Malcolm Gladwell: The strange tale of the Norden bombsight

1,680,745 views ใƒป 2011-10-26

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jeong-Lan Kinser ๊ฒ€ํ† : Kyo young Chu
00:15
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:17
It's a real pleasure to be here.
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์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์„œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์จ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:19
I last did a TED Talk
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ฒˆ์— TED talk์— ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒŒ
00:21
I think about seven years ago or so.
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์•„๋งˆ 7๋…„ ์ „ ์ฏค์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ตฐ์š”
00:25
I talked about spaghetti sauce.
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์ €๋Š” ์ŠคํŒŒ๊ฒŒํ‹ฐ ์†Œ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:28
And so many people, I guess, watch those videos.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:31
People have been coming up to me ever since
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๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™€์„œ
00:33
to ask me questions about spaghetti sauce,
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์ŠคํŒŒ๊ฒŒํ‹ฐ ์†Œ์Šค์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๊ณ„์† ๋ฌผ์–ด ๋ณด๋”๊ตฐ์š”
00:35
which is a wonderful thing in the short term --
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๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ผ์ด์ฃ 
00:38
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:40
but it's proven to be less than ideal
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ง€๋‚œ 7๋…„๋™์•ˆ
00:42
over seven years.
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์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋Š” ๊ฑธ๋กœ ํŒ๋ช…์ด ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:44
And so I though I would come
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ์™€์„œ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ,
00:46
and try and put spaghetti sauce behind me.
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์ŠคํŒŒ๊ฒŒํ‹ฐ ์†Œ์Šค ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์— ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:49
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:51
The theme of this morning's session is Things We Make.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์•„์นจ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋“ค"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:54
And so I thought I would tell a story
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š”
00:56
about someone
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๊ทธ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—์„œ
00:58
who made one of the most precious objects
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ 
01:00
of his era.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:02
And the man's name is Carl Norden.
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๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์นผ ๋…ธ๋“  (Carl Norden)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:05
Carl Norden was born in 1880.
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์นผ ๋…ธ๋“ ์€ 1880๋…„์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:07
And he was Swiss.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์Šค์ธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:09
And of course, the Swiss can be divided
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์Šค์œ„์Šค์ธ์€
01:11
into two general categories:
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2๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:13
those who make small, exquisite,
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์ž‘๊ณ , ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:15
expensive objects
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๋น„์‹ผ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ
01:17
and those who handle the money
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๊ทธ ์ž‘๊ณ , ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:19
of those who buy small, exquisite,
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๋น„์‹ผ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜
01:22
expensive objects.
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๋ˆ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ 
01:24
And Carl Norden is very firmly in the former camp.
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์นผ ๋…ธ๋“  (Carl Norden)์€ ์•„์ฃผ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:27
He's an engineer.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:29
He goes to the Federal Polytech in Zurich.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ทจ๋ฆฌํžˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ํด๋ฆฌํ…Œํฌ(Polytech)๋กœ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:32
In fact, one of his classmates is a young man named Lenin
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ทธ์˜ ๋™๊ธ‰์ƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋ ˆ๋‹Œ(Lenin)์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ ์ Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:35
who would go on
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž‘๊ณ , ๋น„์‹ธ๊ณ , ์ •๊ตํ•œ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋“ค์„
01:37
to break small, expensive, exquisite objects.
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๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ๋œจ๋ฆด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:41
And he's a Swiss engineer, Carl.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์Šค์ธ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด, ์นผ (Carl)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:44
And I mean that in its fullest sense of the word.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทธ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:47
He wears three-piece suits;
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์“ฐ๋ฆฌํ”ผ์Šค ์ •์žฅ์„ ์ž…๊ณ ,
01:49
and he has a very, very small, important mustache;
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์•„์ฃผ, ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘๊ณ  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์—ผ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:54
and he is domineering
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์••์ ์ด๊ณ 
01:56
and narcissistic
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์ž๊ธฐ๋„์ทจ์ ์ด๊ณ 
01:58
and driven
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ํˆฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์น˜๊ณ 
02:00
and has an extraordinary ego;
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๋น„๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์ž์กด์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:02
and he works 16-hour days;
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๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— 16์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ ,
02:05
and he has very strong feelings about alternating current;
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
02:08
and he feels like a suntan is a sign of moral weakness;
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๊ทธ๋Š” ํ–‡๋ณ•์— ๊ทธ์„๋ฆฌ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์ทจ์•ฝ์ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
02:12
and he drinks lots of coffee;
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๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:14
and he does his best work
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์šฉ ์ž ์ด์™ธ์—๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์ด
02:16
sitting in his mother's kitchen in Zurich for hours
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์™„์ „ํ•œ ์นจ๋ฌต์†์—์„œ
02:18
in complete silence
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์ˆ˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์„ ์ทจ๋ฆฌํžˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Œ์˜ ๋ถ€์—Œ์— ์•‰์•„
02:20
with nothing but a slide rule.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:22
In any case,
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์–ด์จŒ๋“ ,
02:24
Carl Norden emigrates to the United States
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์นผ ๋…ธ๋“  (Carl Norden)์€
02:27
just before the First World War
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1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง์ „ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฏผ์„ ์™€์„œ
02:29
and sets up shop on Lafayette Street
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๋งจํ•˜ํƒ„ ์‹œ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ผํŒŒ์˜ˆํŠธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ (Lafayette Street)์—
02:31
in downtown Manhattan.
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์ƒ์ ์„ ์—ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:33
And he becomes obsessed with the question
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํญํƒ„์„ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
02:35
of how to drop bombs from an airplane.
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ์ง‘์ฐฉํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:38
Now if you think about it,
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์ž, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด,
02:40
in the age before GPS and radar,
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์ „(ๅ…จ) ์ง€๊ตฌ ์œ„์น˜ ํŒŒ์•… ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(GPS:global positioning system) ๊ณผ ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹ค(radar) ์ด์ „์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—,
02:43
that was obviously a really difficult problem.
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ํญํƒ„์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ง€์ ์— ํˆฌํ•˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:45
It's a complicated physics problem.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ฃ 
02:47
You've got a plane that's thousands of feet up in the air,
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์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ ํ”ผํŠธ ๋†’์ด์—์„œ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
02:50
going at hundreds of miles an hour,
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์‹œ์† ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ ๋งˆ์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
02:52
and you're trying to drop an object, a bomb,
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๋ณ„์˜๋ณ„ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ, ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„, ๋˜ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด
02:55
towards some stationary target
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์•ž์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
02:57
in the face of all kinds of winds and cloud cover
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์ •์ง€๋œ ํ‘œ์ ์— ๋ฌผ์ฒด, ์ฆ‰ ํญํƒ„์„
03:00
and all kinds of other impediments.
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๋–จ์–ดํŠธ๋ ค์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:02
And all sorts of people,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
03:04
moving up to the First World War and between the wars,
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1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ค‘์—, ๋˜ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์—
03:06
tried to solve this problem,
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
03:08
and nearly everybody came up short.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ํ’€๊ธฐ์—” ์—ญ๋ถ€์กฑ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:10
The bombsights that were available
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๊ทธ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ๋“ค์€
03:12
were incredibly crude.
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๋ฏฟ์„์ˆ˜ ์—†์„๋งŒํผ ์กฐ์žกํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:14
But Carl Norden is really the one who cracks the code.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์นผ ๋…ธ๋“ ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:17
And he comes up with this incredibly complicated device.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:20
It weighs about 50 lbs.
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๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋Š” 50ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ์˜€๊ณ ,
03:22
It's called the Norden Mark 15 bombsight.
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์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋…ธ๋“  ๋งˆํฌ(Norden Mark) 15 ํญ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:26
And it has all kinds of levers and ball-bearings
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—” ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ ˆ๋ฒ„์™€ ๋ณผ๋ฒ ์–ด๋ง๊ณผ
03:28
and gadgets and gauges.
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๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ๊ณ ,
03:31
And he makes this complicated thing.
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์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ๊ฑด ๋…ธ๋“ ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ 
03:34
And what he allows people to do
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๋…ธ๋“  ๋•๋ถ„์— ํญ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
03:36
is he makes the bombardier take this particular object,
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์ด ํญ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
03:40
visually sight the target,
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ํ‘œ์ ์„ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:42
because they're in the Plexiglas cone of the bomber,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํญ๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ”Œ๋ ‰์‹œ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋œ ์กฐ์ข…์„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”
03:46
and then they plug in the altitude of the plane,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ํญ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณ ๋„,
03:49
the speed of the plane, the speed of the wind
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์†๋ ฅ, ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์˜ ์†๋ ฅ,
03:52
and the coordinates
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ‘œ์ ์˜ ์ขŒํ‘œ๋ฅผ
03:54
of the target.
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์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉด ๋์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:56
And the bombsight will tell him when to drop the bomb.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์ด ํญ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ์–ธ์ œ ํญํƒ„์„ ํˆฌํ•˜ํ•  ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์—ˆ์ฃ 
04:00
And as Norden famously says,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋“ ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ง์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:03
"Before that bombsight came along,
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"๊ทธ ํญ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€
04:05
bombs would routinely miss their target
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ํญํƒ„๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ ์„
04:07
by a mile or more."
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1๋งˆ์ผ ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋น—๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณค ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"
04:09
But he said, with the Mark 15 Norden bombsight,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” M-15 ๋…ธ๋“  ํญ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
04:12
he could drop a bomb into a pickle barrel
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20,000 ํ”ผํŠธ ์ƒ๊ณต์—์„œ ํ”ผํด ํ†ต ์•ˆ์— ํญํƒ„์„ ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
04:14
at 20,000 ft.
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๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:16
Now I cannot tell you
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ€
04:18
how incredibly excited
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๋…ธ๋“  ํญ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์˜ ์†Œ์‹์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ 
04:20
the U.S. military was
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํฅ๋ถ„์„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š”
04:22
by the news of the Norden bombsight.
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์ด๋ฃจ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:25
It was like manna from heaven.
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์•„๋งˆ ํ•˜๋Š˜์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜จ ์Œ์‹์ธ ๋งŒ๋‚˜(manna)์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:27
Here was an army
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์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
04:29
that had just had experience in the First World War,
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์„œ๋กœ์˜ ์ฐธํ˜ธ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋„ ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ,
04:31
where millions of men
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์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์ง„์ „๋„ ์—†๋Š”
04:33
fought each other in the trenches,
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์‹ธ์›€์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜
04:35
getting nowhere, making no progress,
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1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „์„ ๋ง‰ ๊ฒช์€ ๊ตฐ์ธ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
04:37
and here someone had come up with a device
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ ์ง„ ํ•˜๋Š˜ ๋†’์ด ๋‚ ์•„ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์„œ
04:41
that allowed them to fly up in the skies
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๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋กœ
04:43
high above enemy territory
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋“ 
04:45
and destroy whatever they wanted
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๋ชจ๋‘ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ
04:47
with pinpoint accuracy.
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:49
And the U.S. military
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๋˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€
04:51
spends 1.5 billion dollars --
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15์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ,
04:53
billion dollars in 1940 dollars --
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1940๋…„ ๋Œ€์— 10์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ
04:56
developing the Norden bombsight.
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๋…ธ๋“  ํญ๊ฒฉ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํˆฌ์žํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:58
And to put that in perspective,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์ธ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Š ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด,
05:01
the total cost of the Manhattan project
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๋งจํ•˜ํƒ„ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„
05:03
was three billion dollars.
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์ด ๊ธˆ์•ก์ด 30์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:05
Half as much money was spent on this Norden bombsight
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ-์‚ฐ์—… ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์ด
05:08
as was spent on the most famous military-industrial project
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์ด ๋…ธ๋“  ํญ๊ฒฉ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์—
05:12
of the modern era.
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์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:14
And there were people, strategists, within the U.S. military
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ „๋žต๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ˆœ์ง„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„
05:17
who genuinely thought that this single device
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์ด ํญ๊ฒฉ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ
05:19
was going to spell the difference
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๋‚˜์น˜์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ
05:21
between defeat and victory
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ํŒจ๋ฐฐ์™€ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ
05:23
when it came to the battle against the Nazis
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ํŒ๊ฐ€๋ฆ„ ๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
05:25
and against the Japanese.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:27
And for Norden as well,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋“ ์ด ๋…์‹คํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ์‹ ์ž์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
05:29
this device had incredible moral importance,
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๋…ธ๋“ ์—๊ฒŒ๋„
05:32
because Norden was a committed Christian.
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์ด ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:34
In fact, he would always get upset
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜ค์ง ์‹ ๋งŒ์ด ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
05:36
when people referred to the bombsight as his invention,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํญ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์„
05:39
because in his eyes,
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ ๋งˆ๋‹ค
05:41
only God could invent things.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์–ธ์งข์•„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:43
He was simply the instrument of God's will.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์‹ ์˜ ์˜์ง€์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜€์„ ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:45
And what was God's will?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‹ ์˜ ์˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:47
Well God's will was that the amount of suffering in any kind of war
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์‹ ์˜ ์˜์ง€๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ๋“ ์ง€ ๊ณ ํ†ต์˜ ์–‘์ด
05:50
be reduced to as small an amount as possible.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ์ตœ์†Œ๋กœ ์ค„์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:53
And what did the Norden bombsight do?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋…ธ๋“  ํญ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:55
Well it allowed you to do that.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ํญ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์€
05:57
It allowed you to bomb only those things
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ„์ ˆํžˆ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
05:59
that you absolutely needed and wanted to bomb.
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์›ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํญ๊ฒฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:03
So in the years leading up to the Second World War,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „
06:06
the U.S. military buys 90,000
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๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ฐœ ๋‹น 14,000 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ
06:09
of these Norden bombsights
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๋…ธ๋“  ํญ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ
06:11
at a cost of $14,000 each --
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90,000๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:13
again, in 1940 dollars, that's a lot of money.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ, 1940๋…„ ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๊ธˆ์•ก์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:16
And they trained 50,000 bombardiers on how to use them --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 5๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ํญ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„,
06:19
long extensive, months-long training sessions --
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์ˆ˜ ๊ฐœ์›”์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:23
because these things are essentially analog computers;
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์ด ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ์‹ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
06:25
they're not easy to use.
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๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:27
And they make every one of those bombardiers take an oath,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํญ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
06:30
to swear that if they're ever captured,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ƒํฌ๋œ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
06:33
they will not divulge a single detail
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์ ์—๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋””๋„
06:35
of this particular device to the enemy,
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๋ˆ„์„คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งน์„ธํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ์•ฝ์„œ๋ฅผ ์จ์•ผํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:37
because it's imperative the enemy not get their hands
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ ์ด ์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
06:40
on this absolutely essential piece of technology.
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์•Œ์•„์„œ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์•ˆ๋๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:42
And whenever the Norden bombsight is taken onto a plane,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋…ธ๋“  ํญ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์ด ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์— ํƒ‘์žฌ๋  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
06:45
it's escorted there by a series of armed guards.
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๋ฌด์žฅํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ํ˜ธ์œ„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:48
And it's carried in a box with a canvas shroud over it.
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๋˜ ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์€ ์ƒ์ž์— ๋„ฃ์–ด์ ธ ๋ฎ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ ค์ง„ ์ฑ„๋กœ ์šด๋ฐ˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:51
And the box is handcuffed to one of the guards.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ƒ์ž๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ‘์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:54
It's never allowed to be photographed.
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์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:56
And there's a little incendiary device inside of it,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ๋ฐœํ™” ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
06:59
so that, if the plane ever crashes, it will be destroyed
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๋งŒ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฉ์ถ”๋˜๋ฉด ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
07:02
and there's no way the enemy can ever get their hands on it.
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์ ๊ตฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:05
The Norden bombsight
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๋…ธ๋“  ํญ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์€
07:07
is the Holy Grail.
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์„ฑ๋ฐฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:10
So what happens during the Second World War?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด 2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:13
Well, it turns out it's not the Holy Grail.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ํŒ๋ช…๋œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ฑ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:16
In practice, the Norden bombsight
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์—ฐ์Šต์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋“  ํญ๊ฒฉ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
07:18
can drop a bomb into a pickle barrel at 20,000 ft.,
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2๋งŒ ํ”ผํŠธ ์ƒ๊ณต์—์„œ ํ”ผํดํ†ต์— ํญํƒ„์„ ๋–จ์–ดํŠธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
07:21
but that's under perfect conditions.
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์ด๋Š” ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:23
And of course, in wartime,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€
07:25
conditions aren't perfect.
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์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์—ˆ์ฃ 
07:27
First of all, it's really hard to use -- really hard to use.
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๋ฌด์—‡ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„, ์žฅ์น˜ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ค์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:30
And not all of the people
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  5๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ํญ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜ ์ „๋ถ€๊ฐ€
07:32
who are of those 50,000 men who are bombardiers
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์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ
07:34
have the ability to properly program an analog computer.
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์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ 
07:38
Secondly, it breaks down a lot.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ๋ง๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:40
It's full of all kinds of gyroscopes and pulleys
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์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์€ ๋ณ„์˜๋ณ„ ์ž์ด๋กœ์Šค์ฝ”ํ”„(ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐใƒป์„ ๋ฐ• ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ‰ํ˜• ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ)์™€ ๋„๋ฅด๋ž˜์™€
07:42
and gadgets and ball-bearings,
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๋ถ€์†ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ๋ณผ๋ฒ ์–ด๋ง์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐจ์žˆ๊ณ ,
07:44
and they don't work as well as they ought to
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์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ ํ•œ ๋ณตํŒ์—์„œ๋Š”
07:46
in the heat of battle.
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์›๋ž˜ ์ž‘๋™๋˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒํผ ์ž˜ ๋˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:48
Thirdly, when Norden was making his calculations,
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ๋…ธ๋“ ์€ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณ ๋„์—์„œ
07:51
he assumed that a plane would be flying
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์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ์†๋„๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
07:53
at a relatively slow speed at low altitudes.
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๊ฐ€์ •์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:56
Well in a real war, you can't do that;
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ ์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:58
you'll get shot down.
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๊ทธ๋žฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฉ์ถ” ๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”
08:00
So they started flying them at high altitudes at incredibly high speeds.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋†’์€ ๊ณ ๋„์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:03
And the Norden bombsight doesn't work as well
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋“  ํญ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์€
08:05
under those conditions.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘๋™๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์—ˆ์ฃ 
08:07
But most of all,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„,
08:09
the Norden bombsight required the bombardier
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๋…ธ๋“  ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ
08:11
to make visual contact with the target.
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ํญ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฌผ์„ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:14
But of course, what happens in real life?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
08:16
There are clouds, right.
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๋งž์•„์š”, ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:19
It needs cloudless sky to be really accurate.
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๋†’์€ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„  ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„ ํ•œ ์  ์—†๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š˜์ด์—ˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:22
Well how many cloudless skies
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1940๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1945๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜
08:24
do you think there were above Central Europe
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์ค‘์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ƒ๊ณต์— ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„ ํ•œ ์  ์—†์ด ๋ง‘์€ ๋‚ ์ด
08:26
between 1940 and 1945?
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๋ฉฐ์น ์ด๋‚˜ ๋์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:29
Not a lot.
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๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:31
And then to give you a sense
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜
08:33
of just how inaccurate the Norden bombsight was,
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์ด ๋…ธ๋“  ํญ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด,
08:35
there was a famous case in 1944
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1994๋…„์— ๋™๋งน๊ตฐ์ด ๋…์ผ์˜ ๋ฃจ๋‚˜(Leuna)์— ์žˆ๋Š”
08:37
where the Allies bombed a chemical plant in Leuna, Germany.
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ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ณต์žฅ์„ ํญ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:41
And the chemical plant comprised
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๊ทธ ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์žฅ์€
08:43
757 acres.
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757์—์ด์ปค(acres)๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:45
And over the course of 22 bombing missions,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  22๊ฐœ์˜ ํญ๊ฒฉ ์ž„๋ฌด์˜ ๋…ธ์„ ์—์„œ
08:48
the Allies dropped 85,000 bombs
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์•„๊ตฐ์€ ๋…ธ๋“ (Norden)(๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ) ํญ๊ฒฉ์กฐ์ค€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
08:53
on this 757 acre chemical plant,
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757 ์—์ด์ปค(acre)์˜ ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์žฅ์—
08:57
using the Norden bombsight.
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85,000๊ฐœ์˜ ํญํƒ„์„ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:00
Well what percentage of those bombs
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ๊ณต์žฅ์˜
09:02
do you think actually landed
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700์—์ด์ปค ๋‘˜๋ ˆ๋‚ด์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—
09:04
inside the 700-acre perimeter of the plant?
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๊ทธ ํญํƒ„๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•œ ๊ฑด ๋ช‡ ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋‚˜ ๋์„๊นŒ์š”?
09:07
10 percent. 10 percent.
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๊ฒจ์šฐ 10ํผ์„ผํŠธ, 10ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:10
And of those 10 percent that landed,
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์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•œ 10ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„
09:12
16 percent didn't even go off; they were duds.
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16๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ฐœํƒ„, ์ฆ‰ ํญ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:15
The Leuna chemical plant,
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๊ทธ ๋ฃจ๋‚˜ (Leuna) ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์žฅ์€
09:17
after one of the most extensive bombings in the history of the war,
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์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํญ๊ฒฉ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ดํ›„์—
09:20
was up and running within weeks.
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๋ช‡ ์ฃผ ์ด๋‚ด์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐ€๋™ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:23
And by the way, all those precautions
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ณ  ๋‚˜์น˜์˜ ์†์—์„œ
09:25
to keep the Norden bombsight out of the hands of the Nazis?
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๋…ธ๋“  ํญ๊ฒฉ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ฑ…๋“ค์š”?
09:28
Well it turns out
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”,
09:30
that Carl Norden, as a proper Swiss,
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์ •ํ†ต์˜ ์Šค์˜์Šค์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ์นผ ๋…ธ๋“  (Carl Norden)์€,
09:32
was very enamored of German engineers.
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๋…์ผ์ธ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žกํ˜€์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:35
So in the 1930s, he hired a whole bunch of them,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 1930๋…„ ๋Œ€์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋…์ผ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
09:37
including a man named Hermann Long
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—” ํ—ˆ๋จผ ๋กฑ(Hermann Long)๋„ ๋ผ์–ด์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:39
who, in 1938,
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๊ทธ๋Š” 1938๋…„์—
09:41
gave a complete set of the plans for the Norden bombsight to the Nazis.
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๋‚˜์น˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋…ธ๋“  ํญ๊ฒฉ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋„˜๊ธด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:44
So they had their own Norden bombsight throughout the entire war --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ๋…ธ๋“  ํญ๊ฒฉ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธด ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
09:47
which also, by the way, didn't work very well.
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์—ญ์‹œ๋‚˜ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์•˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:50
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:52
So why do we talk about the Norden bombsight?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋…ธ๋“  ํญ๊ฒฉ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
09:55
Well because we live in an age
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
09:57
where there are lots and lots
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๋…ธ๋“  ํญ๊ฒฉ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
09:59
of Norden bombsights.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:01
We live in a time where there are all kinds
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณ„์˜๋ณ„ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
10:03
of really, really smart people
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๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ
10:05
running around, saying that they've invented gadgets
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์˜์›ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ” ๋†“์„ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
10:07
that will forever change our world.
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๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:09
They've invented websites that will allow people to be free.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์œ ๋กœ์›Œ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์™”๊ณ ,
10:12
They've invented some kind of this thing, or this thing, or this thing
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์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์˜์›ํžˆ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค
10:16
that will make our world forever better.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ, ์ €๋Ÿฐ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:19
If you go into the military,
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๊ตฐ๋Œ€์—๋„
10:21
you'll find lots of Carl Nordens as well.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ์นผ ๋…ธ๋“ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:23
If you go to the Pentagon, they will say,
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ํŽœํƒ€๊ณค (the Pentagon: ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€)์— ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€
10:25
"You know what, now we really can
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"์žˆ์ž–์•„์š”, ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
10:27
put a bomb inside a pickle barrel
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์ •๋ง 20,000 ํ”ผํŠธ ์ƒ๊ณต์—์„œ
10:29
at 20,000 ft."
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ํ”ผํดํ†ต ์†์œผ๋กœ ํญํƒ„์„ ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:31
And you know what, it's true; they actually can do that now.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์‹œ๋‚˜์š”, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค; ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”
10:34
But we need to be very clear
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
10:36
about how little that means.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:39
In the Iraq War, at the beginning of the first Iraq War,
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์ด๋ผํฌ ์ „์Ÿ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์—
10:42
the U.S. military, the air force,
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๋ฏธ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์€
10:44
sent two squadrons of F-15E Fighter Eagles
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2๊ฐœ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์˜ F-15E ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ ์ด๊ธ€(Fighter Eagle)์—
10:47
to the Iraqi desert
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์‚ฌ๋ง‰ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ
10:49
equipped with these five million dollar cameras
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๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” 500๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ
10:51
that allowed them to see the entire desert floor.
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์žฅ์ฐฉ์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„ ์ด๋ผํฌ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:54
And their mission was to find and to destroy --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด๋Š”,
10:57
remember the Scud missile launchers,
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ํ˜น์‹œ ์ด๋ผํฌ์—์„œ
10:59
those surface-to-air missiles
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์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์— ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋˜
11:01
that the Iraqis were launching at the Israelis?
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์ง€๋Œ€๊ณต ์Šค์ปค๋“œ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
11:03
The mission of the two squadrons
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๊ทธ 2๊ฐœ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด๋Š”
11:05
was to get rid of all the Scud missile launchers.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์Šค์ปค๋“œ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:08
And so they flew missions day and night,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐค๋‚ฎ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๊ณ ,
11:10
and they dropped thousands of bombs,
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์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ๊ฐœ์˜ ํญํƒ„์„ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ ธ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
11:12
and they fired thousands of missiles
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๊ณจ์นซ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ 
11:15
in an attempt to get rid of this particular scourge.
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์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:18
And after the war was over, there was an audit done --
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์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„,
11:20
as the army always does, the air force always does --
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๋ฏธ ์œก๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ•˜๋˜ ์‚ฌํ›„๊ฐ•ํ‰์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
11:22
and they asked the question:
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
11:24
how many Scuds did we actually destroy?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์ปค๋“œ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋‚˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด์‹œ์ผฐ๋‚˜?
11:26
You know what the answer was?
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๊ทธ ๋‹ต์„ ์•„์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
11:28
Zero, not a single one.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ, 0๊ฐœ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:30
Now why is that?
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์ž, ์™œ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:32
Is it because their weapons weren't accurate?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ?
11:34
Oh no, they were brilliantly accurate.
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์˜ค, ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ˆ์š”, ๊ทธ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋Š” ํƒ์›”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •ํ™•ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:37
They could have destroyed this little thing right here
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 25,000 ํ”ผํŠธ ์ƒ๊ณต์—์„œ
11:39
from 25,000 ft.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:41
The issue was they didn't know where the Scud launchers were.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ์Šค์ปค๋“œ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชป ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:45
The problem with bombs and pickle barrels
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ํญํƒ„๊ณผ ํ”ผํดํ†ต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
11:48
is not getting the bomb inside the pickle barrel,
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ํ”ผํดํ†ต ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํญํƒ„์„ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:50
it's knowing how to find the pickle barrel.
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ํ”ผํดํ†ต์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:53
That's always been the harder problem
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์ „์Ÿ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
11:55
when it comes to fighting wars.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:57
Or take the battle in Afghanistan.
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๋˜๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ๋†“๊ณ  ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค
12:00
What is the signature weapon
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๋ถ์„œ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์—์„œ CIA์ „์Ÿ์˜
12:02
of the CIA's war in Northwest Pakistan?
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๊ณต์‹ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊ฐ€์š”?
12:04
It's the drone. What is the drone?
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๋“œ๋ก (drone) ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ก ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊ฐ€์š”?
12:07
Well it is the grandson of the Norden Mark 15 bombsight.
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์•„๋งˆ ๋“œ๋ก ์€ M-15 ๋…ธ๋“  ํญ๊ฒฉ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์˜ ์†์ž ์ฏค ๋˜๊ฒ ๊ตฐ์š”
12:11
It is this weapon of devastating accuracy and precision.
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๋“œ๋ก ์€ ์••๋„์ ์ธ ์ •ํ™•๋„์™€ ์ •๋ฐ€์„ฑ์„ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:15
And over the course of the last six years
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๋‚œ 6๋…„์˜ ๊ณผ์ • ๋™์•ˆ
12:17
in Northwest Pakistan,
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๋ถ์„œ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์—์„œ,
12:20
the CIA has flown hundreds of drone missiles,
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CIA๋Š” ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋“œ๋ก  ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ์˜์•˜๊ณ ,
12:23
and it's used those drones
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์ด ๋“œ๋ก  ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์€ 2์ฒœ๋ช…์˜
12:25
to kill 2,000 suspected
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ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์ธ๊ณผ ํƒˆ๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ˜๊ตฐ ์šฉ์˜์ž๋ฅผ
12:27
Pakistani and Taliban militants.
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์ฃฝ์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:31
Now what is the accuracy of those drones?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋“œ๋ก  ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
12:34
Well it's extraordinary.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋น„๋ฒ”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:36
We think we're now at 95 percent accuracy
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๋“œ๋ก  ํญ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋†“๊ณ  ๋ณผ ๋•Œ
12:39
when it comes to drone strikes.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 95ํผ์„ผ์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:41
95 percent of the people we kill need to be killed, right?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ 95ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
12:44
That is one of the most extraordinary records
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ „์Ÿ์‚ฌ์—์„œ
12:46
in the history of modern warfare.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:48
But do you know what the crucial thing is?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์•„์„ธ์š”?
12:50
In that exact same period
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๊ทธ ์••๋„์ ์ธ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋กœ
12:52
that we've been using these drones
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋“œ๋ก (drone)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜
12:54
with devastating accuracy,
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ,
12:56
the number of attacks, of suicide attacks and terrorist attacks,
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์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•œ
12:59
against American forces in Afghanistan
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๊ณต๊ฒฉ, ์ž์‚ด๊ณต๊ฒฉ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋Š”
13:01
has increased tenfold.
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10๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:04
As we have gotten more and more efficient
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š”๋ฐ
13:06
in killing them,
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์ ์  ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ,
13:08
they have become angrier and angrier
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋”์šฑ ๋” ํ™”๊ฐ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
13:11
and more and more motivated to kill us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ๋”์šฑ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:14
I have not described to you a success story.
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:17
I've described to you
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ
13:19
the opposite of a success story.
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์„ฑ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์„ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:21
And this is the problem
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด
13:23
with our infatuation with the things we make.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ์‹ฌ์ทจํ•ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:25
We think the things we make can solve our problems,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
13:28
but our problems are much more complex than that.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:31
The issue isn't the accuracy of the bombs you have,
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๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํญํƒ„์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
13:34
it's how you use the bombs you have,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํญํƒ„์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
13:36
and more importantly,
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๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋Š”,
13:38
whether you ought to use bombs at all.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ํญํƒ„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:42
There's a postscript
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๋…ธ๋“ ๊ณผ
13:44
to the Norden story
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๊ทธ์˜ ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ ํญ๊ฒฉ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
13:46
of Carl Norden and his fabulous bombsight.
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ํ›„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:49
And that is, on August 6, 1945,
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1945๋…„ 8์›” 6์ผ
13:52
a B-29 bomber called the Enola Gay
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B-29 ํญ๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ข…์‚ฌ์ธ ์•„๋†€๋ผ ๊ฒŒ์ด(Enola Gay)๊ฐ€
13:55
flew over Japan
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์ผ๋ณธ ์ƒ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ,
13:57
and, using a Norden bombsight,
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๋…ธ๋“  ํญ๊ฒฉ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
13:59
dropped a very large thermonuclear device
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ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ์—
14:02
on the city of Hiroshima.
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์•„์ฃผ ํฐ ์—ดํ•ต๋ฐ˜์‘ ํญํƒ„์„ ํˆฌํ•˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:05
And as was typical with the Norden bombsight,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
14:08
the bomb actually missed its target by 800 ft.
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๊ทธ ํญํƒ„ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฌผ์—์„œ 800ํ”ผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋น—๋‚˜๊ฐ”์ง€๋งŒ,
14:11
But of course, it didn't matter.
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์ „ํ˜€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋  ๊ฑด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:14
And that's the greatest irony of all
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋…ธ๋“  ํญ๊ฒฉ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
14:16
when it comes to the Norden bombsight.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:19
the air force's 1.5 billion dollar bombsight
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๊ทธ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์˜ 15์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์งœ๋ฆฌ ํญ๊ฒฉ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์€
14:23
was used to drop its three billion dollar bomb,
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์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€
14:27
which didn't need a bombsight at all.
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30์–ต์งœ๋ฆฌ ํญํƒ„์„ ๋–จ์–ดํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:30
Meanwhile, back in New York,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์™€์ค‘์— ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ๋Š”
14:32
no one told Carl Norden
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์นผ ๋…ธ๋“ ์—๊ฒŒ
14:34
that his bombsight was used over Hiroshima.
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ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ์—์„œ ํญ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ค€๊ฒฝ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:37
He was a committed Christian.
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๋…ธ๋“ ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋…์‹คํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ์‹ ๋„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:39
He thought he had designed something
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์˜ ๋Œ“๊ฐ€๋ฅผ
14:41
that would reduce the toll of suffering in war.
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์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:44
It would have broken his heart.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋น„ํƒ„์— ์ž ๊ฒผ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:47
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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