Malcolm Gladwell: The strange tale of the Norden bombsight

1,684,319 views ใƒป 2011-10-26

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
00:17
It's a real pleasure to be here.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื ื’ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ.
00:19
I last did a TED Talk
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื”ืจืฆืืช TED
00:21
I think about seven years ago or so.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš.
00:25
I talked about spaghetti sauce.
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ืกืคื’ื˜ื™.
00:28
And so many people, I guess, watch those videos.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—, ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
00:31
People have been coming up to me ever since
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื• ืืœื™ ืžืื–
00:33
to ask me questions about spaghetti sauce,
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ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ืกืคื’ื˜ื™,
00:35
which is a wonderful thing in the short term --
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ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืคืœื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ --
00:38
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:40
but it's proven to be less than ideal
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื›ื— ื›ืคื—ื•ืช ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™
00:42
over seven years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื.
00:44
And so I though I would come
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืื‘ื•ื
00:46
and try and put spaghetti sauce behind me.
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ื•ืื ืกื” ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืกืคื’ื˜ื™ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™.
00:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:51
The theme of this morning's session is Things We Make.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
00:54
And so I thought I would tell a story
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
00:56
about someone
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ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
00:58
who made one of the most precious objects
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ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื ื—ืฉืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:00
of his era.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
01:02
And the man's name is Carl Norden.
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ื•ืฉื ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืงืืจืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ.
01:05
Carl Norden was born in 1880.
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ืงืืจืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘1880.
01:07
And he was Swiss.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™.
01:09
And of course, the Swiss can be divided
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœืง
01:11
into two general categories:
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ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช:
01:13
those who make small, exquisite,
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ืืœื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
01:15
expensive objects
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ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืงืจื™ื
01:17
and those who handle the money
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ื•ืืœื” ืฉืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืกืฃ
01:19
of those who buy small, exquisite,
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ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉืงื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
01:22
expensive objects.
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ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืงืจื™ื.
01:24
And Carl Norden is very firmly in the former camp.
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ื•ืงืืจืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
01:27
He's an engineer.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื ื“ืก.
01:29
He goes to the Federal Polytech in Zurich.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ืง ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ ื‘ืฆื™ืจื™ืš.
01:32
In fact, one of his classmates is a young man named Lenin
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื›ื™ืชืชื• ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืœื ื™ืŸ
01:35
who would go on
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ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ืš
01:37
to break small, expensive, exquisite objects.
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ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืงืจื™ื.
01:41
And he's a Swiss engineer, Carl.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™, ืงืืจืœ.
01:44
And I mean that in its fullest sense of the word.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื”.
01:47
He wears three-piece suits;
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ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ื—ืœื™ืคืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื;
01:49
and he has a very, very small, important mustache;
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉืคื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘;
01:54
and he is domineering
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื˜
01:56
and narcissistic
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ื•ื ืจืงืกื™ืกื˜
01:58
and driven
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ื•ืžื•ื ืข
02:00
and has an extraordinary ego;
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื’ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ื;
02:02
and he works 16-hour days;
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ 16 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื;
02:05
and he has very strong feelings about alternating current;
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื–ืจื ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ;
02:08
and he feels like a suntan is a sign of moral weakness;
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืฉื™ื–ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื—ื•ืœืฉื” ืžื•ืจืืœื™ืช;
02:12
and he drinks lots of coffee;
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืคื”;
02:14
and he does his best work
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:16
sitting in his mother's kitchen in Zurich for hours
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืื™ืžื• ื‘ืฆื™ืจื™ืš ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช
02:18
in complete silence
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ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜
02:20
with nothing but a slide rule.
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ืจืง ืขื ืกืจื’ืœ.
02:22
In any case,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ
02:24
Carl Norden emigrates to the United States
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ืงืืจืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืžื”ื’ืจ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
02:27
just before the First World War
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ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
02:29
and sets up shop on Lafayette Street
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ื•ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ื—ื ื•ืชื• ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืœืคืื™ื™ื˜
02:31
in downtown Manhattan.
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ.
02:33
And he becomes obsessed with the question
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื”ืคืš ืœืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉืืœื”
02:35
of how to drop bombs from an airplane.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืžืžื˜ื•ืก.
02:38
Now if you think about it,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”,
02:40
in the age before GPS and radar,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ GPS ื•ืจื“ืืจ,
02:43
that was obviously a really difficult problem.
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ื–ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”.
02:45
It's a complicated physics problem.
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ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืคื™ืกื™ืงืœื™ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช.
02:47
You've got a plane that's thousands of feet up in the air,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื˜ื•ืก ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืœืคื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
02:50
going at hundreds of miles an hour,
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ื˜ืก ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื”,
02:52
and you're trying to drop an object, a bomb,
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ื•ืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜, ืคืฆืฆื”,
02:55
towards some stationary target
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ืขืœ ืžื˜ืจื” ื ื™ื™ื—ืช
02:57
in the face of all kinds of winds and cloud cover
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ืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืขื ื ื™ื
03:00
and all kinds of other impediments.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื.
03:02
And all sorts of people,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื,
03:04
moving up to the First World War and between the wars,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช,
03:06
tried to solve this problem,
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ื ื™ืกื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
03:08
and nearly everybody came up short.
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื•.
03:10
The bombsights that were available
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ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช
03:12
were incredibly crude.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ื’ืกื•ืช.
03:14
But Carl Norden is really the one who cracks the code.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืืจืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื–ื” ืฉื™ืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื”.
03:17
And he comes up with this incredibly complicated device.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžืžืฉ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš,
03:20
It weighs about 50 lbs.
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ืฉืฉื•ืงืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 25 ืงื™ืœื•.
03:22
It's called the Norden Mark 15 bombsight.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืžืืจืง 15.
03:26
And it has all kinds of levers and ball-bearings
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื™ืกื‘ื™ื
03:28
and gadgets and gauges.
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ื•ื’ืื“ื’'ื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื.
03:31
And he makes this complicated thing.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื”ื–ื”.
03:34
And what he allows people to do
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
03:36
is he makes the bombardier take this particular object,
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืžืคืฆื™ืฅ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
03:40
visually sight the target,
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ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช,
03:42
because they're in the Plexiglas cone of the bomber,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืขืช ืคืจืกืคืงืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืฆื™ืฅ,
03:46
and then they plug in the altitude of the plane,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก,
03:49
the speed of the plane, the speed of the wind
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ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก, ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—
03:52
and the coordinates
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ื•ื”ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช
03:54
of the target.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”.
03:56
And the bombsight will tell him when to drop the bomb.
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืชื’ื™ื“ ืœื• ืžืชื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื”.
04:00
And as Norden famously says,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืืžืจ,
04:03
"Before that bombsight came along,
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"ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื”,
04:05
bombs would routinely miss their target
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ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืกืคืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข
04:07
by a mile or more."
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ื‘ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ."
04:09
But he said, with the Mark 15 Norden bombsight,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ืขื ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืืจืง 15,
04:12
he could drop a bomb into a pickle barrel
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืคืฆืฆื” ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฆื™ื
04:14
at 20,000 ft.
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ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” 20,000 ืจื’ืœ.
04:16
Now I cannot tell you
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื
04:18
how incredibly excited
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ื›ืžื” ื ืœื”ื‘ ื”ื™ื”
04:20
the U.S. military was
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ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
04:22
by the news of the Norden bombsight.
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ืžื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ.
04:25
It was like manna from heaven.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืžืŸ ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
04:27
Here was an army
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฆื‘ื
04:29
that had just had experience in the First World War,
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ืฉืจืง ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
04:31
where millions of men
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ื‘ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
04:33
fought each other in the trenches,
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ืœื—ืžื• ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืฉื•ื—ื•ืช,
04:35
getting nowhere, making no progress,
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื, ืœื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•,
04:37
and here someone had come up with a device
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ
04:41
that allowed them to fly up in the skies
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื˜ื•ืก ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื
04:43
high above enemy territory
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ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขืœ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืื•ื™ื™ื‘
04:45
and destroy whatever they wanted
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื•
04:47
with pinpoint accuracy.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
04:49
And the U.S. military
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ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
04:51
spends 1.5 billion dollars --
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ื”ื•ืฆื™ื 1.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ --
04:53
billion dollars in 1940 dollars --
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉืœ 1940 --
04:56
developing the Norden bombsight.
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ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ.
04:58
And to put that in perspective,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”,
05:01
the total cost of the Manhattan project
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ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ
05:03
was three billion dollars.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
05:05
Half as much money was spent on this Norden bombsight
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ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ืฆื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ
05:08
as was spent on the most famous military-industrial project
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ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™-ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:12
of the modern era.
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ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
05:14
And there were people, strategists, within the U.S. military
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื, ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื, ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
05:17
who genuinely thought that this single device
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื–ื”
05:19
was going to spell the difference
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ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ
05:21
between defeat and victory
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื“ ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ
05:23
when it came to the battle against the Nazis
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื
05:25
and against the Japanese.
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ื•ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื.
05:27
And for Norden as well,
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ,
05:29
this device had incredible moral importance,
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ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืจืืœื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
05:32
because Norden was a committed Christian.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืจื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืื“ื•ืง.
05:34
In fact, he would always get upset
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืชืจื’ื–
05:36
when people referred to the bombsight as his invention,
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื›ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœื•,
05:39
because in his eyes,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•,
05:41
only God could invent things.
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ืจืง ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:43
He was simply the instrument of God's will.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.
05:45
And what was God's will?
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื?
05:47
Well God's will was that the amount of suffering in any kind of war
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื”
05:50
be reduced to as small an amount as possible.
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ื™ื•ืคื—ืช ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ.
05:53
And what did the Norden bombsight do?
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ื•ืžื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืขืฉืชื”?
05:55
Well it allowed you to do that.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
05:57
It allowed you to bomb only those things
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ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ืจืง ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
05:59
that you absolutely needed and wanted to bomb.
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ืฉืžืžืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื ืœื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ.
06:03
So in the years leading up to the Second World War,
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ืื– ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
06:06
the U.S. military buys 90,000
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ืฆื‘ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงื ื” 90,000
06:09
of these Norden bombsights
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ืžื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
06:11
at a cost of $14,000 each --
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ 14,000 ืœืื—ืช --
06:13
again, in 1940 dollars, that's a lot of money.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉืœ 1940, ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ.
06:16
And they trained 50,000 bombardiers on how to use them --
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ื•ืื– ืื™ืžืŸ 50,000 ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ --
06:19
long extensive, months-long training sessions --
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ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื --
06:23
because these things are essentially analog computers;
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื;
06:25
they're not easy to use.
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ื”ื ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
06:27
And they make every one of those bombardiers take an oath,
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉื‘ืข,
06:30
to swear that if they're ever captured,
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ืœื”ื™ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืื ื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•,
06:33
they will not divulge a single detail
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื’ืœื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืจื˜ ืื—ื“
06:35
of this particular device to the enemy,
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื–ื” ืœืื•ื™ื™ื‘,
06:37
because it's imperative the enemy not get their hands
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื™ื‘
06:40
on this absolutely essential piece of technology.
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ืคื™ืกืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:42
And whenever the Norden bombsight is taken onto a plane,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืก,
06:45
it's escorted there by a series of armed guards.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื.
06:48
And it's carried in a box with a canvas shroud over it.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืฉืืช ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื” ืขื ื‘ื“ ืฉืžื›ืกื” ืื•ืชื”.
06:51
And the box is handcuffed to one of the guards.
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ื•ื”ืงื•ืคืกื ืื–ื•ืงื” ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื.
06:54
It's never allowed to be photographed.
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ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœืฆืœื ืื•ืชื”.
06:56
And there's a little incendiary device inside of it,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ืฆืชื” ืงื˜ืŸ,
06:59
so that, if the plane ever crashes, it will be destroyed
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืื™ ืคืขื ื™ืชืจืกืง, ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฉืžื“,
07:02
and there's no way the enemy can ever get their hands on it.
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ื•ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื™ื“ื• ืขืœื™ื”.
07:05
The Norden bombsight
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ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ
07:07
is the Holy Grail.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ.
07:10
So what happens during the Second World War?
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ืื– ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”?
07:13
Well, it turns out it's not the Holy Grail.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ.
07:16
In practice, the Norden bombsight
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ
07:18
can drop a bomb into a pickle barrel at 20,000 ft.,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืคืฆืฆื” ืœื—ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” 20,000 ืจื’ืœ,
07:21
but that's under perfect conditions.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื™ื.
07:23
And of course, in wartime,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื”,
07:25
conditions aren't perfect.
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ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื.
07:27
First of all, it's really hard to use -- really hard to use.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ -- ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
07:30
And not all of the people
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ื•ืœื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
07:32
who are of those 50,000 men who are bombardiers
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ืžื” 50,000 ืฉื”ื ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื
07:34
have the ability to properly program an analog computer.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชื›ื ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื ืœื•ื’ื™.
07:38
Secondly, it breaks down a lot.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงืœืงืœืช ื”ืจื‘ื”.
07:40
It's full of all kinds of gyroscopes and pulleys
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ื”ื™ื ืžืœืื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื™ืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ื’ืœื’ืœื•ืช
07:42
and gadgets and ball-bearings,
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ื•ื’ืื“ื’'ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื™ืกื‘ื™ื,
07:44
and they don't work as well as they ought to
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
07:46
in the heat of battle.
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ื‘ื—ื•ื ื”ืงืจื‘.
07:48
Thirdly, when Norden was making his calculations,
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ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื›ืฉื ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•,
07:51
he assumed that a plane would be flying
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื™ื˜ื•ืก
07:53
at a relatively slow speed at low altitudes.
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ืžื•ืš.
07:56
Well in a real war, you can't do that;
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”;
07:58
you'll get shot down.
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ื™ืคื™ืœื• ืืชื›ื.
08:00
So they started flying them at high altitudes at incredibly high speeds.
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื˜ื™ืก ืื•ืชื ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
08:03
And the Norden bombsight doesn't work as well
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘
08:05
under those conditions.
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ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
08:07
But most of all,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ,
08:09
the Norden bombsight required the bombardier
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ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื”ืžืคืฆื™ืฅ
08:11
to make visual contact with the target.
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ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืžื˜ืจื”.
08:14
But of course, what happens in real life?
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื?
08:16
There are clouds, right.
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ื”ื™ื• ืขื ื ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
08:19
It needs cloudless sky to be really accurate.
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ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช.
08:22
Well how many cloudless skies
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื
08:24
do you think there were above Central Europe
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
08:26
between 1940 and 1945?
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 1940 ื• 1945?
08:29
Not a lot.
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ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื”.
08:31
And then to give you a sense
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ื•ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื”
08:33
of just how inaccurate the Norden bombsight was,
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ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช,
08:35
there was a famous case in 1944
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืจื” ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ 1944
08:37
where the Allies bombed a chemical plant in Leuna, Germany.
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ืฉื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืคืฆื™ืฆื• ืžืคืขืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืœืื•ื ื”, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
08:41
And the chemical plant comprised
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ื•ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื™ืฉื‘ ืขืœ
08:43
757 acres.
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2800 ื“ื•ื ื.
08:45
And over the course of 22 bombing missions,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 22 ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื”,
08:48
the Allies dropped 85,000 bombs
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ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• 85,000 ืคืฆืฆื•ืช
08:53
on this 757 acre chemical plant,
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื‘ืŸ 2800 ื”ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื,
08:57
using the Norden bombsight.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ.
09:00
Well what percentage of those bombs
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืžื” ืœื“ืขืชื›ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
09:02
do you think actually landed
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื—ืชื•
09:04
inside the 700-acre perimeter of the plant?
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืชื—ื 2800 ื”ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœ?
09:07
10 percent. 10 percent.
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10 ืื—ื•ื–. 10 ืื—ื•ื–.
09:10
And of those 10 percent that landed,
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ื•ืžืชื•ืš 10 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื ื—ืชื•,
09:12
16 percent didn't even go off; they were duds.
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16 ืื—ื•ื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•, ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื ืคืœื™ื.
09:15
The Leuna chemical plant,
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ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื‘ืœืื•ื ื”,
09:17
after one of the most extensive bombings in the history of the war,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”,
09:20
was up and running within weeks.
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ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
09:23
And by the way, all those precautions
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื›ืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
09:25
to keep the Norden bombsight out of the hands of the Nazis?
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื?
09:28
Well it turns out
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ
09:30
that Carl Norden, as a proper Swiss,
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ืฉืงืืจืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ, ื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ ืืžื™ืชื™,
09:32
was very enamored of German engineers.
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ื”ืชืจืฉื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื.
09:35
So in the 1930s, he hired a whole bunch of them,
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ืื– ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”30, ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœื”ื,
09:37
including a man named Hermann Long
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจืžืŸ ืœื•ื ื’
09:39
who, in 1938,
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ืฉื‘ 1938,
09:41
gave a complete set of the plans for the Norden bombsight to the Nazis.
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ื ืชืŸ ืกื˜ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืœื ืืฆื™ื.
09:44
So they had their own Norden bombsight throughout the entire war --
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” --
09:47
which also, by the way, didn't work very well.
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ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ื, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
09:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:52
So why do we talk about the Norden bombsight?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื ื•ืจื“ื•?
09:55
Well because we live in an age
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ
09:57
where there are lots and lots
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ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ
09:59
of Norden bombsights.
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ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ.
10:01
We live in a time where there are all kinds
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™
10:03
of really, really smart people
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื—ื›ืžื™ื
10:05
running around, saying that they've invented gadgets
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ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ื’ืื“ื’'ื˜ื™ื
10:07
that will forever change our world.
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ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืžื™ื“.
10:09
They've invented websites that will allow people to be free.
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ื”ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืชืจื™ื ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื.
10:12
They've invented some kind of this thing, or this thing, or this thing
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ื”ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื•, ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ, ืื• ืื—ืจ
10:16
that will make our world forever better.
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ืฉื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:19
If you go into the military,
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ืื ืชื›ื ืกื• ืœืฆื‘ื,
10:21
you'll find lots of Carl Nordens as well.
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ืชืžืฆืื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืืจืœ ื ื•ืจื“ื ื™ื ื’ื ืฉื.
10:23
If you go to the Pentagon, they will say,
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ืื ืชืœื›ื• ืœืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื•,
10:25
"You know what, now we really can
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"ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
10:27
put a bomb inside a pickle barrel
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ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืคืฆืฆื” ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฆื™ื
10:29
at 20,000 ft."
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ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” 20,000 ืจื’ืœ."
10:31
And you know what, it's true; they actually can do that now.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
10:34
But we need to be very clear
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื
10:36
about how little that means.
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ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืขื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
10:39
In the Iraq War, at the beginning of the first Iraq War,
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ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื™ืจืืง, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
10:42
the U.S. military, the air force,
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ืฆื‘ื ืืจื”"ื‘, ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ,
10:44
sent two squadrons of F-15E Fighter Eagles
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ืฉืœื— ืฉืชื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ F-15E
10:47
to the Iraqi desert
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ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™
10:49
equipped with these five million dollar cameras
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ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ
10:51
that allowed them to see the entire desert floor.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
10:54
And their mission was to find and to destroy --
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ --
10:57
remember the Scud missile launchers,
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ืžืฉื’ืจื™ ื”ืกืงืื“,
10:59
those surface-to-air missiles
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ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข-ืงืจืงืข ื”ืืœื”
11:01
that the Iraqis were launching at the Israelis?
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ืฉื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื ืฉื™ื’ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ?
11:03
The mission of the two squadrons
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ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
11:05
was to get rid of all the Scud missile launchers.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื™ืคืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžืฉื’ืจื™ ื”ืกืงืื“ ื”ืืœื•.
11:08
And so they flew missions day and night,
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ืื– ื”ืŸ ื˜ืกื• ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœื”,
11:10
and they dropped thousands of bombs,
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ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื• ืืœืคื™ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช,
11:12
and they fired thousands of missiles
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ื•ื™ืจื• ืืœืคื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื
11:15
in an attempt to get rid of this particular scourge.
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืžื–ื™ืง ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
11:18
And after the war was over, there was an audit done --
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ืžืจื”, ื ืขืจืš ืชื—ืงื™ืจ --
11:20
as the army always does, the air force always does --
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืฉื”, ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืฉื” --
11:22
and they asked the question:
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ื•ื”ื ืฉืืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”:
11:24
how many Scuds did we actually destroy?
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ื›ืžื” ืกืงืื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“?
11:26
You know what the answer was?
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื”?
11:28
Zero, not a single one.
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ืืคืก, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืื—ื“.
11:30
Now why is that?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžื” ื–ื”?
11:32
Is it because their weapons weren't accurate?
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ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืฉืงื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื?
11:34
Oh no, they were brilliantly accurate.
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ื”ื• ืœื, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
11:37
They could have destroyed this little thing right here
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ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ
11:39
from 25,000 ft.
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ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” 25,000 ืจื’ืœ.
11:41
The issue was they didn't know where the Scud launchers were.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืื™ืคื” ืžืฉื’ืจื™ ื”ืกืงืื“ ื”ื™ื•.
11:45
The problem with bombs and pickle barrels
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ื
11:48
is not getting the bomb inside the pickle barrel,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืช,
11:50
it's knowing how to find the pickle barrel.
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ื–ื” ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืช.
11:53
That's always been the harder problem
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ื–ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
11:55
when it comes to fighting wars.
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช.
11:57
Or take the battle in Afghanistan.
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ืื• ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ.
12:00
What is the signature weapon
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ืžื” ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜
12:02
of the CIA's war in Northwest Pakistan?
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”CIA ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืืŸ?
12:04
It's the drone. What is the drone?
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืœ"ื˜. ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืœ"ื˜?
12:07
Well it is the grandson of the Norden Mark 15 bombsight.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ.
12:11
It is this weapon of devastating accuracy and precision.
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ื–ื” ื”ื ืฉืง ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื•ื“ื™ื•ืง.
12:15
And over the course of the last six years
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
12:17
in Northwest Pakistan,
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืืŸ,
12:20
the CIA has flown hundreds of drone missiles,
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ื”CIA ื”ื˜ื™ืก ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืžืœ"ื˜,
12:23
and it's used those drones
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืœ"ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
12:25
to kill 2,000 suspected
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ 2000 ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื
12:27
Pakistani and Taliban militants.
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ืคืืงื™ืกื˜ืื ื™ื ื•ื˜ืืœื™ื‘ืŸ.
12:31
Now what is the accuracy of those drones?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื” ืจืžืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœ"ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื•?
12:34
Well it's extraordinary.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
12:36
We think we're now at 95 percent accuracy
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘95 ืื—ื•ื– ื“ื™ื•ืง
12:39
when it comes to drone strikes.
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžืœ"ื˜
12:41
95 percent of the people we kill need to be killed, right?
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95 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื”ืจื’, ื›ืŸ?
12:44
That is one of the most extraordinary records
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:46
in the history of modern warfare.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
12:48
But do you know what the crucial thing is?
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื?
12:50
In that exact same period
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
12:52
that we've been using these drones
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ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืœ"ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
12:54
with devastating accuracy,
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ืขื ืจืžืช ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช,
12:56
the number of attacks, of suicide attacks and terrorist attacks,
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช, ืฉืœ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืชืื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื,
12:59
against American forces in Afghanistan
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ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ
13:01
has increased tenfold.
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ืขืœื” ืคื™ ืขืฉืจื”.
13:04
As we have gotten more and more efficient
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:06
in killing them,
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ื‘ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื,
13:08
they have become angrier and angrier
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ื”ื ื ืขืฉื• ื›ื•ืขืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:11
and more and more motivated to kill us.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื ื•.
13:14
I have not described to you a success story.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืชืืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
13:17
I've described to you
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ืชืืจืชื™ ืœื›ื
13:19
the opposite of a success story.
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ืืช ื”ื”ืคืš ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
13:21
And this is the problem
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
13:23
with our infatuation with the things we make.
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ืขื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
13:25
We think the things we make can solve our problems,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
13:28
but our problems are much more complex than that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื–ื”.
13:31
The issue isn't the accuracy of the bombs you have,
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื,
13:34
it's how you use the bombs you have,
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ืืœื ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื,
13:36
and more importantly,
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
13:38
whether you ought to use bombs at all.
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
13:42
There's a postscript
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืกื™ื•ื
13:44
to the Norden story
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ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ
13:46
of Carl Norden and his fabulous bombsight.
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ืฉืœ ืงืืจืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืฉืœื•.
13:49
And that is, on August 6, 1945,
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ื•ื”ื•ื, ืฉื‘ 6 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1945,
13:52
a B-29 bomber called the Enola Gay
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ืžืคืฆื™ืฅ B-29 ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืื ื•ืœื” ื’ื™ื™
13:55
flew over Japan
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ื˜ืก ืžืขืœ ื™ืคืืŸ
13:57
and, using a Norden bombsight,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ,
13:59
dropped a very large thermonuclear device
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ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืžืชืงืŸ ืชืจืžื• ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
14:02
on the city of Hiroshima.
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ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื”.
14:05
And as was typical with the Norden bombsight,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืœื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ,
14:08
the bomb actually missed its target by 800 ft.
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ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื” ื‘270 ืžื˜ืจ.
14:11
But of course, it didn't matter.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”.
14:14
And that's the greatest irony of all
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื›ืœ
14:16
when it comes to the Norden bombsight.
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ.
14:19
the air force's 1.5 billion dollar bombsight
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ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืขืœืชื” ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ 1.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
14:23
was used to drop its three billion dollar bomb,
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ืฉืขืœืชื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
14:27
which didn't need a bombsight at all.
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ืฉื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืช.
14:30
Meanwhile, back in New York,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
14:32
no one told Carl Norden
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืืžืจ ืœืงืืจืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ
14:34
that his bombsight was used over Hiroshima.
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ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœื• ืžืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื”.
14:37
He was a committed Christian.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืื“ื•ืง.
14:39
He thought he had designed something
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื›ื ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื•
14:41
that would reduce the toll of suffering in war.
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ืฉื™ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”.
14:44
It would have broken his heart.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื•.
14:47
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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