Malcolm Gladwell: The strange tale of the Norden bombsight

1,680,745 views ・ 2011-10-26

TED


Ju lutemi, klikoni dy herë mbi titrat në anglisht më poshtë për të luajtur videon.

Translator: Ereblir Kadriu Reviewer: Dita Bytyci
00:15
Thank you.
0
15260
2000
(Faleminderit.
00:17
It's a real pleasure to be here.
1
17260
2000
Eshte kenaqesi e vecante te jem ketu.
00:19
I last did a TED Talk
2
19260
2000
Per here te fundit kam folur ne TED
00:21
I think about seven years ago or so.
3
21260
4000
mendoj para shtate viteve ose ashtu disi.
00:25
I talked about spaghetti sauce.
4
25260
3000
Une kam folur per sosin e shpagetave.
00:28
And so many people, I guess, watch those videos.
5
28260
3000
Dhe shume njerez, mendoj i shohin keto video.
00:31
People have been coming up to me ever since
6
31260
2000
Njerezit kane ardhur tek une qe atehere
00:33
to ask me questions about spaghetti sauce,
7
33260
2000
per te me pyetur pytje rreth sosit te shpagetave,
00:35
which is a wonderful thing in the short term --
8
35260
3000
e cila eshte nje gje e mrekullueshme brenda nje periudhe te shkurter--
00:38
(Laughter)
9
38260
2000
(Buzeqeshje)
00:40
but it's proven to be less than ideal
10
40260
2000
por eshte deshmuar qe eshte me pak se ideale
00:42
over seven years.
11
42260
2000
ne me shume se shtate vite.
00:44
And so I though I would come
12
44260
2000
Dhe keshtu une mendova te vij
00:46
and try and put spaghetti sauce behind me.
13
46260
3000
te provoj dhe te vendosi sosin e shpagetave prapa meje.
00:49
(Laughter)
14
49260
2000
(Buzeqeshje)
00:51
The theme of this morning's session is Things We Make.
15
51260
3000
Tema e sesionit te ketij mengjesi eshte Gjerat qe ne Bejme.
00:54
And so I thought I would tell a story
16
54260
2000
Dhe keshtu une mendova te tregoj nje storie
00:56
about someone
17
56260
2000
per dike
00:58
who made one of the most precious objects
18
58260
2000
i cili ka bere njerin nder objektet me te cmuara
01:00
of his era.
19
60260
2000
te epokes se tij.
01:02
And the man's name is Carl Norden.
20
62260
3000
Dhe emri i njeriut eshte Carl Norden.
01:05
Carl Norden was born in 1880.
21
65260
2000
Carl Norden kishte lindur ne 1880.
01:07
And he was Swiss.
22
67260
2000
Dhe ai ishte zviceran.
01:09
And of course, the Swiss can be divided
23
69260
2000
Dhe sigurisht, zviceranet mund te ndahen
01:11
into two general categories:
24
71260
2000
ne dy kategori te pergjithshme:
01:13
those who make small, exquisite,
25
73260
2000
ata te cilet bejne obekte te vogla, te holla
01:15
expensive objects
26
75260
2000
dhe te shtrenjta
01:17
and those who handle the money
27
77260
2000
dhe ata te cilet mbajne parate
01:19
of those who buy small, exquisite,
28
79260
3000
e atyre qe blejne objekte te vogla, te holla
01:22
expensive objects.
29
82260
2000
e te shtrenjta.
01:24
And Carl Norden is very firmly in the former camp.
30
84260
3000
Dhe Carl Norden eshte shume i vendosur ne kampin fomues.
01:27
He's an engineer.
31
87260
2000
Ai eshte nje inxhinjer.
01:29
He goes to the Federal Polytech in Zurich.
32
89260
3000
Ai shkon ne Federal Polytech ne Zurih.
01:32
In fact, one of his classmates is a young man named Lenin
33
92260
3000
Ne fakt, nje shok i tij i klases eshte nje djale i ri i quajtur Lenin
01:35
who would go on
34
95260
2000
i cili vetem
01:37
to break small, expensive, exquisite objects.
35
97260
4000
thyente objektet e vogla, shtrejta, e te holla.
01:41
And he's a Swiss engineer, Carl.
36
101260
3000
Dhe ai eshte nje inxhinjer zviceran, Carl.
01:44
And I mean that in its fullest sense of the word.
37
104260
3000
Dhe dua te them ne kuptimin e plotes te fjales.
01:47
He wears three-piece suits;
38
107260
2000
Ai vesh kostum me tri pjese;
01:49
and he has a very, very small, important mustache;
39
109260
5000
dhe ai ka mustaqe shume te vogla dhe te rendesishme;
01:54
and he is domineering
40
114260
2000
dhe ai eshte autoritar
01:56
and narcissistic
41
116260
2000
dhe narcist
01:58
and driven
42
118260
2000
dhe i drejtuar
02:00
and has an extraordinary ego;
43
120260
2000
nga nje ego e jashtzakonshme;
02:02
and he works 16-hour days;
44
122260
3000
ai punon 16 ore ne dite;
02:05
and he has very strong feelings about alternating current;
45
125260
3000
dhe ai ka ndjenja shume te forta per alternimin aktual;
02:08
and he feels like a suntan is a sign of moral weakness;
46
128260
4000
dhe ai ndjehet sikur nje nxirje eshte shenje e dobesise morale;
02:12
and he drinks lots of coffee;
47
132260
2000
dhe ai pine shume kafe;
02:14
and he does his best work
48
134260
2000
dhe ai e bene punen e tij me se miri
02:16
sitting in his mother's kitchen in Zurich for hours
49
136260
2000
i ulur ne kuzhinen e nenes se tij ne Cyrih per ore te tera
02:18
in complete silence
50
138260
2000
ne qetesi te plote
02:20
with nothing but a slide rule.
51
140260
2000
me asgje por nje rigë llogaritese.
02:22
In any case,
52
142260
2000
Per cdo rast,
02:24
Carl Norden emigrates to the United States
53
144260
3000
Carl Norden emigron ne Shtetet e Bashkuara
02:27
just before the First World War
54
147260
2000
pak para Luftes se Pare Boterore
02:29
and sets up shop on Lafayette Street
55
149260
2000
dhe drejton nje dyqan ne Rrugen Lafayette
02:31
in downtown Manhattan.
56
151260
2000
ne qender Manhattan.
02:33
And he becomes obsessed with the question
57
153260
2000
Dhe ai behet i opsesionuar me nje pytje
02:35
of how to drop bombs from an airplane.
58
155260
3000
si te gjuajme bomba nga aeroplani.
02:38
Now if you think about it,
59
158260
2000
Tani nese mendoni per kete,
02:40
in the age before GPS and radar,
60
160260
3000
ne kohen para GPS dhe radarit,
02:43
that was obviously a really difficult problem.
61
163260
2000
kjo ishte e qarte se ishte nje problem i veshtire.
02:45
It's a complicated physics problem.
62
165260
2000
Eshte nje porblem i komplikuar i fizikes
02:47
You've got a plane that's thousands of feet up in the air,
63
167260
3000
Ju keni nje aeroplan qe eshte me mijera metra ne ajer,
02:50
going at hundreds of miles an hour,
64
170260
2000
duke ecur me qindra meter per ore,
02:52
and you're trying to drop an object, a bomb,
65
172260
3000
dhe ju po provoni re hidhni nje objekt, nje bomb,
02:55
towards some stationary target
66
175260
2000
drejt ndonje objekti te palevizshem
02:57
in the face of all kinds of winds and cloud cover
67
177260
3000
perballe te gjitha llojeve te ererave dhe reve
03:00
and all kinds of other impediments.
68
180260
2000
dhe te gjitha llojet e paisjeve tjera ushtarake.
03:02
And all sorts of people,
69
182260
2000
Dhe te gjithe tipat e njerezve,
03:04
moving up to the First World War and between the wars,
70
184260
2000
duke shkuar deri te Lufta e pare Boterore dhe ne mes lufterave,
03:06
tried to solve this problem,
71
186260
2000
provoj te zgjidh kete problem,
03:08
and nearly everybody came up short.
72
188260
2000
dhe gati te gjithe dolen te shkurter.
03:10
The bombsights that were available
73
190260
2000
Bombat qe ishin te lira
03:12
were incredibly crude.
74
192260
2000
ishin jashtezakonisht te paperpunuara.
03:14
But Carl Norden is really the one who cracks the code.
75
194260
3000
Por Carl Norden me te vertete eshte ai i cili e theu kodin.
03:17
And he comes up with this incredibly complicated device.
76
197260
3000
Dhe ai vije me kete paisje jashtezakonisht te komplikuar.
03:20
It weighs about 50 lbs.
77
200260
2000
Peshon rreth 50 Ibs.
03:22
It's called the Norden Mark 15 bombsight.
78
202260
4000
Quhet Norden Mark bomba 15.
03:26
And it has all kinds of levers and ball-bearings
79
206260
2000
Dhe ka te gjitha llojet e levavave dhe vinçave
03:28
and gadgets and gauges.
80
208260
3000
dhe paisjet dhe matese veglash
03:31
And he makes this complicated thing.
81
211260
3000
Dhe ai e bene kete gje te komplikuar.
03:34
And what he allows people to do
82
214260
2000
Dhe cka ai lejon njerezit te bejne
03:36
is he makes the bombardier take this particular object,
83
216260
4000
eshte ai bene bombarduesit te marrin kete objekt te vecante
03:40
visually sight the target,
84
220260
2000
vizaulisht ne sy te shenuar,
03:42
because they're in the Plexiglas cone of the bomber,
85
222260
4000
sepse ata jane konin Plexiglas te bombarduesit,
03:46
and then they plug in the altitude of the plane,
86
226260
3000
dhe pastaj ata e kyqen ne lartesin e aeroplanit,
03:49
the speed of the plane, the speed of the wind
87
229260
3000
shpejtesia e aeroplanit, shpejtesia e eres
03:52
and the coordinates
88
232260
2000
dhe kordinatat
03:54
of the target.
89
234260
2000
e objektit.
03:56
And the bombsight will tell him when to drop the bomb.
90
236260
4000
Dhe vendi i makinerise se bombave do ti tregoj atij kur ta hedh bomben.
04:00
And as Norden famously says,
91
240260
3000
Dhe sic thote Norden,
04:03
"Before that bombsight came along,
92
243260
2000
"Parase te vije ai vend i makinerise se bombave,
04:05
bombs would routinely miss their target
93
245260
2000
bombat ne menyre rutinore do te humbasin objektivin e tyre
04:07
by a mile or more."
94
247260
2000
per nje milje ose me shume."
04:09
But he said, with the Mark 15 Norden bombsight,
95
249260
3000
Por ai tha, me makinerin e bombave Mark 15 Norden,
04:12
he could drop a bomb into a pickle barrel
96
252260
2000
ai mund te gjuan nje bombe ne Pickle barrel
04:14
at 20,000 ft.
97
254260
2000
ne 20,000 ft.
04:16
Now I cannot tell you
98
256260
2000
Tani une nuk mund te ju tregoj
04:18
how incredibly excited
99
258260
2000
sa te befasuar
04:20
the U.S. military was
100
260260
2000
ishin ushtria e Shteteve te Bashkuara
04:22
by the news of the Norden bombsight.
101
262260
3000
nga lajmi i makinerise se bombave te Norden.
04:25
It was like manna from heaven.
102
265260
2000
Ishte si ushqim shpirteror nga parajsa
04:27
Here was an army
103
267260
2000
Ketu ishte nje ushtri
04:29
that had just had experience in the First World War,
104
269260
2000
e cila posa ka pasuar pervoje ne Luften e pare Boterore,
04:31
where millions of men
105
271260
2000
ku me miliona burra
04:33
fought each other in the trenches,
106
273260
2000
u rrahen ne mes me vet ne hendeke,
04:35
getting nowhere, making no progress,
107
275260
2000
duke mos shkuar askund, duke mos bere asnje perparim,
04:37
and here someone had come up with a device
108
277260
4000
dhe ketu dikush erdhi me nje paisje
04:41
that allowed them to fly up in the skies
109
281260
2000
qe u'a lejoj atyre te fluturojne lart ne qiell
04:43
high above enemy territory
110
283260
2000
lart mbi territorin e armikut
04:45
and destroy whatever they wanted
111
285260
2000
dhe te shaktrrojne cka do qe deshen
04:47
with pinpoint accuracy.
112
287260
2000
me perpikmeri te sigurt.
04:49
And the U.S. military
113
289260
2000
Dhe ushtria U.S
04:51
spends 1.5 billion dollars --
114
291260
2000
shpenzon 1.5 bilion dollar--
04:53
billion dollars in 1940 dollars --
115
293260
3000
bilion dollar ne 1940 dollar--
04:56
developing the Norden bombsight.
116
296260
2000
per te zhvilluar makinerin e bmbave te Norden-it.
04:58
And to put that in perspective,
117
298260
3000
Dhe per t'a vendosur ate ne perspektive,
05:01
the total cost of the Manhattan project
118
301260
2000
cmimi total i projektit te Manhattan
05:03
was three billion dollars.
119
303260
2000
ishte tre bilion dollar.
05:05
Half as much money was spent on this Norden bombsight
120
305260
3000
Gjysma e ketyre parave ishte shpenzuar ne makineri bombave Norden
05:08
as was spent on the most famous military-industrial project
121
308260
4000
pasiqe ishte shpenzuar ne projektin me te famshem te industrise ushtarake
05:12
of the modern era.
122
312260
2000
te epokes se re.
05:14
And there were people, strategists, within the U.S. military
123
314260
3000
Dhe aty kishte njerez, strateg, mbrenda ushtrise Shteteve te Bashkuara
05:17
who genuinely thought that this single device
124
317260
2000
te cilet sinqerisht menduan qe vetem kjo paisje
05:19
was going to spell the difference
125
319260
2000
do ta tregoj ndryshimin
05:21
between defeat and victory
126
321260
2000
ndermjet disfates dhe fitores
05:23
when it came to the battle against the Nazis
127
323260
2000
kur erdhi te lufta kunder Nazisteve
05:25
and against the Japanese.
128
325260
2000
dhe kunder Japonezve.
05:27
And for Norden as well,
129
327260
2000
Dhe per Norden gjithashtu,
05:29
this device had incredible moral importance,
130
329260
3000
kjo paisje kishte rendesi jashtezakonisht morale
05:32
because Norden was a committed Christian.
131
332260
2000
sepse Norden ishte nje Krishter i perkushtuar.
05:34
In fact, he would always get upset
132
334260
2000
Ne fakt, ai gjithmone do te deshprohej
05:36
when people referred to the bombsight as his invention,
133
336260
3000
kur njerezit i referoheshin vendit te makinerise se bombave si zbulim e tij,
05:39
because in his eyes,
134
339260
2000
sepse sipas tij,
05:41
only God could invent things.
135
341260
2000
vetem zoti mund te zbuloj gjera.
05:43
He was simply the instrument of God's will.
136
343260
2000
Ai thjeshte ishte insturment i deshires se Zotit.
05:45
And what was God's will?
137
345260
2000
Dhe cila ishte deshira e Zotit?
05:47
Well God's will was that the amount of suffering in any kind of war
138
347260
3000
Mire deshira i Zotit qe sasia e vujatjes ne cdo lufte
05:50
be reduced to as small an amount as possible.
139
350260
3000
te reduktohet ne sasi sa me te vogel qe eshte e mundshme.
05:53
And what did the Norden bombsight do?
140
353260
2000
Dhe cka kane bene bmbat e Norden?
05:55
Well it allowed you to do that.
141
355260
2000
Mire ju lejoj te beni ate.
05:57
It allowed you to bomb only those things
142
357260
2000
Ju lejoj vetem te bombardoni vetem keto gjera
05:59
that you absolutely needed and wanted to bomb.
143
359260
4000
qe ju apsolutisht patet nevoje dhe kerkkuat te bombardoni.
06:03
So in the years leading up to the Second World War,
144
363260
3000
Keshtu ne vitet qe na shpein deri tek Lufta e Dyte Boterore,
06:06
the U.S. military buys 90,000
145
366260
3000
ushtria e Shteteve te Bashkuara blejne 90.000
06:09
of these Norden bombsights
146
369260
2000
te ketyre bombave te Norden
06:11
at a cost of $14,000 each --
147
371260
2000
me cmim te 14.000$ per secilin --
06:13
again, in 1940 dollars, that's a lot of money.
148
373260
3000
perseri , ne 1940 dollar, keto jane shume para.
06:16
And they trained 50,000 bombardiers on how to use them --
149
376260
3000
Dhe ata i trajnuan 50.000 bombardues si t'i perdorin ato --
06:19
long extensive, months-long training sessions --
150
379260
4000
gjate e gjere, muaj te tere te sesione trajunese--
06:23
because these things are essentially analog computers;
151
383260
2000
sepse keto gjera jane thelebesisht jane komjuter analog;
06:25
they're not easy to use.
152
385260
2000
ato nuk jane te lehta per t'u perdororur.
06:27
And they make every one of those bombardiers take an oath,
153
387260
3000
Dhe ata i bejne te gjithe bombarduesit te betohen,
06:30
to swear that if they're ever captured,
154
390260
3000
te betohen se nese ndonjehere kapen
06:33
they will not divulge a single detail
155
393260
2000
ata nuk do te zbuloj asnje detaj
06:35
of this particular device to the enemy,
156
395260
2000
te kesaj paisje te vecante armikut,
06:37
because it's imperative the enemy not get their hands
157
397260
3000
sepse eshte e domosdoshme armiku tr mos marr ne duar
06:40
on this absolutely essential piece of technology.
158
400260
2000
kete pjeese esenciale te teknologjise.
06:42
And whenever the Norden bombsight is taken onto a plane,
159
402260
3000
Dhe kurdo qe maiknneria e bombave Norden merret ne nje aeroplan,
06:45
it's escorted there by a series of armed guards.
160
405260
3000
shoqerohet atje me nje grumbull rojesh te armatuara.
06:48
And it's carried in a box with a canvas shroud over it.
161
408260
3000
Dhe bartet ne nje kuti me nje perde mbi te.
06:51
And the box is handcuffed to one of the guards.
162
411260
3000
Dhe kutia eshte e prangosur ne nje nga rojet.
06:54
It's never allowed to be photographed.
163
414260
2000
Kurre nuk eshte e lejuar te fotografohet.
06:56
And there's a little incendiary device inside of it,
164
416260
3000
Dhe eshte nje paisje e vogel ndezese brenda saj,
06:59
so that, if the plane ever crashes, it will be destroyed
165
419260
3000
pra qe, nese aeroplani ndonjehere perplaset, do te shkatrrohet
07:02
and there's no way the enemy can ever get their hands on it.
166
422260
3000
dhe nuk ka shanca qe armiku t'i fus duart aty.
07:05
The Norden bombsight
167
425260
2000
Makineria e Bombave Norden
07:07
is the Holy Grail.
168
427260
3000
eshte Gral i Shenjte
07:10
So what happens during the Second World War?
169
430260
3000
Pra cka ndodh gjate Luftes Se Dyte Boterore?
07:13
Well, it turns out it's not the Holy Grail.
170
433260
3000
Mire, duket se nuk eshte Gral i Shenjte.
07:16
In practice, the Norden bombsight
171
436260
2000
Ne praktike, makineria e bombave Norden
07:18
can drop a bomb into a pickle barrel at 20,000 ft.,
172
438260
3000
mund te hedh nje bombe ne nje bucelle ne 20.000 ft.,
07:21
but that's under perfect conditions.
173
441260
2000
por kjo eshte ne kushte perfekte.
07:23
And of course, in wartime,
174
443260
2000
Dhe sigurisht, ne kohe lufte,
07:25
conditions aren't perfect.
175
445260
2000
kushtet nuk jane perfekte.
07:27
First of all, it's really hard to use -- really hard to use.
176
447260
3000
Se pari, eshte shume veshtire te perdoret-- shume veshtire te perdoret.
07:30
And not all of the people
177
450260
2000
Dhe jo te gjithe njerezit
07:32
who are of those 50,000 men who are bombardiers
178
452260
2000
te cilet jane 50.000 burra te cilet jane bombardues
07:34
have the ability to properly program an analog computer.
179
454260
4000
kane aftesine qe ne menyre te drejte te programojne nje kompjuter analog.
07:38
Secondly, it breaks down a lot.
180
458260
2000
Se dyti, ajo prishet shume.
07:40
It's full of all kinds of gyroscopes and pulleys
181
460260
2000
Eshte e mbushur me te gjitha llojet e xhiroskopeve dhe pulexheva
07:42
and gadgets and ball-bearings,
182
462260
2000
dhe paisjeve dhe koordiantave,
07:44
and they don't work as well as they ought to
183
464260
2000
dhe ata nuk punojne ashtu si duhet
07:46
in the heat of battle.
184
466260
2000
ne nxehtesin e betjes.
07:48
Thirdly, when Norden was making his calculations,
185
468260
3000
Se treti, kur Norden ishte duke i bere kalkulime e tij,
07:51
he assumed that a plane would be flying
186
471260
2000
ai pretendonte se ne aeroplan do te fluturonte
07:53
at a relatively slow speed at low altitudes.
187
473260
3000
relativisht ne ne shoejtesi te ngadalshme ne lartesi te ulte.
07:56
Well in a real war, you can't do that;
188
476260
2000
Mire ne nje lufte te vertete, ju nuk mund ta beni ate;
07:58
you'll get shot down.
189
478260
2000
ju do te qelloheni.
08:00
So they started flying them at high altitudes at incredibly high speeds.
190
480260
3000
Keshtu ata filluan te fluturonin ne lartesi te larte me shpejtesi teper te larte.
08:03
And the Norden bombsight doesn't work as well
191
483260
2000
Dhe makineria e bombave nuk punon edhe aq mire
08:05
under those conditions.
192
485260
2000
ne keto kushte.
08:07
But most of all,
193
487260
2000
Por shumica rej tyre,
08:09
the Norden bombsight required the bombardier
194
489260
2000
makineria e bombave Norden kerkon qe bombarduesi
08:11
to make visual contact with the target.
195
491260
3000
te bene kontakt vizuel me objektivin.
08:14
But of course, what happens in real life?
196
494260
2000
Por sigurisht, cka ndodh ne jeten e vertete?
08:16
There are clouds, right.
197
496260
3000
Ka re, a po.
08:19
It needs cloudless sky to be really accurate.
198
499260
3000
Ka nevoje per nje qiell te kthjellte qe te jete me te vertete i sigurt.
08:22
Well how many cloudless skies
199
502260
2000
Mire sa qiell te kthjellte
08:24
do you think there were above Central Europe
200
504260
2000
mendoni se ishin mbi Europen Qendrore
08:26
between 1940 and 1945?
201
506260
3000
ne mes 1940 dhe 1945?
08:29
Not a lot.
202
509260
2000
Jo aq shume.
08:31
And then to give you a sense
203
511260
2000
Dhe pastaj per t'u a dhene juve nje ndjeje
08:33
of just how inaccurate the Norden bombsight was,
204
513260
2000
se sa i pa sigurt makineria e bombave Norden ishte,
08:35
there was a famous case in 1944
205
515260
2000
ishte nje rast i famshem ne 1944
08:37
where the Allies bombed a chemical plant in Leuna, Germany.
206
517260
4000
ku aleatet bombarduan nje bime kemikale ne Leuna, Gjermani.
08:41
And the chemical plant comprised
207
521260
2000
Dhe bima kemikale permbante
08:43
757 acres.
208
523260
2000
757 akëra.
08:45
And over the course of 22 bombing missions,
209
525260
3000
Dhe ne rrjedhen e misioneve 22 te bombardimeve,
08:48
the Allies dropped 85,000 bombs
210
528260
5000
aleatet hudhen 85,000 bomba
08:53
on this 757 acre chemical plant,
211
533260
4000
ne kete bime kemikale 757 aker,
08:57
using the Norden bombsight.
212
537260
3000
duke perdorur makinerin e bombave Norden.
09:00
Well what percentage of those bombs
213
540260
2000
Mire cfare perqindje e ketyre bombave
09:02
do you think actually landed
214
542260
2000
mendoni qe u leshuan
09:04
inside the 700-acre perimeter of the plant?
215
544260
3000
brenda perimetrit 700 akersh te bimes?
09:07
10 percent. 10 percent.
216
547260
3000
10 perqind. 10 perqind.
09:10
And of those 10 percent that landed,
217
550260
2000
Dhe prej ketyre 10 perqeindve qe u leshuan,
09:12
16 percent didn't even go off; they were duds.
218
552260
3000
16 perqind nuk u shuan; ato ishin te paplasura.
09:15
The Leuna chemical plant,
219
555260
2000
Bima kemikale Leuna,
09:17
after one of the most extensive bombings in the history of the war,
220
557260
3000
njera nder bombardimet me te gjera ne historine e luftes
09:20
was up and running within weeks.
221
560260
3000
ishte ne funksion mbrenda disa javeve.
09:23
And by the way, all those precautions
222
563260
2000
Dhe me qe ra fjale, te gjitha keto parashikime
09:25
to keep the Norden bombsight out of the hands of the Nazis?
223
565260
3000
per t'a mbajtur lmakinerin e bombave Norden larg duarve te Nazisteve?
09:28
Well it turns out
224
568260
2000
Mire duket se
09:30
that Carl Norden, as a proper Swiss,
225
570260
2000
Carl Norden, si nje zvicran i denje,
09:32
was very enamored of German engineers.
226
572260
3000
ishte shume i dashuruar me inxhinieret Gjerman.
09:35
So in the 1930s, he hired a whole bunch of them,
227
575260
2000
Keshtu qe ne vitetet 1930, ai punsoi nje grumbull te madh te tyre,
09:37
including a man named Hermann Long
228
577260
2000
duke perfshire nje njeri me emrin Herman Long
09:39
who, in 1938,
229
579260
2000
i cili, ne 1938,
09:41
gave a complete set of the plans for the Norden bombsight to the Nazis.
230
581260
3000
dha nje set te kompletuar te planeve per makinerin e bombave Norden per Nazistet.
09:44
So they had their own Norden bombsight throughout the entire war --
231
584260
3000
Pra ata paten makinerin e bombes Norden pergjate tere luftes --
09:47
which also, by the way, didn't work very well.
232
587260
3000
e cila gjithashtu, me qe ra fjala, nuk ka punuar edhe aq mire.
09:50
(Laughter)
233
590260
2000
(Buzeqeshje)
09:52
So why do we talk about the Norden bombsight?
234
592260
3000
Pra pse po flasim per makinerine e bombes Norden?
09:55
Well because we live in an age
235
595260
2000
Mire sepse ne jetojme ne nje moshe
09:57
where there are lots and lots
236
597260
2000
ku ka shume e shume
09:59
of Norden bombsights.
237
599260
2000
makineri te bombave Norden.
10:01
We live in a time where there are all kinds
238
601260
2000
Ne jetojme ne nje kohe ku aty ka te gjitha llojet
10:03
of really, really smart people
239
603260
2000
e njerezve te menqur
10:05
running around, saying that they've invented gadgets
240
605260
2000
qe sillen per rreth, duke thene qe ata kane zbuluar paisjet
10:07
that will forever change our world.
241
607260
2000
qe do te ndryshojne boten gjithmone.
10:09
They've invented websites that will allow people to be free.
242
609260
3000
Ata kane zbuluar websitet qe u'a lejon njerezve te jene te lire.
10:12
They've invented some kind of this thing, or this thing, or this thing
243
612260
4000
Ata kane zbuluar disa lloje si kjo gje, ose si kjo gje, ose si kjo gje
10:16
that will make our world forever better.
244
616260
3000
qe do t'a beje boten tone pergjithmone me te mire.
10:19
If you go into the military,
245
619260
2000
Nese shkoni ne ushtri
10:21
you'll find lots of Carl Nordens as well.
246
621260
2000
ju do te gjeni shume Carl Norden gjithashtu.
10:23
If you go to the Pentagon, they will say,
247
623260
2000
Nese shkoni ne Pentagon, ata do t'u thone,
10:25
"You know what, now we really can
248
625260
2000
" E dini cka, tani me te vertete mund
10:27
put a bomb inside a pickle barrel
249
627260
2000
te vendosmi nje bombe brenda nje buçelë
10:29
at 20,000 ft."
250
629260
2000
te 20,000 ft."
10:31
And you know what, it's true; they actually can do that now.
251
631260
3000
Dhe a e dini cka, eshte e vertete; ata faktikisht mund ta bejne ate tani.
10:34
But we need to be very clear
252
634260
2000
Por ne duhet te jemi shume te qarte
10:36
about how little that means.
253
636260
3000
per sa pak ajo ka vlere.
10:39
In the Iraq War, at the beginning of the first Iraq War,
254
639260
3000
Ne luften e Irakut, ne fillim te luftes se pare ne Irak,
10:42
the U.S. military, the air force,
255
642260
2000
ushtria e Shteteve Bashkuara, forca ajrore,
10:44
sent two squadrons of F-15E Fighter Eagles
256
644260
3000
i dergoj 2 skuadrone te F-15E Fighter Eagles
10:47
to the Iraqi desert
257
647260
2000
ne shkretiren Irakut
10:49
equipped with these five million dollar cameras
258
649260
2000
te pajisura me keto kamera pese milion dollarshe
10:51
that allowed them to see the entire desert floor.
259
651260
3000
qe u'a lejoj atyre te shohin shkretiren ne tersi.
10:54
And their mission was to find and to destroy --
260
654260
3000
The misioni i tyre ishte te gjejne dhe te shkatrojne--
10:57
remember the Scud missile launchers,
261
657260
2000
mos harroni te leshoni raketat Scud
10:59
those surface-to-air missiles
262
659260
2000
keto raketa toke-ajer
11:01
that the Iraqis were launching at the Israelis?
263
661260
2000
qe Irakianet po u'a leshonin Izraeliteve?
11:03
The mission of the two squadrons
264
663260
2000
Misioni i dy skuadroneve
11:05
was to get rid of all the Scud missile launchers.
265
665260
3000
ishte te largonin te gjitha raketat e leshuara Scud.
11:08
And so they flew missions day and night,
266
668260
2000
Dhe keshtu ata misionet fluturan dite e nate,
11:10
and they dropped thousands of bombs,
267
670260
2000
dhe ata hudhen mijera bomba,
11:12
and they fired thousands of missiles
268
672260
3000
dhe ata ndezen mijera raketa
11:15
in an attempt to get rid of this particular scourge.
269
675260
3000
ne perpjekje te largojne kete kopan te vecante.
11:18
And after the war was over, there was an audit done --
270
678260
2000
Dhe pasi perfundimit te luftes, ishte bere nje audit--
11:20
as the army always does, the air force always does --
271
680260
2000
sic e bene ushtria gjithmone, forca ajrore gjithmone e bene--
11:22
and they asked the question:
272
682260
2000
dhe ata e pyten pytjen:
11:24
how many Scuds did we actually destroy?
273
684260
2000
sa Scud faktikisht i kemi shkaterruar?
11:26
You know what the answer was?
274
686260
2000
Ju e dini cila ishte pergjigja?
11:28
Zero, not a single one.
275
688260
2000
Zero, asnje edhe nje.
11:30
Now why is that?
276
690260
2000
Tani pse eshte kjo?
11:32
Is it because their weapons weren't accurate?
277
692260
2000
Eshte pershkak se arme e tyre nuk ishin te sigurta?
11:34
Oh no, they were brilliantly accurate.
278
694260
3000
O jo, ato ishin shume te sigurta.
11:37
They could have destroyed this little thing right here
279
697260
2000
Ata do te mund te shkaterronin kete gje te vogel ketu
11:39
from 25,000 ft.
280
699260
2000
nga 25.000 ft.
11:41
The issue was they didn't know where the Scud launchers were.
281
701260
4000
Qellimi ishte se ata nuk e dini ku ishin makinat e leshimit Scud.
11:45
The problem with bombs and pickle barrels
282
705260
3000
Problemi me bomba dhe buçela
11:48
is not getting the bomb inside the pickle barrel,
283
708260
2000
nuk eshte duke e futur bomben brenda buçeles,
11:50
it's knowing how to find the pickle barrel.
284
710260
3000
eshte dituria se si te gjejme buçellen.
11:53
That's always been the harder problem
285
713260
2000
Ky gjithmone ka qene problem i veeshtire
11:55
when it comes to fighting wars.
286
715260
2000
kur vije tek beteja te luftrave.
11:57
Or take the battle in Afghanistan.
287
717260
3000
Ose merre betejen ne Afganistan.
12:00
What is the signature weapon
288
720260
2000
Cila eshte fima e armes
12:02
of the CIA's war in Northwest Pakistan?
289
722260
2000
e luftes CIA ne veriperendim te Paksitanit?
12:04
It's the drone. What is the drone?
290
724260
3000
Eshte njeri qe rri kot. Cka eshte njeriu qe rri kot?
12:07
Well it is the grandson of the Norden Mark 15 bombsight.
291
727260
4000
Mire eshte sternipi i Norden Mark kmaikneri bombave 15.
12:11
It is this weapon of devastating accuracy and precision.
292
731260
4000
Eshte kjo arma e saktesise shakteruese dhe precezitetit.
12:15
And over the course of the last six years
293
735260
2000
Dhe pergjate rrjedhes te gjashte mujorshit te fundit
12:17
in Northwest Pakistan,
294
737260
3000
ne veriperendim te Pakistanit,
12:20
the CIA has flown hundreds of drone missiles,
295
740260
3000
CIA ka fluturruan me qindra raketa koti,
12:23
and it's used those drones
296
743260
2000
dhe ka perdorur keto gjera te kota
12:25
to kill 2,000 suspected
297
745260
2000
per te vrare 2.000
12:27
Pakistani and Taliban militants.
298
747260
4000
militantet te dyshuar te Pakistanit dhe Talibanit.
12:31
Now what is the accuracy of those drones?
299
751260
3000
Tani cila eshte saktesisa e ketyre gjerave koti?
12:34
Well it's extraordinary.
300
754260
2000
Mire eshte e jashtezakonshme.
12:36
We think we're now at 95 percent accuracy
301
756260
3000
Ne mendojme se ne jemi tanite sajte 95 perqind
12:39
when it comes to drone strikes.
302
759260
2000
kur vije puna tek sulmet e kota.
12:41
95 percent of the people we kill need to be killed, right?
303
761260
3000
95 perqind e njerezve qe ne kemi vrare duhet te vrahen, a po?
12:44
That is one of the most extraordinary records
304
764260
2000
Ky eshte njeri nder rekordet me te jashtezakonshme
12:46
in the history of modern warfare.
305
766260
2000
ne historine e luftrave moderne.
12:48
But do you know what the crucial thing is?
306
768260
2000
Por a e dini cila eshte gjera kruciale>
12:50
In that exact same period
307
770260
2000
Ne ate periudhe te njejte te sakte
12:52
that we've been using these drones
308
772260
2000
qe ne ishim duke perdorur keto gjera koti
12:54
with devastating accuracy,
309
774260
2000
m saktesi shakterruese,
12:56
the number of attacks, of suicide attacks and terrorist attacks,
310
776260
3000
numri i sulmeve, te sulmeve vetvrases dhe sulmeve terroriste,
12:59
against American forces in Afghanistan
311
779260
2000
kunder forcave Amerikane ne Afganistan
13:01
has increased tenfold.
312
781260
3000
eshte rritur dhejtefishite.
13:04
As we have gotten more and more efficient
313
784260
2000
Pasi ne jemi bere me shume e me shume efikas
13:06
in killing them,
314
786260
2000
ne mbytjen e tyre,
13:08
they have become angrier and angrier
315
788260
3000
ata u bene nervoz e me nervoz
13:11
and more and more motivated to kill us.
316
791260
3000
dhe shume me shume te motivuar per te na vrare neve.
13:14
I have not described to you a success story.
317
794260
3000
Une nuk ju kam pershkruar nje histori te sukseseshme
13:17
I've described to you
318
797260
2000
Une ju kam pershkruar
13:19
the opposite of a success story.
319
799260
2000
te kundertes se nje historie te sukseshme
13:21
And this is the problem
320
801260
2000
Dhe ky eshte problemi
13:23
with our infatuation with the things we make.
321
803260
2000
me pasionet tona me gjerat qe ne bejme.
13:25
We think the things we make can solve our problems,
322
805260
3000
Ne mendojme gjerat qe ne bejme mund te zgjidhin problemet tona,
13:28
but our problems are much more complex than that.
323
808260
3000
por problemt tona jane shsume me shume komplekse se jo
13:31
The issue isn't the accuracy of the bombs you have,
324
811260
3000
Qellimi nuk eshte siguria e bombave qe ju keni,
13:34
it's how you use the bombs you have,
325
814260
2000
eshte si i perdorni bombat qe i keni,
13:36
and more importantly,
326
816260
2000
dhe me e rendesishmja,
13:38
whether you ought to use bombs at all.
327
818260
3000
nese ju duhet te perdorni bomba.
13:42
There's a postscript
328
822260
2000
Eshte nje poshteshenim
13:44
to the Norden story
329
824260
2000
ne storien Norden
13:46
of Carl Norden and his fabulous bombsight.
330
826260
3000
te Carl Norden dhe maikinerise se tij te mrekullueshme.
13:49
And that is, on August 6, 1945,
331
829260
3000
Dhe kjo eshte, me 6 Gusht, 1945,
13:52
a B-29 bomber called the Enola Gay
332
832260
3000
nje bombardues B-29 e quajti Enola Gay
13:55
flew over Japan
333
835260
2000
fluturan mbi Japoni
13:57
and, using a Norden bombsight,
334
837260
2000
dhe, duke perdorur nje makineri bombave Norden,
13:59
dropped a very large thermonuclear device
335
839260
3000
gjuajti nje paisje te madhe termonukleare
14:02
on the city of Hiroshima.
336
842260
3000
ne qytetin Hirmoshima.
14:05
And as was typical with the Norden bombsight,
337
845260
3000
Dhe pasi qe ishte tipike me makinerin Norden,
14:08
the bomb actually missed its target by 800 ft.
338
848260
3000
bomba faktikisht humbi objektivin nga 800 ft.
14:11
But of course, it didn't matter.
339
851260
3000
Por sigurisht, nuk kishte nevoje.
14:14
And that's the greatest irony of all
340
854260
2000
Dhe kjo ishte ironia me e madhe nga te gjitha
14:16
when it comes to the Norden bombsight.
341
856260
3000
kur vije tek makineria Norden.
14:19
the air force's 1.5 billion dollar bombsight
342
859260
4000
forcat ajrore 1.5bilion dollar te mainerise
14:23
was used to drop its three billion dollar bomb,
343
863260
4000
ishe perdorur per te hedhur tre bilion dollaret e bombes,
14:27
which didn't need a bombsight at all.
344
867260
3000
te cilat nuk paten nevoje per makineri te bombave.
14:30
Meanwhile, back in New York,
345
870260
2000
Perderisa, ne New York,
14:32
no one told Carl Norden
346
872260
2000
askush nuk i tregoi Carl Norden
14:34
that his bombsight was used over Hiroshima.
347
874260
3000
qe makineria e tij ishte perdorur mbi Hiroshima.
14:37
He was a committed Christian.
348
877260
2000
Ai ishte nje Krishter i perkushtuar
14:39
He thought he had designed something
349
879260
2000
Ai mendonte se kishte dizejnuar dicka
14:41
that would reduce the toll of suffering in war.
350
881260
3000
qe do te mund te zvogelonte vuajtjen ne lufte.
14:44
It would have broken his heart.
351
884260
3000
Ajo do t'ja thente zemren.
14:47
(Applause)
352
887260
7000
(Duartroktije)
Rreth kësaj faqe interneti

Kjo faqe do t'ju prezantojë me videot e YouTube që janë të dobishme për të mësuar anglisht. Do të shihni mësime angleze të mësuara nga mësues të nivelit më të lartë nga e gjithë bota. Klikoni dy herë mbi titrat në anglisht të shfaqura në secilën faqe të videos për të luajtur videon prej andej. Titrat lëvizin në sinkron me riprodhimin e videos. Nëse keni ndonjë koment ose kërkesë, ju lutemi na kontaktoni duke përdorur këtë formular kontakti.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7