How trees talk to each other | Suzanne Simard

Translator: Nika Kotnik Reviewer: Matej Divjak

Imagine you're walking through a forest.

Predstavljajte si, da hodite skozi gozd.

I'm guessing you're thinking of a collection of trees,

Predvidevam, da mislite na skupino dreves,

what we foresters call a stand,

čemur mi gozdarji pravimo gozdni sestoj,

with their rugged stems and their beautiful crowns.

s hrapavimi debli in njihovimi lepimi košnjami.

Yes, trees are the foundation of forests,

Ja, drevesa so osnova gozda,

but a forest is much more than what you see,

a gozd je veliko več od tega, kar vidite,

and today I want to change the way you think about forests.

in danes bi rada spremenila način, na katerega vidite gozd.

You see, underground there is this other world,

Veste, pod zemljo, je še en svet,

a world of infinite biological pathways

svet neskončnih bioloških poti,

that connect trees and allow them to communicate

ki povezujejo drevesa in jim omogočajo komunikacijo

and allow the forest to behave as though it's a single organism.

in dovolijo gozdu, da se obnaša kot en sam organizem.

It might remind you of a sort of intelligence.

Morda vas to spominja na neke vrste inteligenco.

How do I know this?

Kako vem to?

Here's my story.

Tu je moja zgodba.

I grew up in the forests of British Columbia.

Odrasla sem v gozdovih Britanske Kolumbije.

I used to lay on the forest floor and stare up at the tree crowns.

Ležala sem na gozdnih tleh in strmela v drevesne krošnje.

They were giants.

To so bili velikani.

My grandfather was a giant, too.

Tudi moj dedek je bil velikan.

He was a horse logger,

S konji je vozil les iz gozda

and he used to selectively cut cedar poles from the inland rainforest.

in je včasih selektivno sekal cedre iz notranjega deževnega gozda.

Grandpa taught me about the quiet and cohesive ways of the woods,

Dedek me je naučil o tihi in trdni naravi gozda,

and how my family was knit into it.

in kako je vanj vpletena moja družina.

So I followed in grandpa's footsteps.

Tako sem šla po dedkovih stopinjah.

He and I had this curiosity about forests,

Oba naju je zelo zanimal gozd

and my first big "aha" moment

in moj prvi "aha" trenutek

was at the outhouse by our lake.

je bil pri zunanjem stranišču ob jezeru.

Our poor dog Jigs had slipped and fallen into the pit.

Naš ubogi pes Jigs je zdrsnil in padel v jarek.

So grandpa ran up with his shovel to rescue the poor dog.

Dedek je stekel tja z lopato, da bi rešil ubožčka.

He was down there, swimming in the muck.

Bil je spodaj, plaval v blatu.

But as grandpa dug through that forest floor,

A ko je dedek kopal skozi gozdna tla,

I became fascinated with the roots,

so mene navdušile korenine,

and under that, what I learned later was the white mycelium

in pod njimi, kot sem se naučila kasneje, je bil beli micelij

and under that the red and yellow mineral horizons.

in pod njimi rdeči in rumeni mineralni horizont.

Eventually, grandpa and I rescued the poor dog,

Sčasoma sva z dedkom rešila ubogega psa,

but it was at that moment that I realized

a v tem trenutku sem spoznala,

that that palette of roots and soil

da je ta paleta korenin in zemlje

was really the foundation of the forest.

pravzaprav osnova gozda.

And I wanted to know more.

In želela sem vedeti več.

So I studied forestry.

Tako sem študirala gozdarstvo.

But soon I found myself working alongside the powerful people

A kmalu sem se znašla poleg pomembnih ljudi,

in charge of the commercial harvest.

ki so nadzorovali komercialno sečnjo.

The extent of the clear-cutting

Količina sečnje

was alarming,

je bila alarmantna

and I soon found myself conflicted by my part in it.

in kmalu sem bila v konfliktu s samo sabo zaradi moje vloge v tem.

Not only that, the spraying and hacking of the aspens and birches

Ne samo to, škropljenje in sekanje trepetlik in brez,

to make way for the more commercially valuable planted pines and firs

da so naredili prostor za komercialno bolj vredne bore in jelke,

was astounding.

je bilo neverjetno.

It seemed that nothing could stop this relentless industrial machine.

Zdelo se mi je, da ne more nič ustaviti tega neumornega industrijskega stroja.

So I went back to school,

Tako sem šla nazaj v šolo

and I studied my other world.

in preučevala svoj drug svet.

You see, scientists had just discovered in the laboratory in vitro

Veste, znanstveniki so ravno takrat ugotovili, v laboratoriju in vitro,

that one pine seedling root

da korenina ene sadike bora

could transmit carbon to another pine seedling root.

lahko prenese ogljik drugi sadiki bora.

But this was in the laboratory,

A to je bilo v laboratoriju

and I wondered, could this happen in real forests?

in pomislila sem, bi se lahko to zgodilo v pravem gozdu?

I thought yes.

Mislila sem, da bi se.

Trees in real forests might also share information below ground.

Morda drevesa v pravem gozdu prav tako delijo informacije pod zemljo.

But this was really controversial,

A to je bilo res kontroverzno

and some people thought I was crazy,

in nekateri so mislili, da sem nora

and I had a really hard time getting research funding.

in res sem težko dobila financiranje svojih raziskav.

But I persevered,

A sem vztrajala

and I eventually conducted some experiments deep in the forest,

in sčasoma naredila nekaj eksperimentov globoko v gozdu,

25 years ago.

pred 25 leti.

I grew 80 replicates of three species:

Vzgojila sem 80 primerkov treh vrst:;

paper birch, Douglas fir, and western red cedar.

breze, jelke in cedre.

I figured the birch and the fir would be connected in a belowground web,

Predvidevala sem, da bosta breza in jelka povezani v podzemni mreži,

but not the cedar.

cedra pa ne.

It was in its own other world.

Bila je v svojem svetu.

And I gathered my apparatus,

Zato sem zbrala svojo opremo,

and I had no money, so I had to do it on the cheap.

nisem imela denarja, zato je morala biti poceni.

So I went to Canadian Tire --

Šla sem v Merkur -

(Laughter)

(smeh)

and I bought some plastic bags and duct tape and shade cloth,

in kupila nekaj plastičnih vrečk, lepilni trak in odejo,

a timer, a paper suit, a respirator.

štoparico, papirnato obleko in respirator.

And then I borrowed some high-tech stuff from my university:

Potem sem si izposodila nekaj visoko tehnoloških stvari z univerze:

a Geiger counter, a scintillation counter, a mass spectrometer, microscopes.

Geigerjev števec, scintilacijski števec, masni spektrometer, mikroskope.

And then I got some really dangerous stuff:

Potem pa sem vzela nekaj res nevarnih stvari:

syringes full of radioactive carbon-14 carbon dioxide gas

injekcije polne radioaktivnega plina ogljikovega dioksida z ogljikom-14

and some high pressure bottles

in steklenice pod visokim pritiskom

of the stable isotope carbon-13 carbon dioxide gas.

stabilnega izotopa ogljikovega dioksida z ogljikom-13.

But I was legally permitted.

A imela sem dovoljenje.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Oh, and I forgot some stuff,

Oh, nekaj stvari pa sem pozabila,

important stuff: the bug spray,

pomembnih stvari: sprej proti žuželkam,

the bear spray, the filters for my respirator.

sprej proti medvedom, filtre za moj respirator.

Oh well.

Oh ja.

The first day of the experiment, we got out to our plot

Prvi dan našega eksperimenta smo prišli na naše mesto

and a grizzly bear and her cub chased us off.

in grizli medvedka z mladički nas je pregnala.

And I had no bear spray.

Nisem imela spreja proti medvedom.

But you know, this is how forest research in Canada goes.

Ampak, tako pač je raziskovanje gozda v Kanadi.

(Laughter)

(smeh)

So I came back the next day,

Vrnila sem se naslednji dan

and mama grizzly and her cub were gone.

in medvedka z mladički je odšla.

So this time, we really got started,

Tako da smo takrat res začeli

and I pulled on my white paper suit,

in oblekla sem si obleko iz belega papirja,

I put on my respirator,

nadela sem si respirator

and then

in potem

I put the plastic bags over my trees.

dala plastične vrečke čez moja drevesa.

I got my giant syringes,

Vzela sem velikansko injekcijo

and I injected the bags

in vrečke injicirala

with my tracer isotope carbon dioxide gases,

z izotopi plina ogljikovega dioksida za sledenje,

first the birch.

najprej brezo.

I injected carbon-14, the radioactive gas,

Injicirala sem ogljik-14, radioaktivni plin,

into the bag of birch.

v vrečo z brezo.

And then for fir,

Za jelko pa sem potem

I injected the stable isotope carbon-13 carbon dioxide gas.

injicirala stabilni izotop ogljik-13.

I used two isotopes,

Uporabila sem 2 izotopa,

because I was wondering

ker me je zanimalo,

whether there was two-way communication going on between these species.

če se med tema vrstama dogaja dvosmerna komunikacija.

I got to the final bag,

Prišla sem do zadnje vrečke,

the 80th replicate,

80. ponovitve,

and all of a sudden mama grizzly showed up again.

in kar naenkrat se je spet prikazala mama grizli.

And she started to chase me,

In začela me je preganjati

and I had my syringes above my head,

in nad glavo sem imela brizgi

and I was swatting the mosquitos, and I jumped into the truck,

in preganjala sem komarje in skočila na tovornjak

in pomislila:

and I thought,

"Zato ljudje delajo v laboratoriju."

"This is why people do lab studies."

(smeh)

(Laughter)

I waited an hour.

Počakala sem eno uro.

I figured it would take this long

Predvidevala sem, da bodo v tem času

for the trees to suck up the CO2 through photosynthesis,

drevesa posrkala CO2 v fotosintezi,

turn it into sugars, send it down into their roots,

ga spremenila v sladkorje, ga poslala dol do korenin,

and maybe, I hypothesized,

in morda, sem predvidevala,

shuttle that carbon belowground to their neighbors.

poslala ogljik pod tlemi k sosedom.

After the hour was up,

In ko je minila ura,

I rolled down my window,

sem odprla okno

and I checked for mama grizzly.

in preverila, kje je mama grizli.

Oh good, she's over there eating her huckleberries.

Dobro, tamle je in je borovnice.

So I got out of the truck and I got to work.

Tako da sem izstopila iz tovornjaka in šla na delo.

I went to my first bag with the birch. I pulled the bag off.

Šla sem do prve vrečke z brezo. Vrečo sem potegnila dol.

I ran my Geiger counter over its leaves.

Z Geigerjevim števcem sem šla čez liste.

Kkhh!

Khhhh.

Perfect.

Popolno.

The birch had taken up the radioactive gas.

Breza je prevzela radioaktivni plin.

Then the moment of truth.

Potem pa trenutek resnice.

I went over to the fir tree.

Šla sem do jelke.

I pulled off its bag.

Potegnila dol vrečo.

I ran the Geiger counter up its needles,

Približala sem Geigerjev števec iglicam

and I heard the most beautiful sound.

in slišala najlepši zvok.

Kkhh!

Khhhh!

It was the sound of birch talking to fir,

Bil je zvok pogovora med brezo in jelko,

and birch was saying, "Hey, can I help you?"

in breza je rekla: "Hej, ti lahko pomagam?"

And fir was saying, "Yeah, can you send me some of your carbon?

In jelka je odvrnila: "Ja, mi lahko pošlješ nekaj tvojega ogljika?

Because somebody threw a shade cloth over me."

Nekdo je čez mene vrgel krpo."

I went up to cedar, and I ran the Geiger counter over its leaves,

Šla sem do cedre in šla z Geigerjevim števcem prek listov,

and as I suspected,

in kot sem predvidevala,

silence.

tišina.

Cedar was in its own world.

Cedra je bila v svojem svetu.

It was not connected into the web interlinking birch and fir.

Ni bila del mreže, ki je povezovala brezo in jelko.

I was so excited,

Bila sem tako navdušena.

I ran from plot to plot and I checked all 80 replicates.

Tekla sem od enega do drugega drevesa in preverila vseh 80 ponovitev.

The evidence was clear.

Bilo je jasno.

The C-13 and C-14 was showing me

C-13 in C-14 sta mi pokazala,

that paper birch and Douglas fir were in a lively two-way conversation.

da sta imeli breza in smreka živahno, dvosmerno komunikacijo.

It turns out at that time of the year,

Izkazalo se je, da v tistem letnem času, poletju,

in the summer,

that birch was sending more carbon to fir than fir was sending back to birch,

je breza pošiljala več ogljika jelki kot jelka brezi,

especially when the fir was shaded.

še posebej, če sem jelko pokrila.

And then in later experiments, we found the opposite,

In v kasnejših poskusih se je izkazalo za ravno obratno,

that fir was sending more carbon to birch than birch was sending to fir,

da je jelka pošiljala več ogljika brezi kot breza jelki,

and this was because the fir was still growing while the birch was leafless.

ker je jelka še rasla, brezi pa so listi odpadli.

So it turns out the two species were interdependent,

Izkazalo se je, da sta ti dve vrsti soodvisni,

like yin and yang.

kot jin in jang.

And at that moment, everything came into focus for me.

In v tistem trenutku se je vse izostrilo.

I knew I had found something big,

Vedela sem, da sem odkrila nekaj velikega,

something that would change the way we look at how trees interact in forests,

nekaj, kar bo spremenilo pogled na medsebojno interakcijo dreves v gozdu,

from not just competitors

od tekmovanja

but to cooperators.

k sodelovanju.

And I had found solid evidence

In našla sem trdne dokaze

of this massive belowground communications network,

te masivne podzemne komunikacijske mreže

the other world.

v nekem drugem svetu.

Now, I truly hoped and believed

Res sem upala in verjela,

that my discovery would change how we practice forestry,

da bo moje odkritje spremenilo način gozdarstva,

from clear-cutting and herbiciding

od izsekavanja in herbicidov,

to more holistic and sustainable methods,

do bolj holističnih in trajnostnih metod,

methods that were less expensive and more practical.

metod, ki so cenejše in bolj praktične.

What was I thinking?

Le kaj sem si mislila?

I'll come back to that.

K temu se bom vrnila.

So how do we do science in complex systems like forests?

Kako torej izvajamo znanost v kompleksnih sistemih kot je gozd?

Well, as forest scientists, we have to do our research in the forests,

Kot gozdni znanstveniki moramo svoje raziskave izvajati v gozdu

in to je težko, kot sem vam že pokazala.

and that's really tough, as I've shown you.

In moramo biti res dobri pri bežanju pred medvedi.

And we have to be really good at running from bears.

But mostly, we have to persevere

A biti moramo predvsem vztrajni

in spite of all the stuff stacked against us.

pri vseh stvareh, ki so proti nam.

And we have to follow our intuition and our experiences

Slediti moramo svoji intuiciji in izkušnjam

and ask really good questions.

in spraševati res dobra vprašanja.

And then we've got to gather our data and then go verify.

In potem moramo zbrati podatke in jih preveriti.

For me, I've conducted and published hundreds of experiments in the forest.

Jaz sem v gozdu izvedla na stotine eksperimentov in jih tudi objavila.

Some of my oldest experimental plantations are now over 30 years old.

Nekateri izmed mojih najstarejših nasadov so stari več kot 30 let.

You can check them out.

Lahko jih pogledate.

That's how forest science works.

Tako deluje gozdna znanost.

So now I want to talk about the science.

Sedaj bi rada govorila o znanosti.

How were paper birch and Douglas fir communicating?

Kako sta komunicirali breza in jelka?

Well, it turns out they were conversing not only in the language of carbon

Izkaže se, da sta komunicirali ne samo v jeziku ogljika,

but also nitrogen and phosphorus

ampak tudi dušika in fosforja

and water and defense signals and allele chemicals and hormones --

in vode in obrambnih signalov in alelnih kemikalij in hormonov -

information.

informacije.

And you know, I have to tell you, before me, scientists had thought

In veste, povedati vam moram, prej so znanstveniki menili,

that this belowground mutualistic symbiosis called a mycorrhiza

da je vpletena podzemna skupna simbioza,

imenovana mikoriza.

was involved.

Mycorrhiza literally means "fungus root."

Mikoriza pomeni "gobja korenina".

You see their reproductive organs when you walk through the forest.

Njihove reproduktivne organe vidite, ko se sprehajate skozi gozd.

They're the mushrooms.

To so gobe.

The mushrooms, though, are just the tip of the iceberg,

A te gobe so le vrh ledene gore,

because coming out of those stems are fungal threads that form a mycelium,

kajti iz njihovih betov gredo nitke, ki tvorijo micelij

and that mycelium infects and colonizes the roots

in ta micelij okuži in kolonizira korenine

of all the trees and plants.

vseh dreves in rastlin.

And where the fungal cells interact with the root cells,

In kjer pride do interakcij celic gob s celicami korenin,

there's a trade of carbon for nutrients,

je tam izmenjava ogljika za hranila,

and that fungus gets those nutrients by growing through the soil

in da goba dobi vsa hranila s tem, ko raste skozi zemljo

and coating every soil particle.

in se dotakne vsakega delca zemlje.

The web is so dense that there can be hundreds of kilometers of mycelium

Mreža je tako gosta, da je pod enim korakom

lahko na stotine kilometrov micelija.

under a single footstep.

And not only that, that mycelium connects different individuals in the forest,

In ne samo, da micelij med seboj povezuje različne posameznike v gozdu,

individuals not only of the same species but between species, like birch and fir,

ne samo posameznike istih vrst, ampak vrste med sabo, kot sta breza in jelka,

and it works kind of like the Internet.

in deluje nekako tako kot internet.

You see, like all networks,

Veste, tako kot vsa omrežja

mycorrhizal networks have nodes and links.

ima mikorizna mreža vozle in člene.

We made this map by examining the short sequences of DNA

Ta zemljevid smo naredili s pregledom kratkih sekvenc DNK

of every tree and every fungal individual in a patch of Douglas fir forest.

vsakega drevesa in vsake posamezne gobe v zaplati gozda z jelkami.

In this picture, the circles represent the Douglas fir, or the nodes,

Na tej sliki krogi predstavljajo jelko oziroma vozle,

and the lines represent the interlinking fungal highways, or the links.

in črte predstavljajo med seboj povezane gobje poti oziroma člene.

The biggest, darkest nodes are the busiest nodes.

Največji, najtemnejši vozli so najbolj aktivni.

We call those hub trees,

Temu rečemo bazna drevesa

or more fondly, mother trees,

ali lepše, matična drevesa,

because it turns out that those hub trees nurture their young,

ker se izkaže, da ta bazna drevesa skrbijo za svoj podmladek,

the ones growing in the understory.

tiste v podrastju.

And if you can see those yellow dots,

In če lahko vidite te rumene pike,

those are the young seedlings that have established within the network

to so mlade sadike, ki so se vzpostavile v mreži starejših matičnih dreves.

of the old mother trees.

In a single forest, a mother tree can be connected to hundreds of other trees.

V posameznem gozdu je lahko matično drevo povezano s stotinami drugih dreves.

And using our isotope tracers,

In z uporabo sledilnih izotopov smo ugotovili, da matična drevesa

we have found that mother trees

will send their excess carbon through the mycorrhizal network

pošiljajo odvečen ogljik skozi mikorizno mrežo

to the understory seedlings,

k sadikam v podrastju.

and we've associated this with increased seedling survival

In to smo povezali z do štirikrat večjim preživetjem teh sadik.

by four times.

Now, we know we all favor our own children,

Vsi vemo, da imamo najraje svoje otroke,

and I wondered, could Douglas fir recognize its own kin,

in zanimalo me je, bi lahko jelka prepoznala svoje,

like mama grizzly and her cub?

kot mama grizli in njen mladiček?

So we set about an experiment,

Zato smo postavili eksperiment

and we grew mother trees with kin and stranger's seedlings.

in smo gojili matična drevesa z njihovimi in tujimi sadikami.

And it turns out they do recognize their kin.

In izkaže se, da svoje res prepoznajo.

Mother trees colonize their kin with bigger mycorrhizal networks.

Matična drevesa kolonizirajo svoje z večjo mikorizno mrežo.

They send them more carbon below ground.

Pod zemljo jim pošljejo več ogljika.

They even reduce their own root competition

Celo zmanjšajo svoje korenine,

to make elbow room for their kids.

da imajo njihovi otroci več prostora.

When mother trees are injured or dying,

Ko matična drevesa umirajo ali so ranjena,

they also send messages of wisdom on to the next generation of seedlings.

pošiljajo sporočila modrosti naslednji generaciji sadik.

So we've used isotope tracing

Uporabili smo sledilne izotope,

to trace carbon moving from an injured mother tree

da smo sledili premikanju ogljika od ranjenega drevesa

down her trunk into the mycorrhizal network

po deblu v mikorizno mrežo

and into her neighboring seedlings,

in v sosednje poganjke,

not only carbon but also defense signals.

ne samo ogljik ampak tudi obrambni signali.

And these two compounds

In ti dve substanci

have increased the resistance of those seedlings to future stresses.

povečata odpornost sadik na prihodnji stres.

So trees talk.

Torej, drevesa se pogovarjajo.

(Applause)

(Aplavz)

Thank you.

Hvala.

Through back and forth conversations,

Skozi te pogovore

they increase the resilience of the whole community.

povečajo odpornost celotne skupnosti.

It probably reminds you of our own social communities,

Najbrž vas to spominja na naše skupnosti

and our families,

in na naše družine,

well, at least some families.

no vsaj nekatere.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So let's come back to the initial point.

Vrnimo se k moji prvi točki.

Forests aren't simply collections of trees,

Gozdovi niso samo skupina dreves,

they're complex systems with hubs and networks

so kompleksni sistemi z bazami in mrežami,

that overlap and connect trees and allow them to communicate,

ki se prepletajo in jim omogočajo komunikacijo

and they provide avenues for feedbacks and adaptation,

in naredijo prostor za odzive in prilagajanje

and this makes the forest resilient.

in to naredi gozd odporen.

That's because there are many hub trees and many overlapping networks.

To zato, ker je mnogo baznih dreves in veliko prepletajočih se mrež.

But they're also vulnerable,

A so tudi ranljiva,

vulnerable not only to natural disturbances

ne samo na naravne vzroke,

like bark beetles that preferentially attack big old trees

kot naprimer zalubniki, ki napadajo velika stara drevesa,

but high-grade logging and clear-cut logging.

ampak tudi na prekomerno izsekavanje.

You see, you can take out one or two hub trees,

Lahko odstranite eno ali dve bazni drevesi,

but there comes a tipping point,

a tu je točka preloma,

because hub trees are not unlike rivets in an airplane.

ker so bazna drevesa kot zakovice pri letalu.

You can take out one or two and the plane still flies,

Lahko vzamete ven eno ali dve in letalo še leti,

but you take out one too many,

a če jih vzamete preveč,

or maybe that one holding on the wings,

ali pa morda tisto, ki drži krilo,

and the whole system collapses.

in celoten sistem se sesuje.

So now how are you thinking about forests? Differently?

Kako sedaj premišljujete o gozdovih? Drugače?

(Audience) Yes.

(Občinstvo) Da.

Cool.

Kul.

I'm glad.

Vesela sem.

So, remember I said earlier that I hoped that my research,

Spomnite se, da sem prej rekla, da upam, da bo moje raziskovanje,

my discoveries would change the way we practice forestry.

moja odkritja, spremenila način gozdarstva.

Well, I want to take a check on that 30 years later here in western Canada.

To želim preveriti tu, 30 let kasneje v zahodni Kanadi.

This is about 100 kilometers to the west of us,

To je približno 100 kilometrov zahodno od nas,

just on the border of Banff National Park.

ravno na meji Nacionalnega parka Banff.

That's a lot of clear-cuts.

Veliko je izsekavanja.

It's not so pristine.

Ni tako nedolžno.

In 2014, the World Resources Institute reported that Canada in the past decade

Leta 2014 je Inštitut za svetovne vire poročal, da je Kanada v zadnjem desetletju

has had the highest forest disturbance rate of any country worldwide,

imela najvišjo raven poseganja v gozdove na svetu.

and I bet you thought it was Brazil.

Stavim, da ste mislili, da je Brazilija.

In Canada, it's 3.6 percent per year.

V Kanadi je 3,6 odstotka na leto.

Now, by my estimation, that's about four times the rate that is sustainable.

Po mojih ocenah je to štirikrat več, kot je obnovljivo.

Now, massive disturbance at this scale is known to affect hydrological cycles,

Torej, za posege takih razsežnosti vemo, da vplivajo na hidrološke cikle,

degrade wildlife habitat,

razgrajujejo življenjski prostor

and emit greenhouse gases back into the atmosphere,

in v ozračje spuščajo toplogredne pline,

which creates more disturbance and more tree diebacks.

kar povzroči še več motenj in še več dreves umre.

Not only that, we're continuing to plant one or two species

Ne samo to, še vedno sadimo eno ali dve vrsti

and weed out the aspens and birches.

in odstranjujemo trepetlike in breze.

These simplified forests lack complexity,

Tem poenostavljenim gozdovom manjka kompleksnosti

and they're really vulnerable to infections and bugs.

in so res občutljivi za okužbe in žuželke.

And as climate changes,

In ker se podnebje spreminja,

this is creating a perfect storm

to ustvarja popolno ozračje

for extreme events, like the massive mountain pine beetle outbreak

za ekstremne dogodke, kot je ta ogromen izbruh gorskega hrošča,

that just swept across North America,

ki se je pravkar pojavil v severni Ameriki,

or that megafire in the last couple months in Alberta.

ali tisti ogromni požar v zadnjih mesecih v Alberti.

So I want to come back to my final question:

Zato se vračam k zadnjemu vprašanju:

instead of weakening our forests,

namesto, da ošibimo naše gozdove,

how can we reinforce them and help them deal with climate change?

kako jih lahko okrepimo in jim pomagamo pri soočanju s podnebnimi spremembami?

Well, you know, the great thing about forests as complex systems

Veste, dobra stvar tega, da je gozd zapleten sistem,

is they have enormous capacity to self-heal.

je njegova neznanska sposobnost samozdravljenja.

In our recent experiments,

V naših nedavnih eksperimentih

we found with patch-cutting and retention of hub trees

smo ugotovili, da s sečnjo na luknje in ohranitvijo baznih dreves

and regeneration to a diversity of species and genes and genotypes

in regeneracijo k raznolikosti vrst in genov in genotipov,

that these mycorrhizal networks, they recover really rapidly.

da si te mikorizne mreže opomorejo zelo hitro.

So with this in mind, I want to leave you with four simple solutions.

In s tem v mislih bi zaključila s štirimi preprostimi rešitvami.

And we can't kid ourselves that these are too complicated to act on.

In ne moremo se prepričati, da so prezapletene, da bi jih izvajali.

First, we all need to get out in the forest.

Kot prvo, vsi moramo ven in v gozd.

We need to reestablish local involvement in our own forests.

Ponovno moramo vzpostaviti lokalno vpletenost v naših gozdovih.

You see, most of our forests now

Veste, večina naših gozdov

are managed using a one-size-fits-all approach,

se upravlja na popolnoma enak način,

but good forest stewardship requires knowledge of local conditions.

a za dobro ravnanje z gozdom moramo poznati lokalno okolje.

Second, we need to save our old-growth forests.

Drugič, rešiti moramo naše stare gozdove.

These are the repositories of genes and mother trees and mycorrhizal networks.

Ti so shramba genov in matičnih dreves in mikoriznih mrež.

So this means less cutting.

To torej pomeni manj sekanja.

I don't mean no cutting, but less cutting.

Ne pravim nič sekanja, ampak manj.

And third, when we do cut,

In tretjič, ko sekamo,

we need to save the legacies,

moramo ohraniti dediščino,

the mother trees and networks,

matična drevesa in povezave,

and the wood, the genes,

in les, gene,

so they can pass their wisdom onto the next generation of trees

da lahko prenesejo svojo modrost naslednji generaciji dreves,

so they can withstand the future stresses coming down the road.

da lahko prenesejo stres v prihodnosti.

We need to be conservationists.

Biti moramo okoljevarstveniki.

And finally, fourthly and finally,

In končno, četrtič,

we need to regenerate our forests with a diversity of species

regenerirati moramo naše gozdove z raznolikostjo vrst

and genotypes and structures

in genotipov in struktur

by planting and allowing natural regeneration.

s tem, da sadimo in omogočimo naravno regeneracijo.

We have to give Mother Nature the tools she needs

Materi naravi moramo dati orodja, ki jih potrebuje,

to use her intelligence to self-heal.

da uporabi svojo inteligenco in se pozdravi sama.

And we need to remember that forests aren't just a bunch of trees

Zapomnimo si, da drevesa niso samo kup dreves,

competing with each other,

ki tekmujejo med seboj,

they're supercooperators.

so super sodelavci.

So back to Jigs.

Vrnimo se k Jigsu.

Jigs's fall into the outhouse showed me this other world,

Jigsov padec v zunanje stranišče mi je pokazal ta drugi svet

and it changed my view of forests.

in spremenil moj pogled na gozd.

I hope today to have changed how you think about forests.

Upam, da sem danes spremenila način, na katerega vidite gozd.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplavz)