Jonathan Haidt: Religion, evolution, and the ecstasy of self-transcendence

Prevodilac: Radica Stojanović Lektor: Ivana Gadjanski

I have a question for you:

Imam pitanje za vas:

Are you religious?

da li ste religiozni?

Please raise your hand right now

Molim vas da sada podignete ruku

if you think of yourself as a religious person.

ako smatrate da ste religiozna osoba.

Let's see, I'd say about three or four percent.

Da vidimo, rekao bih oko tri do četiri procenta.

I had no idea there were so many believers at a TED Conference.

Nisam znao da ima toliko vernika na TED konferenciji.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Okay, here's another question:

U redu, evo drugog pitanja:

Do you think of yourself as spiritual

da li smatrate da ste duhovno biće

in any way, shape or form? Raise your hand.

na bilo koji način, u bilo kakvom obliku ili formi? Podignite ruku.

Okay, that's the majority.

U redu, to je većina.

My Talk today

Moj govor danas

is about the main reason, or one of the main reasons,

tiče se glavnog razloga, ili jednog od glavnih razloga,

why most people consider themselves

zašto većina ljudi smatra sebe

to be spiritual in some way, shape or form.

duhovnim bićem u bilo kom obliku ili formi.

My Talk today is about self-transcendence.

Moj današnji govor je u vezi sa samo-transcendentnošću.

It's just a basic fact about being human

To je jedna od osnovnih činjenica o ljudskim bićima,

that sometimes the self seems to just melt away.

povremeni osećaj da se njihovo Ja gubi.

And when that happens,

I kada se to desi,

the feeling is ecstatic

osećaj je ekstatičan

and we reach for metaphors of up and down

i tragamo za metaforama za uspon i pad

to explain these feelings.

kako bi objasnili ova osećanja.

We talk about being uplifted

Govorimo kako smo uzdignuti

or elevated.

ili kako lebdimo.

Now it's really hard to think about anything abstract like this

Jako je teško razmišljati o bilo čemu tako apstraktnom kao što je ovo

without a good concrete metaphor.

bez neke dobre, konkretne metafore.

So here's the metaphor I'm offering today.

I evo metafore koju nudim danas.

Think about the mind as being like a house with many rooms,

Razmišljajte o umu kao da ste u kući sa puno soba,

most of which we're very familiar with.

u kojoj nam je većina tih soba vrlo poznata.

But sometimes it's as though a doorway appears

Ali nekada izgleda kao da se pojavljuje neki prolaz

from out of nowhere

niotkuda

and it opens onto a staircase.

koji vodi ka stepenicama.

We climb the staircase

Penjemo se tim stepenicama

and experience a state of altered consciousness.

i doživljavamo stanje izmenjene svesti.

In 1902,

1902. godine,

the great American psychologist William James

veliki američki psiholog Viljem Džejms,

wrote about the many varieties of religious experience.

pisao je o mnogim varijetetima religioznog iskustva.

He collected all kinds of case studies.

Prikupio je svakakve vrste studija.

He quoted the words of all kinds of people

Citirao je reči različitih ljudi

who'd had a variety of these experiences.

koji su imali neku vrstu ovih iskustava.

One of the most exciting to me

Jedan od meni najuzbudljivijih

is this young man, Stephen Bradley,

je ovaj mladi čovek, Stiven Bredli,

had an encounter, he thought, with Jesus in 1820.

koji je mislio da je imao susret sa Isusom 1820. godine

And here's what Bradley said about it.

I evo šta je Bredli rekao o tome.

(Music)

(Muzika)

(Video) Stephen Bradley: I thought I saw the savior in human shape

(Snimak) Stiven Bredli: Mislim da sam video spasitelja u ljudskom obliku

for about one second in the room,

na jedan sekund u sobi,

with arms extended,

raširenih ruku,

appearing to say to me, "Come."

kako se pojavljuje i govori mi: "Dođi."

The next day I rejoiced with trembling.

Sledećeg dana sam se tresao od radosti.

My happiness was so great that I said I wanted to die.

Moja sreća je bila toliko velika da sam želeo da umrem.

This world had no place in my affections.

Ovaj svet nema dovoljno prostora za moja osećanja.

Previous to this time,

Pre nego što mi se ovo desilo,

I was very selfish and self-righteous.

bio sam veoma sebičan i pravičan samo prema sebi.

But now I desired the welfare of all mankind

Ali sada želim blagostanje celom čovečanstvu

and could, with a feeling heart,

i mogao bih, od srca,

forgive my worst enemies.

da oprostim i najgorem neprijatelju.

JH: So note

DžH: Primetite

how Bradley's petty, moralistic self

kako Bredlijevo sitno, moralističko Ja

just dies on the way up the staircase.

umire penjući se tim stepenicama.

And on this higher level

I na tom višem nivou

he becomes loving and forgiving.

on postaje biće koje voli i oprašta.

The world's many religions have found so many ways

Mnoge svetske religije su pronašle mnoge načine

to help people climb the staircase.

da pomognu ljudima da se popnu tim stepenicama.

Some shut down the self using meditation.

Neke ućutkuju Ja pomoću meditacije.

Others use psychedelic drugs.

Druge koriste psihodelične droge.

This is from a 16th century Aztec scroll

Ovo je actečki svitak iz XVI veka

showing a man about to eat a psilocybin mushroom

koji pokazuje čoveka koji treba da pojede psihodeličnu pečurku

and at the same moment get yanked up the staircase by a god.

i u istom momentu ga bog odvlači na stepenice.

Others use dancing, spinning and circling

Drugi koriste igru, okretanje i vrćenje

to promote self-transcendence.

kako bi dostigli samo-transcendenciju.

But you don't need a religion to get you through the staircase.

Ali nije vam potrebna religija da biste se popeli tim stepenicama.

Lots of people find self-transcendence in nature.

Mnogi ljudi nalaze samo-transcendenciju u prirodi.

Others overcome their self at raves.

Drugi prevazilaze sebe na rejv žurkama.

But here's the weirdest place of all:

Ali postoji i najluđe mesto od svega ovoga:

war.

rat.

So many books about war say the same thing,

Toliko knjiga o ratovima govori istu stvar,

that nothing brings people together

da ništa ne povezuje ljude

like war.

kao rat.

And that bringing them together opens up the possibility

I to povezivanje otvara mogućnost

of extraordinary self-transcendent experiences.

za izvanredno iskustvo samo-transcendencije.

I'm going to play for you an excerpt

Pustiću vam isečak

from this book by Glenn Gray.

iz ove knjige Glena Greja.

Gray was a soldier in the American army in World War II.

Grej je bio vojnik američke vojske u Drugom Svetskom ratu.

And after the war he interviewed a lot of other soldiers

I posle rata intervjuisao je mnoge druge vojnike

and wrote about the experience of men in battle.

i pisao je o njihovim iskustvima u bici.

Here's a key passage

Evo ključnog dela

where he basically describes the staircase.

gde on u suštini opisuje one stepenice.

(Video) Glenn Gray: Many veterans will admit

(Snimak) Glen Grej: Mnogi će veterani priznati

that the experience of communal effort in battle

da je iskustvo zajedničkog napora u bici

has been the high point of their lives.

najznačajnija tačka u njihovim životima.

"I" passes insensibly into a "we,"

"Ja" neprimetno prelazi u "mi",

"my" becomes "our"

"moje" postaje "naše"

and individual faith

i individualna vera

loses its central importance.

gubi svoj centralni značaj.

I believe that it is nothing less

Verujem da to nije ništa manje

than the assurance of immortality

od obećanja besmrtnosti

that makes self-sacrifice at these moments

koje dovodi do samo-žrtvovanja u tim momentima

so relatively easy.

tako relativno lako.

I may fall, but I do not die,

Možda ću pasti, ali neću umreti,

for that which is real in me goes forward

jer ono što je stvarno u meni nastavlja dalje

and lives on in the comrades

i živi u drugovima

for whom I gave up my life.

za koje sam dao svoj život.

JH: So what all of these cases have in common

DžH: Ono što je zajedničko za sve ove slučajeve

is that the self seems to thin out, or melt away,

jeste to da Ja izgleda da bledi, da se topi,

and it feels good, it feels really good,

i osećaj je dobar, jako dobar,

in a way totally unlike anything we feel in our normal lives.

na način koji uopšte ne liči ni na šta što osećamo u svojim normalnim životima.

It feels somehow uplifting.

Osećaj je nekako uzdižući.

This idea that we move up was central in the writing

Ideja da se pokrećemo je centralna u delima

of the great French sociologist Emile Durkheim.

velikog francuskog sociologa Emila Dirkema.

Durkheim even called us Homo duplex,

Dirkem nas čak naziva Homo dupleks,

or two-level man.

ili čovek na dva nivoa.

The lower level he called the level of the profane.

Niži nivo on naziva nivoom profanog.

Now profane is the opposite of sacred.

Profano je suprotno od svetog.

It just means ordinary or common.

Znači nešto što je obično ili zajedničko.

And in our ordinary lives we exist as individuals.

I u našim svakodnevnim životima postojimo kao individue.

We want to satisfy our individual desires.

Želimo da zadovoljimo svoje individualne želje.

We pursue our individual goals.

Težimo našim individualnim ciljevima.

But sometimes something happens

Ali nekada se desi nešto

that triggers a phase change.

što okida promenu.

Individuals unite

Jedinke se ujedinjuju

into a team, a movement or a nation,

u timove, pokrete ili nacije,

which is far more than the sum of its parts.

što je mnogo više od proste sume delova.

Durkheim called this level the level of the sacred

Dirkem ovaj nivo naziva svetim

because he believed that the function of religion

jer veruje da funkcija religije

was to unite people into a group,

jeste da ujedini ljude u grupu,

into a moral community.

u moralnu zajednicu.

Durkheim believed that anything that unites us

Dirkem je verovao da sve što nas ujedinjuje

takes on an air of sacredness.

zauzima položaj svetog.

And once people circle around

I jednom kada ljudi obuhvate

some sacred object or value,

neki sveti objekat ili vrednost,

they'll then work as a team and fight to defend it.

oni će raditi kao tim i boriti se da to odbrane.

Durkheim wrote

Dirkem je pisao

about a set of intense collective emotions

o nizu jakih zajedničkih osećanja

that accomplish this miracle of E pluribus unum,

koja postižu čudo "E pluribus unum" ("Jedan, od mnogih"),

of making a group out of individuals.

praveći grupu od pojedinaca.

Think of the collective joy in Britain

Pomislite na zajedničku radost u Britaniji

on the day World War II ended.

na dan kada se Drugi svetski rat završio.

Think of the collective anger in Tahrir Square,

Pomislite na zajednički bes na Gradskom trgu u Kairu,

which brought down a dictator.

koji je oborio diktatora.

And think of the collective grief

I mislite na zajednički bol

in the United States

u Americi

that we all felt, that brought us all together,

koji smo svi osetili, koji nas je zbližio,

after 9/11.

posle 11. septembra.

So let me summarize where we are.

I dozvolite da sumiram gde smo.

I'm saying that the capacity for self-transcendence

Ja kažem da je sposobnost za samo-transcendenciju

is just a basic part of being human.

osnovni deo ljudskog bića.

I'm offering the metaphor

Nudim metaforu

of a staircase in the mind.

stepenica u umu.

I'm saying we are Homo duplex

Kažem da smo Homo dupleks

and this staircase takes us up from the profane level

i da nas ove stepenice vode iz profanog

to the level of the sacred.

na sveti nivo.

When we climb that staircase,

Kada se popnemo tim stepenicama,

self-interest fades away,

lični interesi blede,

we become just much less self-interested,

postajemo manje orijentisani na sopstvene interese,

and we feel as though we are better, nobler

i osećamo se kao da smo bolji, plemenitiji

and somehow uplifted.

i nekako uzdignutiji.

So here's the million-dollar question

I evo pitanja za milion dolara

for social scientists like me:

za sociologe poput mene:

Is the staircase

Da li su stepenice

a feature of our evolutionary design?

odlika našeg evolutivnog dizajna?

Is it a product of natural selection,

Da li su proizvod prirodne selekcije,

like our hands?

kao što su naše šake?

Or is it a bug, a mistake in the system --

Ili je to uljez, greška u sistemu --

this religious stuff is just something

religija je samo nešto

that happens when the wires cross in the brain --

što se dešava kada se prespoje žice u našem mozgu --

Jill has a stroke and she has this religious experience,

Džil je imala moždani udar i imala je to religiozno iskustvo,

it's just a mistake?

da li je to samo greška?

Well many scientists who study religion take this view.

Mnogi naučnici koji proučavaju religiju imaju takav stav.

The New Atheists, for example,

"Novi Ateisti", na primer,

argue that religion is a set of memes,

tvrde da je religija set mema,

sort of parasitic memes,

nekih parazitskih mema,

that get inside our minds

koje prodiru u naš um

and make us do all kinds of crazy religious stuff,

i čine da radimo različite vrste religioznih stvari,

self-destructive stuff, like suicide bombing.

samo-destruktivnih stvari, kao što su bombaši samoubice.

And after all,

I posle svega,

how could it ever be good for us

kako bi ikada moglo biti dobro po nas

to lose ourselves?

da izgubimo sebe?

How could it ever be adaptive

Kako bi ikada bilo moguće da bude adaptivno

for any organism

za bilo koji organizam

to overcome self-interest?

da prevaziđe lične interese?

Well let me show you.

Pa dozvolite da vam pokažem.

In "The Descent of Man,"

U "Poreklu čoveka",

Charles Darwin wrote a great deal

Čarls Darvin je veliki deo posvetio

about the evolution of morality --

pisanju o evoluciji moralnosti --

where did it come from, why do we have it.

odakle potiče i zašto je imamo.

Darwin noted that many of our virtues

Darvin je primetio da mnoge od naših vrlina

are of very little use to ourselves,

imaju malo koristi po nas same,

but they're of great use to our groups.

ali su od velike koristi za našu grupu.

He wrote about the scenario

Pisao je o scenariju

in which two tribes of early humans

u kom bi dva plemena prvobitnih ljudi

would have come in contact and competition.

došla u kontakt i takmičenje.

He said, "If the one tribe included

Rekao je: "Ako bi jedno pleme sadržalo

a great number of courageous, sympathetic

veliki broj hrabrih, saosećajnih

and faithful members

i vernih članova

who are always ready to aid and defend each other,

koji su uvek spremni da pomognu i brane jedni druge,

this tribe would succeed better

to pleme bi uspelo bolje

and conquer the other."

i pobedilo bi drugo".

He went on to say that "Selfish and contentious people

Rekao je čak i da se "Sebični i svadljivi ljudi

will not cohere,

neće povezati,

and without coherence

a bez povezanosti

nothing can be effected."

ništa se ne može postići".

In other words,

Drugim rečima,

Charles Darwin believed

Čarls Darvin je verovao

in group selection.

u grupnu selekciju.

Now this idea has been very controversial for the last 40 years,

Ova ideja je bila veoma kontroverzna poslednjih 40 godina,

but it's about to make a major comeback this year,

ali je na putu da se u velikom stilu vrati na scenu ove godine,

especially after E.O. Wilson's book comes out in April,

naročito posle knjige E. O. Vilsona koja izlazi u aprilu,

making a very strong case

iznoseći veoma jak dokaz

that we, and several other species,

da smo mi, i nekoliko drugih vrsta,

are products of group selection.

proizvod grupne selekcije.

But really the way to think about this

Ali zaista, način da se misli o ovome

is as multilevel selection.

je kao o selekciji na više nivoa.

So look at it this way:

Pogledajte ovako:

You've got competition going on within groups and across groups.

Imate takmičenje koje se odvija unutar grupa i među grupama.

So here's a group of guys on a college crew team.

I evo grupe momaka na koledžu u timu veslača.

Within this team

Unutar ovog tima

there's competition.

postoji takmičenje.

There are guys competing with each other.

Tu su momci koji se takmiče jedni protiv drugih.

The slowest rowers, the weakest rowers, are going to get cut from the team.

Najsporiji veslači, najslabiji veslači biće izbačeni iz tima.

And only a few of these guys are going to go on in the sport.

I samo nekolicina ovih veslača će nastaviti sa ovim sportom.

Maybe one of them will make it to the Olympics.

Možda će jedan od njih dogurati do Olimpijade.

So within the team,

Tako unutar ovog tima,

their interests are actually pitted against each other.

njihovi interesi su zapravo usmereni protiv ostalih.

And sometimes it would be advantageous

I nekad bi to bila prednost

for one of these guys

za nekog od momaka

to try to sabotage the other guys.

da proba da sabotira ostale.

Maybe he'll badmouth his chief rival

Možda će ogovarati svog glavnog rivala

to the coach.

kod trenera.

But while that competition is going on

Ali dok traje takmičenje

within the boat,

unutar čamca,

this competition is going on across boats.

ovo takmičenje se odvija između više čamaca.

And once you put these guys in a boat competing with another boat,

I jednom kad stavite ove momke u čamac da se takmiče protiv drugog čamca,

now they've got no choice but to cooperate

oni onda neće imati izbora izuzev da sarađuju

because they're all in the same boat.

jer su svi zajedno u istom čamcu.

They can only win

Mogu pobediti

if they all pull together as a team.

jedino ako nastupe zajedno kao tim.

I mean, these things sound trite,

Mislim, ove stvari deluju banalno,

but they are deep evolutionary truths.

ali one su duboke evolutivne istine.

The main argument against group selection

Glavni argument protiv grupne selekcije

has always been

oduvek je bilo

that, well sure, it would be nice to have a group of cooperators,

da, pa naravno, bilo bi sjajno da imamo grupu saradnika,

but as soon as you have a group of cooperators,

ali čim imate grupu saradnika,

they're just going to get taken over by free-riders,

njih će preuzeti slobodni jahači,

individuals that are going to exploit the hard work of the others.

pojedinci koji će iskoristiti težak rad drugih.

Let me illustrate this for you.

Dajte da vam ilustrujem ovo.

Suppose we've got a group of little organisms --

Pretpostavimo da imamo grupu malih organizama --

they can be bacteria, they can be hamsters; it doesn't matter what --

mogu biti bakterije, hrčci; nije važno šta --

and let's suppose that this little group here, they evolved to be cooperative.

i pretpostavimo da je ova mala grupa ovde evoluirala da bude kooperativna.

Well that's great. They graze, they defend each other,

Pa to je sjajno. Oni grabe, oni brane jedni druge,

they work together, they generate wealth.

rade zajedno, stvaraju dobrobit.

And as you'll see in this simulation,

I kao što ćete videti u ovoj simulaciji,

as they interact they gain points, as it were, they grow,

kako stupaju u interakciju oni zarađuju poene, oni rastu,

and when they've doubled in size, you'll see them split,

i udvostručuju veličinu, videćete i kako se potom dele,

and that's how they reproduce and the population grows.

i tako se razmnožavaju i populacija raste.

But suppose then that one of them mutates.

Ali pretpostavimo da onda jedan od njih mutira.

There's a mutation in the gene

Postoji mutacija u genu

and one of them mutates to follow a selfish strategy.

i jedan od njih mutira kako bi pratio sebičnu strategiju.

It takes advantage of the others.

Iskorišćava ostale.

And so when a green interacts with a blue,

Pa tako kada je zelena u interakciji sa plavom,

you'll see the green gets larger and the blue gets smaller.

videćete da se zelena uvećava a plava se smanjuje.

So here's how things play out.

Evo kako se stvari odigravaju.

We start with just one green,

Počeli smo samo sa jednom zelenom,

and as it interacts

i kako ona stupa u interakciju

it gains wealth or points or food.

postiže zaradu ili dobija poene ili hranu.

And in short order, the cooperators are done for.

I ukratko, kooperativci su izrađeni.

The free-riders have taken over.

Slobodni jahači su preuzeli.

If a group cannot solve the free-rider problem

Ako grupa ne može da reši problem slobodnih jahača

then it cannot reap the benefits of cooperation

onda ne može ubrati plodove saradnje

and group selection cannot get started.

i grupna selekcija ne može započeti.

But there are solutions to the free-rider problem.

Ali postoji rešenje za problem slobodnih jahača.

It's not that hard a problem.

To i nije toliko težak problem.

In fact, nature has solved it many, many times.

Zapravo, priroda ga je rešila mnogo, mnogo puta.

And nature's favorite solution

I omiljeno rešenje prirode

is to put everyone in the same boat.

jeste da gurne svakog u isti čamac.

For example,

Na primer,

why is it that the mitochondria in every cell

zašto mitohondrija u svakoj ćeliji

has its own DNA,

ima sopstvenu DNK,

totally separate from the DNA in the nucleus?

potpuno odvojenu od DNK jedra?

It's because they used to be

To je zato što je ona bila

separate free-living bacteria

samostalna slobodno-živeća bakterija

and they came together

a potom su se sjedinili

and became a superorganism.

i postali superorganizam.

Somehow or other -- maybe one swallowed another; we'll never know exactly why --

Ovako ili onako -- možda je jedan progutao drugog; nikada nećemo znati tačno zašto --

but once they got a membrane around them,

ali jednom kada je nastala membrana oko njih,

they were all in the same membrane,

bili su svi u okviru iste membrane,

now all the wealth-created division of labor,

sada svaka podela rada u cilju dobiti

all the greatness created by cooperation,

sva dobrobit nastala saradnjom,

stays locked inside the membrane

ostaje zatvorena unutar membrane

and we've got a superorganism.

i imamo superorganizam.

And now let's rerun the simulation

I hajde da ponovimo simulaciju

putting one of these superorganisms

gde ćemo staviti jednog od ovih superorganizama

into a population of free-riders, of defectors, of cheaters

u populaciju slobodnih jahača, ili dezertera, ili varalica

and look what happens.

i pogledajmo šta se dešava.

A superorganism can basically take what it wants.

Superorganizam može praktično uzeti šta god zaželi.

It's so big and powerful and efficient

Toliko je velik i moćan i efikasan

that it can take resources

da može uzeti resurse

from the greens, from the defectors, the cheaters.

od zelenih, od dezertera, od varalica.

And pretty soon the whole population

I vrlo uskoro će čitava populacija

is actually composed of these new superorganisms.

biti sačinjena upravo od tih novih superorganizama.

What I've shown you here

Ono šta sam ja pokazao ovde

is sometimes called a major transition

je nešto što se ponekad naziva velika promena

in evolutionary history.

u evolutivnoj istoriji.

Darwin's laws don't change,

Darvinovi zakoni se ne menjaju,

but now there's a new kind of player on the field

ali sada postoji nova vrsta igrača na terenu

and things begin to look very different.

i stvari počinju da izgledaju veoma drugačije.

Now this transition was not a one-time freak of nature

Ova promena nije crna ovca prirode koja se desila jednom i nikad više

that just happened with some bacteria.

koja se desila sa nekim bakterijama.

It happened again

Ona se dešava ponovo

about 120 or a 140 million years ago

pre oko 120 ili 140 miliona godina

when some solitary wasps

kada su neke solitarne ose

began creating little simple, primitive

počele da kreiraju mala, jednostavna, primitivna

nests, or hives.

gnezda, ili košnice.

Once several wasps were all together in the same hive,

Jednom kada se nekoliko osa našlo u istoj košnici,

they had no choice but to cooperate,

nisu imale drugog izbora osim da sarađuju,

because pretty soon they were locked into competition

jer su vrlo brzo bile uključene u takmičenje

with other hives.

protiv drugih košnica.

And the most cohesive hives won,

I najsložnije košnice su pobedile,

just as Darwin said.

baš kao što je Darvin rekao.

These early wasps

Ove rane ose

gave rise to the bees and the ants

podstakle su razvoj pčela i mrava

that have covered the world

koji su prekrili svet

and changed the biosphere.

i promenili biosferu.

And it happened again,

I dešava se i dalje,

even more spectacularly,

spektakularnije,

in the last half-million years

poslednjih pola miliona godina

when our own ancestors

kada su naši preci

became cultural creatures,

postali bića kulture,

they came together around a hearth or a campfire,

i okupili se oko ognjišta ili logorske vatre,

they divided labor,

podelili posao,

they began painting their bodies, they spoke their own dialects,

počeli da oslikavaju svoja tela, govorili sopstvenim dijalektom,

and eventually they worshiped their own gods.

i najzad počeli da obožavaju svoje bogove.

Once they were all in the same tribe,

Nekada su svi bili deo istog plemena,

they could keep the benefits of cooperation locked inside.

mogli su ubirati plodove saradnje zatvoreni unutar njega.

And they unlocked the most powerful force

I oslobodili su najsnažniju silu

ever known on this planet,

ikada spoznatu na ovoj planeti,

which is human cooperation --

a to je ljudska saradnja --

a force for construction

snaga konstrukcije

and destruction.

i destrukcije.

Of course, human groups are nowhere near as cohesive

Naravno, ljudske grupe nisu ni blizu povezane

as beehives.

kao što su to košnice.

Human groups may look like hives for brief moments,

Ljudske grupe mogu izgledati kao košnice na kratko,

but they tend to then break apart.

ali onda imaju tendenciju da se raspadnu.

We're not locked into cooperation the way bees and ants are.

Nismo zatvoreni u saradnju na načini na koji su to pčele i mravi.

In fact, often,

Zapravo, često,

as we've seen happen in a lot of the Arab Spring revolts,

kao što smo videli da se dešavalo u revolucijama Arapskog proleća,

often those divisions are along religious lines.

često su ti razlazi uporedni sa religijskim pravcima.

Nonetheless, when people do come together

Pa ipak, kada se ljudi udruže

and put themselves all into the same movement,

i postanu deo zajedničkog pokreta,

they can move mountains.

mogu pomerati planine.

Look at the people in these photos I've been showing you.

Pogledajte ljude na ovim slikama koje vam pokazujem.

Do you think they're there

Mislite li da oni tamo

pursuing their self-interest?

jure sopstvene interese?

Or are they pursuing communal interest,

Ili da jure zajedničke interese,

which requires them to lose themselves

koji od njih zahtevaju da izgube sebe

and become simply a part of a whole?

i prosto postanu deo celine?

Okay, so that was my Talk

U redu, to bi bio moj govor

delivered in the standard TED way.

isporučen na standardni TED način.

And now I'm going to give the whole Talk over again

A sada ću da održim čitav govor ponovo

in three minutes

u tri minuta

in a more full-spectrum sort of way.

u punom spektrumu.

(Music)

(Muzika)

(Video) Jonathan Haidt: We humans have many varieties

(Snimak) Džonatan Hajt: Mi ljudi imamo puno varijeteta

of religious experience,

religijskog iskustva,

as William James explained.

kao što je Viljem Džejms objasnio.

One of the most common is climbing the secret staircase

Jedan od najuobičajenijih je penjanje tajnim stepenicama

and losing ourselves.

i gubitak sebe.

The staircase takes us

Stepenice nas vode

from the experience of life as profane or ordinary

od životnog iskustva koje je profano ili obično

upwards to the experience of life as sacred,

do iskustava koja su sveta,

or deeply interconnected.

ili duboko povezana.

We are Homo duplex,

Mi smo Homo dupleks,

as Durkheim explained.

kao što je Dirkem objasnio.

And we are Homo duplex

I mi smo Homo dupleks

because we evolved by multilevel selection,

jer smo evoluirali selekcijom na više nivoa,

as Darwin explained.

kao što je Darvin objasnio.

I can't be certain if the staircase is an adaptation

Ne mogu biti siguran da su stepenice adaptacija

rather than a bug,

a ne greška,

but if it is an adaptation,

ali ako su adaptacija,

then the implications are profound.

onda su posledice duboke.

If it is an adaptation,

Ako je to adaptacija,

then we evolved to be religious.

onda smo evoluirali da budemo religiozni.

I don't mean that we evolved

Ne mislim da smo evoluirali

to join gigantic organized religions.

da stvorimo ogromne organizovane religije.

Those things came along too recently.

Te stvari su došle skorije.

I mean that we evolved

Mislim da smo evoluirali

to see sacredness all around us

da vidimo svetost svuda oko nas

and to join with others into teams

i da se udružujemo sa ostalima u timove

and circle around sacred objects,

i kružimo oko svetih objekata,

people and ideas.

ljudi i ideja.

This is why politics is so tribal.

Zato je politika toliko plemenska.

Politics is partly profane, it's partly about self-interest,

Politike su delom profane, delimično u vezi sa ličnim interesima,

but politics is also about sacredness.

ali politike su takođe i u vezi sa svetim.

It's about joining with others

Radi se o ujedinjenju sa drugima

to pursue moral ideas.

kako bi se tragalo za moralnim idejama.

It's about the eternal struggle between good and evil,

Ona je u vezi sa večnom borbom između dobra i zla,

and we all believe we're on the good team.

i mi uvek verujemo da smo u dobrom timu.

And most importantly,

I najvažnije,

if the staircase is real,

ako su stepenice stvarne,

it explains the persistent undercurrent

onda one objašnjavaju konstantno

of dissatisfaction in modern life.

nezadovoljstvo savremenim životom.

Because human beings are, to some extent,

Jer su ljudska bića, u izvesnoj meri,

hivish creatures like bees.

bića košnica, kao pčele.

We're bees. We busted out of the hive during the Enlightenment.

Mi smo pčele. Razbili smo košnicu tokom Prosvetiteljstva.

We broke down the old institutions

Razbili smo stare institucije

and brought liberty to the oppressed.

i doneli slobodu potlačenima.

We unleashed Earth-changing creativity

Oslobodili smo kreativnost koja menja svet

and generated vast wealth and comfort.

i stvorili ogromno bogatstvo i komfor.

Nowadays we fly around

Danas letimo unaokolo

like individual bees exulting in our freedom.

kao samostalne pčele i uživamo u svojoj slobodi.

But sometimes we wonder:

Ali nekada se zapitamo:

Is this all there is?

da li je ovo sve što postoji?

What should I do with my life?

Šta da radim sa svojim životom?

What's missing?

Šta nedostaje?

What's missing is that we are Homo duplex,

Ono što nedostaje je u vezi sa tim da smo mi Homo dupleks,

but modern, secular society was built

ali moderno, sekularno društvo je izgrađeno

to satisfy our lower, profane selves.

da zadovolji naše niže, profane delove sopstva.

It's really comfortable down here on the lower level.

Vrlo je udobno ovde dole na tom nižem nivou.

Come, have a seat in my home entertainment center.

Dođite, sedite u moj kućni centar zabave.

One great challenge of modern life

Veliki izazov savremenom životu

is to find the staircase amid all the clutter

jeste da pronađe stepenice usred sve gungule

and then to do something good and noble

i da potom uradi nešto dobro i plemenito

once you climb to the top.

jednom kada se popnete do vrha.

I see this desire in my students at the University of Virginia.

Vidim tu želju kod mojih studenata na Univerzitetu u Virdžiniji.

They all want to find a cause or calling

Svi oni žele da pronađu svrhu ili poziv

that they can throw themselves into.

čemu se mogu prepustiti.

They're all searching for their staircase.

Svi tragaju za svojim stepenicama.

And that gives me hope

I to mi daje nadu

because people are not purely selfish.

da ljudi nisu potpuno sebični.

Most people long to overcome pettiness

Većina ljudi žudi da prevaziđe površnost

and become part of something larger.

i postane deo nečeg većeg.

And this explains the extraordinary resonance

I ovo objašnjava izvanrednu rezonancu

of this simple metaphor

ove jednostavne metafore

conjured up nearly 400 years ago.

opisane pre skoro 400 godina.

"No man is an island

"Nijedan čovek nije ostrvo

entire of itself.

potpuno prepušteno sebi.

Every man is a piece of the continent,

Svaki čovek je deo kontinenta,

a part of the main."

deo celine."

JH: Thank you.

DžH: Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)