Malcolm Gladwell: The strange tale of the Norden bombsight

Prevodilac: Goran Repac Lektor: Ivana Korom

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

It's a real pleasure to be here.

Pravo je zadovoljstvo biti ovde.

I last did a TED Talk

Posljednji put sam držao TED govor

I think about seven years ago or so.

mislim, pre nekih sedam godina.

I talked about spaghetti sauce.

Pričao sam o sosu za špagete.

And so many people, I guess, watch those videos.

Pretpostavljam da mnogi gledaju te snimke.

People have been coming up to me ever since

Ljudi mi od tada prilaze

to ask me questions about spaghetti sauce,

da bi me pitali o sosu za špagete,

which is a wonderful thing in the short term --

što je predivno, bar neko vreme

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

but it's proven to be less than ideal

ali se nije ispostavilo idilično

over seven years.

tokom sedam godina.

And so I though I would come

I tako sam pomislio da dođem

and try and put spaghetti sauce behind me.

da probam da se rešim tog sosa za špagete.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

The theme of this morning's session is Things We Make.

Tema ovog jutra su "Stvari koje pravimo"

And so I thought I would tell a story

pa sam mislio da ispričam priču

about someone

o nekome ko je napravio

who made one of the most precious objects

jedan od najdragocenijih predmeta

of his era.

svog doba.

And the man's name is Carl Norden.

Njegovo ime je Karl Norden.

Carl Norden was born in 1880.

Karl Norden se rodio 1880.

And he was Swiss.

Bio je Švajcarac.

And of course, the Swiss can be divided

I naravno, Švajcarce možemo podeliti

into two general categories:

u dve kategorije:

those who make small, exquisite,

na one koji prave male,

expensive objects

izvanredne, skupe predmete

and those who handle the money

i na one koji se bave novcem

of those who buy small, exquisite,

onih koji kupuju male, izvanredne,

expensive objects.

skupe predmete.

And Carl Norden is very firmly in the former camp.

Karl Norden, nesumnjivo, spada u prvu grupu.

He's an engineer.

On je inženjer.

He goes to the Federal Polytech in Zurich.

On pohađa Federalni politehnički institut u Cirihu.

In fact, one of his classmates is a young man named Lenin

Ustvari, jedan od njegovih kolega je mlad momak po imenu Lenjin

who would go on

koji će kasnije

to break small, expensive, exquisite objects.

razbijati male, skupe, izvanredne predmete.

And he's a Swiss engineer, Carl.

Karl je švajcarski inženjer.

And I mean that in its fullest sense of the word.

Mislim to u punom smislu reči.

He wears three-piece suits;

On nosi trodelna odela,

and he has a very, very small, important mustache;

i ima vrlo, vrlo mali, važni brk,

and he is domineering

i arogantan je

and narcissistic

i narcisoidan

and driven

i motivisan

and has an extraordinary ego;

i ima ogroman ego,

and he works 16-hour days;

i radi 16 sati dnevno,

and he has very strong feelings about alternating current;

i ima vrlo izražen stav o naizmeničnoj struji,

and he feels like a suntan is a sign of moral weakness;

i misli da je preplanulost znak slabog morala,

and he drinks lots of coffee;

i pije mnogo kafe,

and he does his best work

i najbolje radi

sitting in his mother's kitchen in Zurich for hours

sedeći u majčinoj kuhinji u Cirihu,

in complete silence

satima u potpunoj tišini

with nothing but a slide rule.

koristeći samo šiber.

In any case,

Uglavnom,

Carl Norden emigrates to the United States

Karl Norden emigrira u SAD

just before the First World War

taman pred Prvi svetski rat

and sets up shop on Lafayette Street

i bazira se u ulici Lafajet

in downtown Manhattan.

u centru Menhetna.

And he becomes obsessed with the question

I postaje opsednut pitanjem

of how to drop bombs from an airplane.

kako bacati bombe iz aviona.

Now if you think about it,

E sad, ako razmislite o tome,

in the age before GPS and radar,

u doba pre GPS-a i radara,

that was obviously a really difficult problem.

to je, očigledno, bio težak problem.

It's a complicated physics problem.

To je komplikovan fizički problem.

You've got a plane that's thousands of feet up in the air,

Imate avion na velikoj visini

going at hundreds of miles an hour,

koji juri stotine kilometara na sat,

and you're trying to drop an object, a bomb,

i pokušavate da ispustite predmet, bombu,

towards some stationary target

usmerenu ka statičnoj meti

in the face of all kinds of winds and cloud cover

uprkos raznim vetrovima i oblačnosti

and all kinds of other impediments.

i kojekakvim drugim smetnjama.

And all sorts of people,

I mnogi su,

moving up to the First World War and between the wars,

pred Prvi svetski i između ratova,

tried to solve this problem,

pokušavali da reše ovaj problem,

and nearly everybody came up short.

i malo ko je uspeo.

The bombsights that were available

Tadašnje nišanske sprave

were incredibly crude.

su bile veoma primitivne.

But Carl Norden is really the one who cracks the code.

Ali Karl Norden je zapravo taj koji rešava zagonetku.

And he comes up with this incredibly complicated device.

On pravi veoma komplikovanu napravu.

It weighs about 50 lbs.

Tešku oko 25 kg.

It's called the Norden Mark 15 bombsight.

Zove se Norden Mark 15 nišanska sprava.

And it has all kinds of levers and ball-bearings

I ima svakakve poluge i ležajeve

and gadgets and gauges.

i kuke i kvake.

And he makes this complicated thing.

I on konstruiše

And what he allows people to do

tu komplikovanu stvar

is he makes the bombardier take this particular object,

koja omogućava nišandžiji da odabere objekat,

visually sight the target,

vizuelno izdvajajući metu,

because they're in the Plexiglas cone of the bomber,

jer se nalazi u nosu bombardera koji je napravljen od pleksiglasa,

and then they plug in the altitude of the plane,

i onda unosi visinu

the speed of the plane, the speed of the wind

brzinu aviona i brzinu vetra

and the coordinates

i koordinate

of the target.

mete.

And the bombsight will tell him when to drop the bomb.

I nišanska sprava će mu kazati kad da baci bombu.

And as Norden famously says,

I kao što je Norden poznato izjavio,

"Before that bombsight came along,

"Pre pronalaska nišanske sprave,

bombs would routinely miss their target

bombe su uobičajeno promašivale metu

by a mile or more."

za kilometar ili i više."

But he said, with the Mark 15 Norden bombsight,

Ali, reče on, sa Mark 15 Norden nišanom,

he could drop a bomb into a pickle barrel

moguće je ubaciti bombu u odžak

at 20,000 ft.

sa 6000 metara.

Now I cannot tell you

E sad, ne mogu da vam predstavim

how incredibly excited

kakvo oduševljenje

the U.S. military was

je u američkoj vojsci

by the news of the Norden bombsight.

izazvala vest o Nordenovoj nišanskoj spravi.

It was like manna from heaven.

Kao mana sa nebesa.

Here was an army

Imamo jednu vojsku

that had just had experience in the First World War,

koja samo što je iskusila Prvi svetski rat,

where millions of men

gde su se milioni vojnika

fought each other in the trenches,

međusobno borili po rovovima,

getting nowhere, making no progress,

zakucani u mestu, ne napredujući,

and here someone had come up with a device

i onda neko pronalazi napravu

that allowed them to fly up in the skies

koja im omogućava da se vinu u nebo

high above enemy territory

visoko iznad neprijateljske teritorije

and destroy whatever they wanted

i da razore šta god žele

with pinpoint accuracy.

neviđenom preciznošću.

And the U.S. military

I američka vojska

spends 1.5 billion dollars --

troši 1,5 milijardi dolara --

billion dollars in 1940 dollars --

milijarda dolara po kursu iz 1940. --

developing the Norden bombsight.

razvijajući Nordenovu nišansku spravu.

And to put that in perspective,

I da stavimo stvari u perspektivu,

the total cost of the Manhattan project

ukupna cena projekta Menhetn

was three billion dollars.

je bila 3 milijarde dolara.

Half as much money was spent on this Norden bombsight

Upola je potrošeno na Nordenov nišan

as was spent on the most famous military-industrial project

od onoga što je potrošeno na najpoznatiji vojno-industrijski poduhvat

of the modern era.

savremenog doba.

And there were people, strategists, within the U.S. military

I bilo je ljudi, stratega, u američkoj vojsci

who genuinely thought that this single device

koji su iskreno verovali da će

was going to spell the difference

baš ta naprava učiniti prevagu

between defeat and victory

između poraza i pobede

when it came to the battle against the Nazis

u borbi protiv nacista

and against the Japanese.

i protiv Japanaca.

And for Norden as well,

I za Nordena je takođe,

this device had incredible moral importance,

ova naprava imala neverovatnu moralnu težinu,

because Norden was a committed Christian.

jer Norden je bio posvećeni hrišćanin.

In fact, he would always get upset

U stvari, uvek bi se uzbudio

when people referred to the bombsight as his invention,

kada su ljudi govorili o nišanu kao o njegovom izumu,

because in his eyes,

jer u njegovim očima,

only God could invent things.

samo bog je mogao da stvara.

He was simply the instrument of God's will.

On je jednostavno bio instrument božije volje.

And what was God's will?

A šta je to bog želeo?

Well God's will was that the amount of suffering in any kind of war

Pa božija volja beše da količina patnje u bilo kakvom ratu

be reduced to as small an amount as possible.

bude smanjena na najmanju moguću meru.

And what did the Norden bombsight do?

I šta je Nordenova nišanska sprava činila?

Well it allowed you to do that.

Pa omogućavala vam je baš to.

It allowed you to bomb only those things

Omogućavala vam je da bombardujete samo ono

that you absolutely needed and wanted to bomb.

što vam je bilo apsolutno nephodno i što ste želeli.

So in the years leading up to the Second World War,

I tako, u godinama pred Drugi svetski rat,

the U.S. military buys 90,000

američka vojska kupuje 90 hiljada

of these Norden bombsights

tih Nordenovih nišana

at a cost of $14,000 each --

po ceni od 14 hiljada dolara svaki --

again, in 1940 dollars, that's a lot of money.

opet, po kursu iz 1940., to je mnogo para.

And they trained 50,000 bombardiers on how to use them --

I obučili su 50 hiljada nišandžija da ih koriste --

long extensive, months-long training sessions --

to su obimni, višemesečni treninzi --

because these things are essentially analog computers;

jer to su u suštini analogni kompjuteri;

they're not easy to use.

nisu prosti za upotrebu.

And they make every one of those bombardiers take an oath,

I svaki od tih nišandžija se zakleo,

to swear that if they're ever captured,

da u slučaju da bude zarobljen,

they will not divulge a single detail

neće neprijatelju odati

of this particular device to the enemy,

ni najmanju sitnicu o toj spravi,

because it's imperative the enemy not get their hands

jer imperativ je da se neprijatelj ne dokopa

on this absolutely essential piece of technology.

te apsolutno ključne tehnologije.

And whenever the Norden bombsight is taken onto a plane,

I kadgod je Nordenova nišanska sprava unošena u avion,

it's escorted there by a series of armed guards.

praćena je odredima naoružane straže.

And it's carried in a box with a canvas shroud over it.

Nošena je u kutiji prekrivenoj platnenim pokrovom.

And the box is handcuffed to one of the guards.

I kutija je bila lisicama vezana za jednog od stražara.

It's never allowed to be photographed.

Nikada nije dozvoljeno da se fotografiše.

And there's a little incendiary device inside of it,

I postojala je mala zapaljiva naprava unutar nje,

so that, if the plane ever crashes, it will be destroyed

tako da se, ukoliko bi avion pao, uništi

and there's no way the enemy can ever get their hands on it.

i ni u kom slučaju ne padne neprijatelju u ruke.

The Norden bombsight

Nordenov nišan

is the Holy Grail.

je Sveti Gral.

So what happens during the Second World War?

I šta se dešava tokom Drugog svetskog rata?

Well, it turns out it's not the Holy Grail.

Pa, ispostavlja se da to i nije Sveti Gral.

In practice, the Norden bombsight

U praksi, Nordenov nišan

can drop a bomb into a pickle barrel at 20,000 ft.,

može da ubaci bombu u odžak sa 6000 metara,

but that's under perfect conditions.

ali samo u savršenim uslovima.

And of course, in wartime,

I naravno, u ratu,

conditions aren't perfect.

uslovi nisu savršeni.

First of all, it's really hard to use -- really hard to use.

Prvo, stvarno ga je teško koristiti -- stvarno teško.

And not all of the people

I nisu baš svi

who are of those 50,000 men who are bombardiers

od tih 50 hiljada nišandžija

have the ability to properly program an analog computer.

talentovani da pravilno programiraju analogni kompjuter.

Secondly, it breaks down a lot.

Drugo, mnogo se kvari.

It's full of all kinds of gyroscopes and pulleys

Prepun je raznih žiroskopa i čekrka

and gadgets and ball-bearings,

i tih kuka i kvaka,

and they don't work as well as they ought to

i ne funkcionišu baš tako dobro

in the heat of battle.

kao što bi trebale u žaru borbe.

Thirdly, when Norden was making his calculations,

Treće, kad je Norden pravio svoje proračune,

he assumed that a plane would be flying

predviđao je da će avion leteti

at a relatively slow speed at low altitudes.

relativno sporo i na maloj visini.

Well in a real war, you can't do that;

Pa u ratu to ne možete,

you'll get shot down.

oboriće vas.

So they started flying them at high altitudes at incredibly high speeds.

I tako su počeli da lete jako visoko i jako brzo.

And the Norden bombsight doesn't work as well

A Nordenova nišanska sprava

under those conditions.

ne radi dobro u tim uslovima.

But most of all,

Ali najbitnije,

the Norden bombsight required the bombardier

Nordenova sprava je tražila od nišandžije

to make visual contact with the target.

da vizuelno locira metu.

But of course, what happens in real life?

Ali naravno, šta se dešava u stvarnom životu?

There are clouds, right.

Tu su oblaci, da.

It needs cloudless sky to be really accurate.

Za stvarnu preciznost je potrebno vedro nebo.

Well how many cloudless skies

Pa koliko vedrog neba

do you think there were above Central Europe

mislite da je bilo iznad centralne Evrope

between 1940 and 1945?

između 1940. i 1945.?

Not a lot.

Ne mnogo.

And then to give you a sense

I da vam približim koliko je

of just how inaccurate the Norden bombsight was,

neprecizan bio Nordenov nišan,

there was a famous case in 1944

postoji poznat slučaj iz 1944.

where the Allies bombed a chemical plant in Leuna, Germany.

kada su saveznici bombardovali hemijsku fabriku u Lojnu u Nemačkoj.

And the chemical plant comprised

Ta fabrika je zauzimala

757 acres.

307 hektara.

And over the course of 22 bombing missions,

I tokom 22 bombarderske misije,

the Allies dropped 85,000 bombs

saveznici su bacili 85 hiljada bombi

on this 757 acre chemical plant,

na tih 307 hektara hemijske fabrike,

using the Norden bombsight.

koristeći Nordenovu nišansku spravu.

Well what percentage of those bombs

Pa šta mislite koliki procenat tih bombi

do you think actually landed

je stvarno pao

inside the 700-acre perimeter of the plant?

u tih 300 fabričkih hektara?

10 percent. 10 percent.

10 posto. 10 procenata.

And of those 10 percent that landed,

I od tih 10 procenata koji su pogodili,

16 percent didn't even go off; they were duds.

16 posto se nije aktiviralo, bili su ćorci.

The Leuna chemical plant,

Fabrika u Lojni je,

after one of the most extensive bombings in the history of the war,

posle jednog od najvećih bombardovanja u istoriji rata,

was up and running within weeks.

proradila u roku od nekoliko nedelja.

And by the way, all those precautions

I usput, sva ona predostrožnost

to keep the Norden bombsight out of the hands of the Nazis?

da Nordenov nišan ne dopadne nacistima?

Well it turns out

Ispostavilo se da je,

that Carl Norden, as a proper Swiss,

Karl kao pravi Švajcarac,

was very enamored of German engineers.

bio opčinjen nemačkim inženjerima.

So in the 1930s, he hired a whole bunch of them,

Pa je tako tokom 1930-ih, zaposlio gomilu,

including a man named Hermann Long

uključujući i Hermana Longa

who, in 1938,

koji je 1938.,

gave a complete set of the plans for the Norden bombsight to the Nazis.

predao komplet planova za Nordenov nišan nacistima.

So they had their own Norden bombsight throughout the entire war --

Tako da su i oni imali svoj Nordenov nišan kroz ceo rat--

which also, by the way, didn't work very well.

koji takođe, usput, nije dobro radio.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So why do we talk about the Norden bombsight?

Pa zašto onda govorimo o Nordenovoj nišanskoj spravi?

Well because we live in an age

Zato što živimo u dobu

where there are lots and lots

sa mnogo, mnogo

of Norden bombsights.

Nordenovih nišana.

We live in a time where there are all kinds

Živimo u vreme gde ima svih fela

of really, really smart people

stvarno, stvarno pametnih ljudi

running around, saying that they've invented gadgets

koji jure, pričajući da su izumeli sprave

that will forever change our world.

koje će zauvek promeniti naš svet.

They've invented websites that will allow people to be free.

Izmislili su veb strane koje će ljudima doneti oslobođenje.

They've invented some kind of this thing, or this thing, or this thing

Izmislili su nešto ovakvo ili onakvo ili ovakvo

that will make our world forever better.

što će učiniti naš svet zauvek boljim.

If you go into the military,

Ako se obratite vojsci,

you'll find lots of Carl Nordens as well.

naći ćete takođe mnogo Karla Nordena.

If you go to the Pentagon, they will say,

Ako se uputite u Pentagon, reći će vam,

"You know what, now we really can

"Znate šta, sada stvarno možemo

put a bomb inside a pickle barrel

da ubacimo bombu kroz odžak

at 20,000 ft."

sa 6000 metara."

And you know what, it's true; they actually can do that now.

I da znate, tačno je; stvarno to sad mogu da urade.

But we need to be very clear

Ali mora da nam bude jasno

about how little that means.

koliko to malo znači.

In the Iraq War, at the beginning of the first Iraq War,

U Iračkom ratu, na početku prvog rata,

the U.S. military, the air force,

američka vojska, vazduhoplovstvo,

sent two squadrons of F-15E Fighter Eagles

je poslalo dve eskadrile F-15 bombardera

to the Iraqi desert

u iračku pustinju

equipped with these five million dollar cameras

opremljene kamerama od 5 miliona dolara

that allowed them to see the entire desert floor.

koje su im omogućavale da vide celu pustinju.

And their mission was to find and to destroy --

Njihova misija je bila da nađu i unište --

remember the Scud missile launchers,

sećate se Skad raketa,

those surface-to-air missiles

onih zemlja-vazduh projektila

that the Iraqis were launching at the Israelis?

što su Iračani lansirali na Izraelce?

The mission of the two squadrons

Misija te dve eskadrile

was to get rid of all the Scud missile launchers.

je bila da se reše tih Skadovih lansera.

And so they flew missions day and night,

I tako su leteli misije danonoćno,

and they dropped thousands of bombs,

i bacili su hiljade bombi,

and they fired thousands of missiles

i ispalili su hiljade raketa

in an attempt to get rid of this particular scourge.

u pokušaju da se reše baš te određene napasti.

And after the war was over, there was an audit done --

I posle rata, urađena je revizija --

as the army always does, the air force always does --

kao što vojska uvek radi, vazduhoplovstvo uvek radi --

and they asked the question:

i postavili su pitanje:

how many Scuds did we actually destroy?

koliko smo Skadova stvarno uništili?

You know what the answer was?

Znate li šta je bio odgovor?

Zero, not a single one.

Nula, baš ni jedan.

Now why is that?

A zašto to?

Is it because their weapons weren't accurate?

Da li zato što su im oružja bila neprecizna?

Oh no, they were brilliantly accurate.

O ne, bila su briljantno precizna.

They could have destroyed this little thing right here

Mogli su da unište ovu malu stvar ovde

from 25,000 ft.

sa 7000 metara.

The issue was they didn't know where the Scud launchers were.

Problem je u tome što nisu znali gde su Skadovi.

The problem with bombs and pickle barrels

Problem sa bombama i odžacima

is not getting the bomb inside the pickle barrel,

nije u ubacivanju bombe u odžak

it's knowing how to find the pickle barrel.

već u pronalaženju tog odžaka.

That's always been the harder problem

To je uvek bio teži problem

when it comes to fighting wars.

kad se ratuje.

Or take the battle in Afghanistan.

Ili uzmimo bitku u Avganistanu.

What is the signature weapon

Koje je oružje simbol

of the CIA's war in Northwest Pakistan?

obaveštajnog rata u severozapadnom Pakistanu?

It's the drone. What is the drone?

To je bespilotna letelica. A šta je to?

Well it is the grandson of the Norden Mark 15 bombsight.

Pa to je unuk Norden Mark 15 nišanske sprave.

It is this weapon of devastating accuracy and precision.

To je oružje razorne tačnosti i preciznosti.

And over the course of the last six years

I tokom poslednjih 6 godina

in Northwest Pakistan,

u severozapadnom Pakistanu,

the CIA has flown hundreds of drone missiles,

CIA je koristila stotine bespilotnih letelica,

and it's used those drones

i koristila ih je

to kill 2,000 suspected

da ubije 2 hiljade sumnjivih

Pakistani and Taliban militants.

pakistanskih i talibanskih boraca.

Now what is the accuracy of those drones?

I kakva je preciznost tih bespilotnih letelica?

Well it's extraordinary.

Izvanredna.

We think we're now at 95 percent accuracy

Procenjujemo da smo sad na 95 posto tačnosti

when it comes to drone strikes.

u napadima bespilotnim letelicama.

95 percent of the people we kill need to be killed, right?

95 posto ljudi koje smo ubili, bilo je potrebno ubiti, da?

That is one of the most extraordinary records

To je jedan od najizvanrednijih rezultata

in the history of modern warfare.

u modernoj istoriji ratovanja.

But do you know what the crucial thing is?

Ali da li znate šta je presudno?

In that exact same period

U tom istom periodu

that we've been using these drones

dok smo koristili bespilotne letelice

with devastating accuracy,

sa razornom preciznošću,

the number of attacks, of suicide attacks and terrorist attacks,

broj napada, samoubilačkih i terorističkih napada,

against American forces in Afghanistan

protiv američkih snaga u Avganistanu

has increased tenfold.

se udesetostručio.

As we have gotten more and more efficient

Dok smo mi postajali

in killing them,

sve efikasniji u ubijanju njih,

they have become angrier and angrier

oni su postajali gnevniji i gnevniji

and more and more motivated to kill us.

i sve motivisaniji da ubiju nas.

I have not described to you a success story.

Nisam vam opisao priču o uspehu.

I've described to you

Opisao sam vam

the opposite of a success story.

suprotnost priče o uspehu.

And this is the problem

I to je problem sa našom

with our infatuation with the things we make.

opčinjenošću stvarima koje proizvodimo.

We think the things we make can solve our problems,

Mislimo da će nam stvari rešiti probleme,

but our problems are much more complex than that.

ali su naši problemi mnogo kompleksniji.

The issue isn't the accuracy of the bombs you have,

U pitanju nije preciznost bombi koje imate

it's how you use the bombs you have,

pitanje je kako koristite te bombe,

and more importantly,

i još važnije,

whether you ought to use bombs at all.

da li treba uopšte i da korisite bombe.

There's a postscript

Postoji i post skriptum

to the Norden story

toj priči

of Carl Norden and his fabulous bombsight.

o Karlu Nordenu i njegovoj legendarnoj nišanskoj spravi.

And that is, on August 6, 1945,

I to je, da je 6. avgusta 1945.,

a B-29 bomber called the Enola Gay

bombarder B-29 poznat kao Enola Gej

flew over Japan

leteo iznad Japana

and, using a Norden bombsight,

i koristeći Nordenov nišan,

dropped a very large thermonuclear device

ispustio veoma veliku

on the city of Hiroshima.

termonuklearnu napravu na Hirošimu.

And as was typical with the Norden bombsight,

I što je bilo tipično za Nordenov nišan,

the bomb actually missed its target by 800 ft.

bomba je ustvari promašila metu za nekih 250 metara.

But of course, it didn't matter.

Ali naravno, to nije bilo bitno.

And that's the greatest irony of all

I to je najveća ironija od svega

when it comes to the Norden bombsight.

u priči o Nordenovom nišanu.

the air force's 1.5 billion dollar bombsight

Nišan ratnog vazduhoplovstva od 1,5 milijardi dolara

was used to drop its three billion dollar bomb,

iskorišćen je da se baci bomba od 3 milijarde dolara,

which didn't need a bombsight at all.

za šta nišan uopšte nije ni bio potreban.

Meanwhile, back in New York,

Za to vreme, u Njujorku,

no one told Carl Norden

niko nije rekao Karlu Nordenu

that his bombsight was used over Hiroshima.

da je njegov nišan korišćen iznad Hirošime.

He was a committed Christian.

On je bio posvećeni hrišćanin.

He thought he had designed something

Mislio je da je stvorio nešto

that would reduce the toll of suffering in war.

što će smanjiti teret patnje u ratu.

It would have broken his heart.

To bi mu slomilo srce.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)