests? Differently?
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μ΄μ œλŠ” μˆ²μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹œλ‚˜μš”? μ’€ λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ 생각이 λ“œμ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
14:09
(Audience) Yes.
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(청쀑) λ„€.
14:11
Cool.
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μ’‹μ•„μš”.
14:13
I'm glad.
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κΈ°μ˜λ„€μš”.
14:14
So, remember I said earlier that I hoped that my research,
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μ €λŠ” μ•„κΉŒ 제 연ꡬ가, 제 λ°œκ²¬λ“€μ΄
14:18
my discoveries would change the way we practice forestry.
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삼립업계에 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έμ˜€κΈΈ λ°”λž¬λ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
14:22
Well, I want to take a check on that 30 years later here in western Canada.
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그럼 30년이 μ§€λ‚œ μ§€κΈˆ 이곳 μΊλ‚˜λ‹€ μ„œλΆ€λŠ” μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”.
14:34
This is about 100 kilometers to the west of us,
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이곳은 μ§€κΈˆ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μžˆλŠ” κ³³μ—μ„œ μ•½ 100km μ„œμͺ½μœΌλ‘œ
14:37
just on the border of Banff National Park.
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λ°΄ν”„ ꡭ립 κ³΅μ›μ˜ κ²½κ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:41
That's a lot of clear-cuts.
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ κ°œλ²Œμ§€λ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:43
It's not so pristine.
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μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹œλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ κΉ¨λ—ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:45
In 2014, the World Resources Institute reported that Canada in the past decade
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2014λ…„ 세계 μžμ› μ—°κ΅¬μ†ŒλŠ” μ§€λ‚œ 10λ…„κ°„ μΊλ‚˜λ‹€κ°€
14:51
has had the highest forest disturbance rate of any country worldwide,
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μ „μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 높은 μ‚Όλ¦Ό 폐해가 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€κ³  보고 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:55
and I bet you thought it was Brazil.
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μ•„λ§ˆ 브라질이 1등이라고 μƒκ°ν•˜μ…¨κ² μ£ .
14:59
In Canada, it's 3.6 percent per year.
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μΊλ‚˜λ‹€μ˜ μ‚Όλ¦Ό ν”Όν•΄μœ¨μ€ 맀해 3.6%에 μ΄λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:02
Now, by my estimation, that's about four times the rate that is sustainable.
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제 μΆ”μΈ‘μœΌλ‘œ 이것은 μœ μ§€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ ν”Όν•΄μœ¨μ˜ 4λ°° μ •λ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:09
Now, massive disturbance at this scale is known to affect hydrological cycles,
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이 μ •λ„μ˜ λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨ μ‚Όλ¦Ό νν•΄λŠ” λ¬Ό μˆœν™˜μ—λ„ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉœλ‹€κ³  μ•Œλ €μ§€λ©°
15:13
degrade wildlife habitat,
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야생 동물 μƒνƒœκ³„λ₯Ό μ €ν•˜μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
15:15
and emit greenhouse gases back into the atmosphere,
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μ˜¨μ‹€ κ°€μŠ€λ₯Ό λŒ€κΈ°μ— λΆ„μΆœν•΄
15:18
which creates more disturbance and more tree diebacks.
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더 λ§Žμ€ μ‚Όλ¦Ό 폐해와 더 λ§Žμ€ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ˜ 쀄기 λ§ˆλ¦„λ³‘μ„ μ΄ˆλž˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:23
Not only that, we're continuing to plant one or two species
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그뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ—¬μ „νžˆ ν•œ 두 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 묘λͺ©λ§Œ 심고
15:26
and weed out the aspens and birches.
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μžμž‘λ‚˜λ¬΄μ™€ λ°±μ–‘λ‚˜λ¬΄λŠ” μž‘λ‚˜λ¬΄λ‘œ μ·¨κΈ‰ν•΄ λ² μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:29
These simplified forests lack complexity,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ‹¨μˆœν™” 된 μˆ²μ€ λ³΅μž‘μ„±μ΄ 떨어지고
15:31
and they're really vulnerable to infections and bugs.
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μ§ˆλ³‘κ³Ό 해좩에 더 μ·¨μ•½ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:35
And as climate changes,
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λ˜ν•œ κΈ°ν›„κ°€ λ³€ν™”ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
15:37
this is creating a perfect storm
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이 λͺ¨λ“  μš”μ†Œλ“€λ‘œ μ΅œμ•…μ˜ 상황이 일어날
15:41
for extreme events, like the massive mountain pine beetle outbreak
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κ°€λŠ₯성이 높아지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 졜근 뢁미주λ₯Ό νœ©μ“΄
15:45
that just swept across North America,
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μ–΄λ§ˆμ–΄λ§ˆν•œ 규λͺ¨μ˜ μ†Œλ‚˜λ¬΄μ’€ κ°μ—Όμ΄λ‚˜
15:47
or that megafire in the last couple months in Alberta.
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μ§€λ‚œ 두달간 꺼지지 μ•Šμ€ μ•Œλ²„νƒ€ 주의 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ μ‚°λΆˆκ°™μ€ κ²½μš°μš”.
15:52
So I want to come back to my final question:
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그럼 제 μ΅œμ’… 질문으둜 λ‹€μ‹œ λŒμ•„κ°€λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
15:56
instead of weakening our forests,
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μˆ²μ„ 더 μ•½ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” λŒ€μ‹ 
15:58
how can we reinforce them and help them deal with climate change?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μˆ²μ„ 더 κ°•ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€κ³  κΈ°ν›„ 변화에 λŒ€μ²˜ν•˜λ„λ‘ λ„μšΈ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
16:03
Well, you know, the great thing about forests as complex systems
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λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμΈ 숲의 강점은
16:07
is they have enormous capacity to self-heal.
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λ†€λžλ„λ‘ λ›°μ–΄λ‚œ μžκ°€ 치유 λŠ₯λ ₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:11
In our recent experiments,
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μ €ν¬μ˜ 졜근 연ꡬ에 μ˜ν•˜λ©΄
16:13
we found with patch-cutting and retention of hub trees
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뢀뢄적 벌λͺ©κ³Ό μ—„λ§ˆ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ˜ 보쑴
16:16
and regeneration to a diversity of species and genes and genotypes
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μ’…, μœ μ „μž, μœ μ „μžν˜•μ˜ λ‹€μ–‘μ„±μ˜ μž¬κ±΄μ„ 톡해
16:20
that these mycorrhizal networks, they recover really rapidly.
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이 κ· κ·Ό 연결망은 μ•„μ£Ό λΉ λ₯Έ μ†λ„λ‘œ νšŒλ³΅ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:25
So with this in mind, I want to leave you with four simple solutions.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ λ„€ 가지 해결책을 μ œμ‹œν•˜λ©° 강연을 마칠까 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:30
And we can't kid ourselves that these are too complicated to act on.
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이것쑰차 λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ³΅μž‘ν•˜λ‹€κ³  λΆˆν‰ν•˜λŠ” 건 응석이겠죠.
16:35
First, we all need to get out in the forest.
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첫째, 우리 λͺ¨λ‘ 숲으둜 λ‚˜κ°€μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:39
We need to reestablish local involvement in our own forests.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚¬λŠ” 곳의 μˆ²λ“€κ³Ό λ‹€μ‹œ μ–΄μšΈλ €μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:44
You see, most of our forests now
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μ•„μ‹œλ‚˜μš”? ν˜„μž¬ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μˆ²λ“€μ΄
16:45
are managed using a one-size-fits-all approach,
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λ˜‘κ°™μ€ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 관리 되고 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ„μš”.
16:48
but good forest stewardship requires knowledge of local conditions.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 쒋은 μ‚Όλ¦Ό κ΄€λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ 지역 ν™˜κ²½μ— λŒ€ν•œ 이해가 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:54
Second, we need to save our old-growth forests.
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λ‘˜μ§Έ, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 였래된 μˆ²λ“€μ„ μ§€μΌœμ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:59
These are the repositories of genes and mother trees and mycorrhizal networks.
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였래된 μˆ²λ“€μ€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μœ μ „μžμ™€ μ—„λ§ˆ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€, κ· κ·Ό μ—°κ²°λ§μ˜ 보고 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:06
So this means less cutting.
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이런 숲의 벌λͺ©μ„ μ€„μ΄μžλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:08
I don't mean no cutting, but less cutting.
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κΈˆμ§€ν•˜μžλŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ€„μ΄μžλŠ” κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
17:11
And third, when we do cut,
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μ…‹μ§Έλ‘œ, λ‚˜λ¬΄λ₯Ό 벨 λ•Œ
17:14
we need to save the legacies,
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λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ˜ μœ μ‚°μ„ 보쑴 ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:17
the mother trees and networks,
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μ—„λ§ˆ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€κ³Ό 연결망듀
17:18
and the wood, the genes,
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숲과 κ·Έ μ•ˆμ˜ μœ μ „μžλ“€μ„μš”.
17:20
so they can pass their wisdom onto the next generation of trees
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κ·Έ μ•ˆμ˜ μ§€ν˜œκ°€ λ‹€μŒ μ„ΈλŒ€μ˜ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ 전달 될 수 μžˆλ„λ‘
17:24
so they can withstand the future stresses coming down the road.
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그듀이 λ―Έλž˜μ— λ‹₯μΉ  μœ„ν—˜μ„ κ²¬λŽŒλ‚Ό 수 있게 ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:28
We need to be conservationists.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ ν™˜κ²½ 보호 μš΄λ™κ°€κ°€ λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:31
And finally, fourthly and finally,
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λ„€ 번째, 그리고 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ
17:35
we need to regenerate our forests with a diversity of species
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 우리 숲 μ†μ˜ μ’…, μœ μ „μžν˜•
17:38
and genotypes and structures
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그리고 ꡬ쑰적 닀양성을 νšŒλ³΅μ‹œμΌœμ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:41
by planting and allowing natural regeneration.
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식λͺ©μ„ ν•˜κ³  또 μžμ—° νšŒλ³΅μ„ κ°€λŠ₯μΌ€ ν•΄
17:44
We have to give Mother Nature the tools she needs
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λŒ€μžμ—°μ΄ 슀슀둜의 지λŠ₯을 μ΄μš©ν•΄
μžκ°€ νšŒλ³΅ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 도ꡬλ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:47
to use her intelligence to self-heal.
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그리고 숲이 λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ μ—¬λŸ¬ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ΄ λͺ¨μ—¬
17:51
And we need to remember that forests aren't just a bunch of trees
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κ²½μŸν•˜λŠ” 곳이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
17:54
competing with each other,
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17:55
they're supercooperators.
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μ΄ˆν˜‘λ ₯μžλ“€μ΄λΌλŠ” κ±Έ κΈ°μ–΅ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:58
So back to Jigs.
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제 강아지 지그가 λ³€μ†Œμ— λΉ μ‘Œμ„ λ•Œ
18:00
Jigs's fall into the outhouse showed me this other world,
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μ €λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 세계λ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆκ³ 
18:04
and it changed my view of forests.
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κ·Έ κ²½ν—˜μ΄ μˆ²μ„ λ³΄λŠ” μ €μ˜ μ‹œκ°μ„ λ°”κΎΈμ–΄ λ†“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:07
I hope today to have changed how you think about forests.
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였늘 μ œκ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μˆ²μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 방식을 λ°”κΏ¨μœΌλ©΄ μ’‹κ² λ„€μš”.
18:10
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
(λ°•μˆ˜)
18:12
(Applause)
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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