Malcolm Gladwell: The strange tale of the Norden bombsight

Translator: Herman Yosef Paryono Reviewer: Alia Makki

Thank you.

Terima kasih.

It's a real pleasure to be here.

Saya sangat senang berada di sini

I last did a TED Talk

Terakhir kali saya berbicara di TEDTalk

I think about seven years ago or so.

sekitar tujuh tahun yang lalu sepertinya.

I talked about spaghetti sauce.

Saya berbicara tentang saus spageti

And so many people, I guess, watch those videos.

Banyak sekali yang menonton video tersebut.

People have been coming up to me ever since

Banyak sekali yang datang sejak itu

to ask me questions about spaghetti sauce,

menanyakan pertanyaan seputar saus spageti,

which is a wonderful thing in the short term --

yang merupakan hal bagus dalam jangka pendek --

(Laughter)

(tawa)

but it's proven to be less than ideal

tapi terbukti kurang ideal

over seven years.

selama tujuh tahun.

And so I though I would come

Jadi saya berpikir akan kembali

and try and put spaghetti sauce behind me.

dan meninggalkan saus spageti di belakang saya.

(Laughter)

(tawa)

The theme of this morning's session is Things We Make.

Tema sesi pagi ini adalah Hal-hal yang Kita Ciptakan.

And so I thought I would tell a story

Saya berpikir akan menceritakan cerita

about someone

tentang seseorang

who made one of the most precious objects

yang menciptakan salah satu benda yang paling berharga

of his era.

di era ini.

And the man's name is Carl Norden.

Namanya Carl Norden.

Carl Norden was born in 1880.

Carl Norden lahir pada tahun 1880.

And he was Swiss.

Warga negara Swiss.

And of course, the Swiss can be divided

Swiss dapat dibagi

into two general categories:

menjadi dua kategori umum:

those who make small, exquisite,

mereka yang membuat benda yang kecil, indah sekali,

expensive objects

serta mahal

and those who handle the money

dan mereka yang menangani keuangan

of those who buy small, exquisite,

mereka yang membeli benda kecil, indah sekali,

expensive objects.

serta mahal tersebut.

And Carl Norden is very firmly in the former camp.

Carl Norden jelas berada di kamp pertama.

He's an engineer.

Dia adalah seorang insinyur.

He goes to the Federal Polytech in Zurich.

Belajar di Federal Polytech di Zurich.

In fact, one of his classmates is a young man named Lenin

Malah, salah satu teman kelasnya adalah seorang pemuda bernama Lenin

who would go on

yang kemudian bekerja dalam

to break small, expensive, exquisite objects.

mematahkan benda-benda mahal dan sangat indah.

And he's a Swiss engineer, Carl.

Carl adalah insinyur Swiss.

And I mean that in its fullest sense of the word.

Saya sungguh-sungguh mengucapkannya.

He wears three-piece suits;

Dia mengenakan pakaian tiga lapis;

and he has a very, very small, important mustache;

Memiliki kumis yang sangat, sangat kecil, sangat penting;

and he is domineering

Ia sangat mendominasi

and narcissistic

dan narsisistik

and driven

dan terarah

and has an extraordinary ego;

dan memiliki ego yang luar biasa;

and he works 16-hour days;

Iia bekerja 16 jam sehari;

and he has very strong feelings about alternating current;

dan memiliki perasaan yang sangat kuat mengenai arus tukar;

and he feels like a suntan is a sign of moral weakness;

dan menganggap sikap santai sebagai dosa;

and he drinks lots of coffee;

dan ia meminum banyak kopi;

and he does his best work

dan dia melakukan pekerjaan terbaiknya

sitting in his mother's kitchen in Zurich for hours

dari dapur ibunya di Zurich selama berjam-jam

in complete silence

dalam keheningna total

with nothing but a slide rule.

hanya ditemani sebuah mistar.

In any case,

Suatu saat,

Carl Norden emigrates to the United States

Carl Norden pindah ke Amerika

just before the First World War

sebelum Perang Dunia Pertama

and sets up shop on Lafayette Street

dan mendirikan bengkel di jalan Lafayette

in downtown Manhattan.

di pusat kota Manhattan.

And he becomes obsessed with the question

Dan dia terobsesi dengan pertanyaan

of how to drop bombs from an airplane.

cara menjatuhkan bom dari sebuah pesawat.

Now if you think about it,

Jika dipikirkan,

in the age before GPS and radar,

pada jaman sebelum GPS dan radar,

that was obviously a really difficult problem.

hal itu merupakan masalah sulit.

It's a complicated physics problem.

Sebuah masalah fisika yang rumit.

You've got a plane that's thousands of feet up in the air,

Dari pesawat yang berjarak ribuan kaki di udara,

going at hundreds of miles an hour,

dengan kecepatan ratusan mil per jam,

and you're trying to drop an object, a bomb,

dan berusaha menjatuhkan sebuah obyek, sebuah bom,

towards some stationary target

menuju beberapa target tak bergerak

in the face of all kinds of winds and cloud cover

menghadapi berbagai rintangan seperti angin dan awan

and all kinds of other impediments.

dan berbagai halangan.

And all sorts of people,

Banyak orang,

moving up to the First World War and between the wars,

menjelang Perang Dunia Pertama dan masa antara perang,

tried to solve this problem,

berusaha memecahkan masalah ini,

and nearly everybody came up short.

hampir semuanya gagal.

The bombsights that were available

Alat pembidik bom yang tersedia saat itu

were incredibly crude.

sangatlah sederhana.

But Carl Norden is really the one who cracks the code.

Tapi Carl Norden memecahkan masalahnya.

And he comes up with this incredibly complicated device.

Iia menciptakan alat yang sangat rumit.

It weighs about 50 lbs.

Beratnya sekitar 22,7 kg.

It's called the Norden Mark 15 bombsight.

Sebutannya adalah Pembidik Bom Norden Mark 15.

And it has all kinds of levers and ball-bearings

Alat itu memiliki bermacam pengungkit dan bantalan peluru

and gadgets and gauges.

dan perkakas dan meteran.

And he makes this complicated thing.

Dan dia membuatnya sangat rumit.

And what he allows people to do

Apa yang ia lakukan

is he makes the bombardier take this particular object,

adalah membuat pengebom menggunakan alat ini,

visually sight the target,

untuk melihat targetnya,

because they're in the Plexiglas cone of the bomber,

dari dalam contong Plexiglas pesawat bom,

and then they plug in the altitude of the plane,

mereka tinggal memasang ketinggian pesawat,

the speed of the plane, the speed of the wind

kecepatan pesawat, kecepatan angin

and the coordinates

dan koordinat

of the target.

targetnya.

And the bombsight will tell him when to drop the bomb.

Lalu pembidik bom akan mengatakan kapan pengebom dapat menjatuhkan bomnya.

And as Norden famously says,

Ucapan Norden yang terkenal,

"Before that bombsight came along,

"Sebelum pembidik bom tersebut diciptakan,

bombs would routinely miss their target

bom selalu meleset dari sasaran

by a mile or more."

sejauh satu mil atau lebih."

But he said, with the Mark 15 Norden bombsight,

Katanya, dengan pembidik bom Mark 15 Norden,

he could drop a bomb into a pickle barrel

ia dapat mengebom sebuah tong acar

at 20,000 ft.

dari ketinggian 20.000 kaki.

Now I cannot tell you

Tidak dapat diungkapkan

how incredibly excited

betapa antusiasnya

the U.S. military was

militer Amerika saat itu

by the news of the Norden bombsight.

dengan pembidik bom Norden.

It was like manna from heaven.

Seperti manna dari surga.

Here was an army

Ini adalah tentara

that had just had experience in the First World War,

yang baru saja merasakan Perang Dunia Pertama,

where millions of men

di mana jutaan orang

fought each other in the trenches,

bertarung satu sama lain dari parit perlindungan,

getting nowhere, making no progress,

terjebak, tanpa kemajuan,

and here someone had come up with a device

lalu ada seorang yang muncul dengan alat

that allowed them to fly up in the skies

yang dapat membuat mereka terbang

high above enemy territory

jauh di atas wilayah musuh,

and destroy whatever they wanted

menghancurkan apapun yang mereka mau

with pinpoint accuracy.

dengan keakuratan tinggi.

And the U.S. military

Militer Amerika

spends 1.5 billion dollars --

menghabiskan 1,5 miliar dollar --

billion dollars in 1940 dollars --

miliar dollar di 1940 dollar --

developing the Norden bombsight.

untuk mengembangkan pembidik bom Norden.

And to put that in perspective,

Untuk melihatnya dalam perspektif,

the total cost of the Manhattan project

biaya total dari proyek Manhattan

was three billion dollars.

adalah tiga miliar dollar.

Half as much money was spent on this Norden bombsight

Biaya yang dihabiskan pembidik bom Norden

as was spent on the most famous military-industrial project

adalah setengah dari biaya proyek industri militer paling terkenal lainnya

of the modern era.

di era modern.

And there were people, strategists, within the U.S. military

Banyak orang, ahli strategi, dalam militer Amerika Serikat

who genuinely thought that this single device

yang berpikir bahwa satu alat ini

was going to spell the difference

akan menciptakan perbedaan

between defeat and victory

antara kalah dan menang

when it came to the battle against the Nazis

dalam berperang melawan Nazi

and against the Japanese.

dan melawan Jepang.

And for Norden as well,

Bagi Norden sendiri,

this device had incredible moral importance,

alat ini berkepentingan moral,

because Norden was a committed Christian.

karena Norden penganut Kristen yang taat.

In fact, he would always get upset

Ia selalu sedih

when people referred to the bombsight as his invention,

jika pembidik bom disebut sebagai ciptaannya,

because in his eyes,

karena di matanya,

only God could invent things.

hanya Tuhan yang dapat mencipta.

He was simply the instrument of God's will.

Ia hanya alat pelaksana kehendak Tuhan.

And what was God's will?

Apakah kehendak Tuhan?

Well God's will was that the amount of suffering in any kind of war

Kehendak Tuhan adalah jumlah penderitaan akibat perang

be reduced to as small an amount as possible.

dapat dikurangi menjadi sekecil mungkin.

And what did the Norden bombsight do?

Apakah yang dilakukan pembidik bom Norden?

Well it allowed you to do that.

Mengecilkan penderitaan akibat perang.

It allowed you to bomb only those things

Alat tersebut memungkinkan akurasi pengeboman

that you absolutely needed and wanted to bomb.

target yang dituju bom.

So in the years leading up to the Second World War,

Pada masa menjelang Perang Dunia II,

the U.S. military buys 90,000

militer Amerika Serikat membeli 90.000

of these Norden bombsights

pembidik bom Norden

at a cost of $14,000 each --

masing-masing harganya $14.000 --

again, in 1940 dollars, that's a lot of money.

lagi, dollar di tahun 1940, adalah biaya yang sangat besar.

And they trained 50,000 bombardiers on how to use them --

Mereka melatih 50.000 pengebom untuk menggunakannya --

long extensive, months-long training sessions --

selama berbulan-bulan pelatihan ekstensif --

because these things are essentially analog computers;

karena alat ini sebetulnya adalah komputer analog;

they're not easy to use.

yang tidak mudah digunakan.

And they make every one of those bombardiers take an oath,

Mereka menyumpah para pengebom tersebut,

to swear that if they're ever captured,

jika mereka tertangkap,

they will not divulge a single detail

untuk tidak membocorkan rahasia

of this particular device to the enemy,

alat ini kepada musuh,

because it's imperative the enemy not get their hands

karena pihak musuh tidak boleh memiliki

on this absolutely essential piece of technology.

teknologi yang amat penting ini.

And whenever the Norden bombsight is taken onto a plane,

Ketika pembidik bom Norden diangkut ke pesawat,

it's escorted there by a series of armed guards.

alat itu dikawal oleh serangkaian penjaga bersenjata.

And it's carried in a box with a canvas shroud over it.

Alat itu dibawa dalam boks tertutup kain.

And the box is handcuffed to one of the guards.

Boks tersebut diborgol pada salah seorang penjaga.

It's never allowed to be photographed.

Tidak pernah boleh difoto.

And there's a little incendiary device inside of it,

Ada alat pembakar kecil di dalamnya,

so that, if the plane ever crashes, it will be destroyed

supaya, jika pesawat jatuh, alat tersebut juga hancur

and there's no way the enemy can ever get their hands on it.

sehingga musuh tak bisa mendapatkannya.

The Norden bombsight

Pembidik bom Norden

is the Holy Grail.

adalah Cawan Suci.

So what happens during the Second World War?

Lalu apa yang terjadi dalam Perang Dunia Kedua?

Well, it turns out it's not the Holy Grail.

Alat tersebut batal menjadi Cawan Suci.

In practice, the Norden bombsight

Praktisnya, pembidik bom Norden

can drop a bomb into a pickle barrel at 20,000 ft.,

dapat mengebom ke tong acar dari jarak 20.000 kaki (6096 meter),

but that's under perfect conditions.

tapi hanya dalam kondisi sempurna.

And of course, in wartime,

Tentu saja, dalam perang,

conditions aren't perfect.

kondisi tidak pernah sempurna.

First of all, it's really hard to use -- really hard to use.

Pertama, alat tersebut sangat sulit digunakan.

And not all of the people

Tidak banyak

who are of those 50,000 men who are bombardiers

dari ke-50.000 pengebom

have the ability to properly program an analog computer.

yang cukup ahli memprogram sebuah komputer analog.

Secondly, it breaks down a lot.

Kedua, alat tersebut gampang rusak.

It's full of all kinds of gyroscopes and pulleys

Dengan segala giroskop dan katrol

and gadgets and ball-bearings,

dan perkakas dan bantalan,

and they don't work as well as they ought to

alat tu tidak bekerja sebaik yang diharapkan

in the heat of battle.

dalam medan peperangan.

Thirdly, when Norden was making his calculations,

Ketiga, ketika Norden memperhitungkannya,

he assumed that a plane would be flying

ia berasumsi pesawat pengebom akan terbang

at a relatively slow speed at low altitudes.

pada kecepatan dan ketinggian yang relatif rendah.

Well in a real war, you can't do that;

Dalam medan perang, hal tersebut mustahil;

you'll get shot down.

Anda akan ditembak jatuh.

So they started flying them at high altitudes at incredibly high speeds.

Maka mereka menerbangkan pesawat sangat tinggi dan sangat cepat.

And the Norden bombsight doesn't work as well

Sementara pembidik bom Norden tidak dapat bekerja baik

under those conditions.

dalam kondisi tersebut.

But most of all,

Tapi yang paling utama,

the Norden bombsight required the bombardier

pembidik bom Norden memerlukan pengebom

to make visual contact with the target.

untuk melihat langsung targetnya.

But of course, what happens in real life?

Lalu apa yang terjadi pada kenyataannya?

There are clouds, right.

Awan.

It needs cloudless sky to be really accurate.

Alat tersebut membutuhkan langit jernih agar akurat.

Well how many cloudless skies

Berapa banyak langit jernih

do you think there were above Central Europe

berada di atas di Eropa Tengah

between 1940 and 1945?

antara tahun 1940 - 1945?

Not a lot.

Tidak banyak.

And then to give you a sense

Untuk menggambarkan

of just how inaccurate the Norden bombsight was,

betapa tidak akuratnya pembidik bom Norden,

there was a famous case in 1944

ada kasus terkenal tahun 1944

where the Allies bombed a chemical plant in Leuna, Germany.

ketika Sekutu mengebom fasilitas kimia di Leuna, Jerman.

And the chemical plant comprised

Dan faslitas kimia terdiri atas lahan

757 acres.

757 acre (306 hektar).

And over the course of 22 bombing missions,

Dari 22 misi pengeboman,

the Allies dropped 85,000 bombs

Sekutu menjatuhkan 85.000 bom

on this 757 acre chemical plant,

pada 306 hektar fasilitas kimia ini,

using the Norden bombsight.

menggunakan pembidik bom Norden.

Well what percentage of those bombs

Berapa persen dari bom tersebut

do you think actually landed

yang mendarat

inside the 700-acre perimeter of the plant?

di lahan fasilitas tersebut?

10 percent. 10 percent.

10 persen.

And of those 10 percent that landed,

Dari 10 persen yang mendarat,

16 percent didn't even go off; they were duds.

16 persen tidak meletus.

The Leuna chemical plant,

Fasilitas kimia Leuna,

after one of the most extensive bombings in the history of the war,

setelah menghadapi salah satu serangan paling ekstensif sepanjang sejarah perang,

was up and running within weeks.

kembali beroperasi beberapa minggu kemudian.

And by the way, all those precautions

Omong-omong, seluruh tindak pencegahan

to keep the Norden bombsight out of the hands of the Nazis?

agar pembidik bom Norden tidak sampai ke tangan Nazi?

Well it turns out

Ternyata

that Carl Norden, as a proper Swiss,

Carl Norden, sebagai warga Swiss,

was very enamored of German engineers.

sangat terpikat pada keahlian teknik Jerman.

So in the 1930s, he hired a whole bunch of them,

Pada tahun 1930an, ia mempekerjakan sekelompok warga Jerman,

including a man named Hermann Long

termasuk seorang Hermann Long

who, in 1938,

yang, pada tahun 1938,

gave a complete set of the plans for the Norden bombsight to the Nazis.

memberikan rencana lengkap pembidik bom Norden kepada para Nazi.

So they had their own Norden bombsight throughout the entire war --

Jadi mereka juga memiliki pembidik bom Norden selama perang --

which also, by the way, didn't work very well.

yang juga tidak bekerja dengan baik.

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

So why do we talk about the Norden bombsight?

Kenapa kita membicarakan pembidik bom Norden?

Well because we live in an age

Karena kita hidup di sebuah era

where there are lots and lots

di mana banyak sekali

of Norden bombsights.

pembidik bom Norden.

We live in a time where there are all kinds

Kita hidup di jaman di mana segala jenis

of really, really smart people

orang yang sangat pintar

running around, saying that they've invented gadgets

mengatakan mereka telah menemukan alat

that will forever change our world.

yang dapat mengubah dunia selamanya.

They've invented websites that will allow people to be free.

Mereka menciptakan laman web yang membuat orang menjadi bebas.

They've invented some kind of this thing, or this thing, or this thing

Mereka menciptakan alat ini atau itu,

that will make our world forever better.

yang dapat membuat dunia kita lebih baik.

If you go into the military,

Jika Anda pergi ke kanto militer,

you'll find lots of Carl Nordens as well.

Anda akan menemukan banyak Carl Norden juga.

If you go to the Pentagon, they will say,

Jika Anda pergi ke Pentagon, mereka akan mengatakan,

"You know what, now we really can

"Sekarang kita betul-betul dapat

put a bomb inside a pickle barrel

menjatuhkan bom ke dalam tong acar

at 20,000 ft."

dari ketinggian 20.000 kaki (6096 meter)."

And you know what, it's true; they actually can do that now.

Dan Anda tahu, hal tersebut benar; mereka sungguh dapat melakukannya sekarang.

But we need to be very clear

Tapi kita perlu menyadari

about how little that means.

bahwa hal itu tak penting.

In the Iraq War, at the beginning of the first Iraq War,

Dalam Perang Irak, pada awal Perang Irak pertama,

the U.S. military, the air force,

Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat,

sent two squadrons of F-15E Fighter Eagles

mengirimkan dua skuadron F-15E Fighter Eagles

to the Iraqi desert

ke gurun Irak

equipped with these five million dollar cameras

dilengkapi dengan kamera seharga lima juta dolar

that allowed them to see the entire desert floor.

yang membuat mereka dapat melihat seluruh lantai gurun.

And their mission was to find and to destroy --

Misi mereka adalah menemukan dan menghancurkan --

remember the Scud missile launchers,

ingat mengenai pelontar rudal Scud,

those surface-to-air missiles

rudal menghadap ke udara

that the Iraqis were launching at the Israelis?

yang Irak tembakkan ke Israel?

The mission of the two squadrons

Misi dari dua skuadron tersebut

was to get rid of all the Scud missile launchers.

adalah untuk menyingkirkan pelontar rudal Scud.

And so they flew missions day and night,

Jadi mereka mejalankan misi siang dan malam,

and they dropped thousands of bombs,

dan mereka menjatuhkan ribuan bom,

and they fired thousands of missiles

dan mereka menembakkan ribuan rudal

in an attempt to get rid of this particular scourge.

dalam usaha untuk menyingkirkan momok tersebut.

And after the war was over, there was an audit done --

Dan ketika perang berakhir, ada sebuah audit --

as the army always does, the air force always does --

yang selalu dilakukan Angkatan Udara --

and they asked the question:

dan mereka menanyakan pertanyaan:

how many Scuds did we actually destroy?

berapa banyak Scud yang betul-betul dihancurkan?

You know what the answer was?

Anda tahu jawabannya?

Zero, not a single one.

Nol, tidak satu pun.

Now why is that?

Mengapa hal itu terjadi?

Is it because their weapons weren't accurate?

Karena senjata mereka tidak akurat?

Oh no, they were brilliantly accurate.

Tidak, mereka sangat akurat.

They could have destroyed this little thing right here

Mereka dapat menghancurkan benda kecil di sana

from 25,000 ft.

dari ketinggian 25.000 kaki (7620 meter).

The issue was they didn't know where the Scud launchers were.

Masalahnya adalah mereka tidak tahu di mana lokasi pelontar Scud.

The problem with bombs and pickle barrels

Masalah dengan bom dan tong acar

is not getting the bomb inside the pickle barrel,

bukan mengenai bagaimana memasukkan bom ke dalam tong acar,

it's knowing how to find the pickle barrel.

tapi mengetahui lokasi tong acarnya.

That's always been the harder problem

Itu selalu menjadi masalah yang lebih sulit

when it comes to fighting wars.

ketika dalam peperangan.

Or take the battle in Afghanistan.

Atau contoh pertempuran di Afghanistan.

What is the signature weapon

Apakah senjata pamungkas

of the CIA's war in Northwest Pakistan?

dari perang CIA di Barat Laut Pakistan?

It's the drone. What is the drone?

Rudal tak berawak. Apa itu rudal tak berawak?

Well it is the grandson of the Norden Mark 15 bombsight.

Itu adalah cucu dari pembidik bom Norden Mark 15.

It is this weapon of devastating accuracy and precision.

Senjata yang memiliki keakuratan dan presisi penghancur.

And over the course of the last six years

Dan dalam enam tahun terakhir

in Northwest Pakistan,

di Barat Laut Pakistan,

the CIA has flown hundreds of drone missiles,

CIA telah meluncurkan ribuan rudal tak berawak,

and it's used those drones

dan menggunakannya

to kill 2,000 suspected

untuk membunuh 2000 orang yang diduga sebagai

Pakistani and Taliban militants.

militan Pakistan dan Taliban.

Now what is the accuracy of those drones?

Sekarang bagaimana dengan keakuratannya?

Well it's extraordinary.

Sangat luar biasa.

We think we're now at 95 percent accuracy

Mungkin sekitar 95 persen akurat

when it comes to drone strikes.

ketika mengenai sasaran.

95 percent of the people we kill need to be killed, right?

95 persen dari orang yang perlu dibunuh, betul?

That is one of the most extraordinary records

Itu adalah sebuah rekor yang luar biasa

in the history of modern warfare.

dalam sejarah perang modern.

But do you know what the crucial thing is?

Tapi apakah Anda tahu hal yang penting?

In that exact same period

Pada waktu yang sama

that we've been using these drones

ketika kita menggunakan misil tak berawak tersebut

with devastating accuracy,

dengan tingkat akurasi yang tinggi,

the number of attacks, of suicide attacks and terrorist attacks,

jumlah serangan bunuh diri dan teroris,

against American forces in Afghanistan

yang melawan angkatan bersenjata Amerika di Afghanistan

has increased tenfold.

meningkat sepuluh kali lipat.

As we have gotten more and more efficient

Ketika kita semakin efisien

in killing them,

dalam membunuh mereka,

they have become angrier and angrier

mereka semakin marah dan marah

and more and more motivated to kill us.

dan semakin termotivasi untuk membunuh kita.

I have not described to you a success story.

Saya tidak menceritakan sebuah kisah sukses.

I've described to you

Saya menceritakan

the opposite of a success story.

kebalikan dari kisah sukses.

And this is the problem

Dan ini masalah

with our infatuation with the things we make.

dengan kegilaan terhadap alat yang kita buat.

We think the things we make can solve our problems,

Kita berpikir bahwa sebuah alat dapat menyelesaikan masalah,

but our problems are much more complex than that.

tapi masalah kita lebih kompleks dari hal itu.

The issue isn't the accuracy of the bombs you have,

Isunya bukan akurasi bom,

it's how you use the bombs you have,

tapi cara menggunakannya,

and more importantly,

dan lebih penting lagi,

whether you ought to use bombs at all.

apakah bom harus digunakan sama sekali.

There's a postscript

Ada catatan tambahan

to the Norden story

untuk cerita Norden

of Carl Norden and his fabulous bombsight.

dari Carl Norden dan pembidik bomnya yang luar biasa.

And that is, on August 6, 1945,

Waktu itu, tanggal 6 Agustus 1945,

a B-29 bomber called the Enola Gay

sebuah pesawat pembom B-29 yang disebut Enola Gay

flew over Japan

terbang ke Jepang

and, using a Norden bombsight,

menggunakan pembidik bom Norden,

dropped a very large thermonuclear device

menjatuhkan sebuah bom nuklir yang amat besar

on the city of Hiroshima.

di kota Hiroshima.

And as was typical with the Norden bombsight,

Sebagaimana pembidik bom Norden,

the bomb actually missed its target by 800 ft.

bom itu meleset dari targetnya sejauh 800 kaki (244 meter).

But of course, it didn't matter.

Tapi tentu saja hal tersebut tidak penting.

And that's the greatest irony of all

Dan itu adalah ironi terbesar yang muncul

when it comes to the Norden bombsight.

dari pembidik bom Norden.

the air force's 1.5 billion dollar bombsight

pembidik bom 1,5 miliar dolar milik angkatan udara

was used to drop its three billion dollar bomb,

digunakan untuk menjatuhkan bom seharga tiga miliar dolar,

which didn't need a bombsight at all.

yang tidak butuh pembidik bom sama sekali.

Meanwhile, back in New York,

Sementara itu, di New York,

no one told Carl Norden

tidak ada yang memberitahu Carl Norden

that his bombsight was used over Hiroshima.

bahwa pembidik bomnya digunakan di Hiroshima.

He was a committed Christian.

Dia adalah Kristen yang taat.

He thought he had designed something

Ia berpikir bahwa ia telah mendesain sesuatu

that would reduce the toll of suffering in war.

yang dapat mengurangi penderitaan perang.

It would have broken his heart.

Hal ini akan mematahkan hatinya.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)