Jonathan Haidt: Religion, evolution, and the ecstasy of self-transcendence

348,473 views ใƒป 2012-03-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
I have a question for you:
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื:
00:18
Are you religious?
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ืืชื ื“ืชื™ื™ื?
00:20
Please raise your hand right now
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ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ
00:22
if you think of yourself as a religious person.
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ืื ืืชื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื.
00:25
Let's see, I'd say about three or four percent.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ 3-4%.
00:28
I had no idea there were so many believers at a TED Conference.
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืก TED.
00:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:33
Okay, here's another question:
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืœื”:
00:35
Do you think of yourself as spiritual
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืœืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื
00:37
in any way, shape or form? Raise your hand.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืื• ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื? ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“.
00:39
Okay, that's the majority.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื–ื” ื”ืจื•ื‘.
00:42
My Talk today
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ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื
00:44
is about the main reason, or one of the main reasons,
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ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช, ืื• ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช,
00:46
why most people consider themselves
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ืœื›ืš ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื
00:48
to be spiritual in some way, shape or form.
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ื›ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
00:50
My Talk today is about self-transcendence.
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ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช.
00:53
It's just a basic fact about being human
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ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
00:56
that sometimes the self seems to just melt away.
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ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ื“ืžื” ืฉื”'ืื ื™' ื ืžืก ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
00:59
And when that happens,
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ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”,
01:01
the feeling is ecstatic
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ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืืงืกื˜ื˜ื™ืช
01:04
and we reach for metaphors of up and down
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื”
01:06
to explain these feelings.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
01:08
We talk about being uplifted
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช
01:10
or elevated.
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ืื• ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื•ืช.
01:12
Now it's really hard to think about anything abstract like this
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืืžืช ืงืฉื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›"ื› ืžื•ืคืฉื˜
01:15
without a good concrete metaphor.
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ืœืœื ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
01:17
So here's the metaphor I'm offering today.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:20
Think about the mind as being like a house with many rooms,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื“ืจื™ื,
01:23
most of which we're very familiar with.
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ืืช ืจื•ื‘ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
01:26
But sometimes it's as though a doorway appears
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ื“ืžื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื“ืœืช
01:29
from out of nowhere
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ืžืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื
01:31
and it opens onto a staircase.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืคืชื—ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื’ืจื ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช.
01:34
We climb the staircase
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช
01:36
and experience a state of altered consciousness.
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ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืžืฉืชื ื”.
01:40
In 1902,
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ื‘ 1902
01:42
the great American psychologist William James
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ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก
01:44
wrote about the many varieties of religious experience.
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ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช.
01:47
He collected all kinds of case studies.
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ื”ื•ื ืืกืฃ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ ืžืงืจื”.
01:49
He quoted the words of all kinds of people
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
01:51
who'd had a variety of these experiences.
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ืฉื—ื•ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
01:53
One of the most exciting to me
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™
01:55
is this young man, Stephen Bradley,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืกื˜ืคืŸ ื‘ืจืื“ืœื™,
01:57
had an encounter, he thought, with Jesus in 1820.
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ืฉื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื™ืฉื• ื‘ 1820.
02:00
And here's what Bradley said about it.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจืื“ืœื™ ืกื™ืคืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
02:06
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
02:09
(Video) Stephen Bradley: I thought I saw the savior in human shape
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ื‘ืจืื“ืœื™: ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืื“ื
02:12
for about one second in the room,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื“ืจ,
02:14
with arms extended,
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ืขื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื˜ื•ืช,
02:16
appearing to say to me, "Come."
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ "ื‘ื•ื."
02:19
The next day I rejoiced with trembling.
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ืœืžื—ืจืช ืจืขื“ืชื™ ืžืฉืžื—ื”.
02:22
My happiness was so great that I said I wanted to die.
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ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื“ ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืžื•ืช.
02:25
This world had no place in my affections.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™.
02:28
Previous to this time,
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ืขื“ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
02:30
I was very selfish and self-righteous.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืื ื•ื›ื™ ื•ืžืชื—ืกื“.
02:32
But now I desired the welfare of all mankind
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืขืช ื—ืคืฆืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื”,
02:35
and could, with a feeling heart,
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™, ื‘ืœื‘ ืจื’ื™ืฉ,
02:37
forgive my worst enemies.
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ืœืกืœื•ื— ืœืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:41
JH: So note
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ื”ืื™ื™ื“ื˜: ืื– ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘
02:43
how Bradley's petty, moralistic self
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ืื™ืš ื”ืื ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื“ืงื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืื“ืœื™
02:45
just dies on the way up the staircase.
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ืžืช ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช.
02:47
And on this higher level
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ื•ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื–ื•
02:49
he becomes loving and forgiving.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืื•ื”ื‘ ื•ืกื•ืœื—.
02:53
The world's many religions have found so many ways
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ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืฆืื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช
02:55
to help people climb the staircase.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื˜ืคืก ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช.
02:57
Some shut down the self using meditation.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”.
02:59
Others use psychedelic drugs.
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ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื“ืœื™ื™ื.
03:01
This is from a 16th century Aztec scroll
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ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืืฆื˜ืงื™ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื” 16
03:05
showing a man about to eat a psilocybin mushroom
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ื”ืžืจืื” ืื“ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ืคืกื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืŸ
03:08
and at the same moment get yanked up the staircase by a god.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื ื“ื—ืฃ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืข"ื™ ืืœ.
03:12
Others use dancing, spinning and circling
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื, ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ื’ื™ื
03:14
to promote self-transcendence.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช.
03:16
But you don't need a religion to get you through the staircase.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื“ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช.
03:19
Lots of people find self-transcendence in nature.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
03:22
Others overcome their self at raves.
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืชืขืœื™ื ืžืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
03:25
But here's the weirdest place of all:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ื–ืจ:
03:28
war.
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ืžืœื—ืžื”.
03:30
So many books about war say the same thing,
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ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ,
03:32
that nothing brings people together
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:34
like war.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžืœื—ืžื”.
03:36
And that bringing them together opens up the possibility
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ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช
03:39
of extraordinary self-transcendent experiences.
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช.
03:42
I'm going to play for you an excerpt
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืงืจื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืงื˜ืข
03:44
from this book by Glenn Gray.
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ืžื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™.
03:46
Gray was a soldier in the American army in World War II.
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ื’ืจื™ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืžืœื—ื”"ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
03:49
And after the war he interviewed a lot of other soldiers
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืจืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
03:52
and wrote about the experience of men in battle.
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ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘.
03:54
Here's a key passage
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ื”ื ื” ืคืกืงื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช
03:56
where he basically describes the staircase.
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ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื’ืจื ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช.
04:01
(Video) Glenn Gray: Many veterans will admit
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ื’ืจื™ื™: ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืฆื‘ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื“ื™ื
04:03
that the experience of communal effort in battle
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ืฉื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืืžืฅ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืงืจื‘
04:06
has been the high point of their lives.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืื™ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
04:09
"I" passes insensibly into a "we,"
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"ืื ื™" ืžืชื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘"ืื ื—ื ื•",
04:12
"my" becomes "our"
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"ืฉืœื™" ื ื”ื™ื” "ืฉืœื ื•"
04:14
and individual faith
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ื•ืืžื•ื ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช
04:16
loses its central importance.
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ืžืื‘ื“ืช ืžืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืชื”.
04:19
I believe that it is nothing less
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช
04:21
than the assurance of immortality
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื•ืช
04:24
that makes self-sacrifice at these moments
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื ืจื’ืขื™ื
04:27
so relatively easy.
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ืœื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืงืœื”.
04:30
I may fall, but I do not die,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื•ืœ, ืืš ืœื ืืžื•ืช,
04:33
for that which is real in me goes forward
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš
04:36
and lives on in the comrades
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ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื—ื™ ืœืงืจื‘
04:38
for whom I gave up my life.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื”ืงืจื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื—ื™ื™.
04:42
JH: So what all of these cases have in common
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ื”ืื™ื™ื“ื˜: ืื– ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:45
is that the self seems to thin out, or melt away,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆื ืื• ื ืžืก,
04:48
and it feels good, it feels really good,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘,
04:50
in a way totally unlike anything we feel in our normal lives.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
04:53
It feels somehow uplifting.
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ื–ื” ืžืจื•ืžื ื ืคืฉ.
04:56
This idea that we move up was central in the writing
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืžืขืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•
04:59
of the great French sociologist Emile Durkheim.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืืžื™ืœ ื“ื•ืจืงื”ื™ื™ื.
05:02
Durkheim even called us Homo duplex,
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ื“ื•ืจืงื”ื™ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืจื ืœื ื• ื”ื•ืžื• ื“ื•ืคืœืงืก,
05:04
or two-level man.
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ืื• ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืจืžื•ืช.
05:06
The lower level he called the level of the profane.
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ืœืจืžื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ื”ืจืžื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช.
05:09
Now profane is the opposite of sacred.
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ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžืงื“ื•ืฉื”.
05:12
It just means ordinary or common.
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ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืื• ืฉื›ื™ื—ื”.
05:14
And in our ordinary lives we exist as individuals.
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ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื.
05:17
We want to satisfy our individual desires.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
05:20
We pursue our individual goals.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
05:22
But sometimes something happens
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื•ืจื”
05:24
that triggers a phase change.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคืื–ื”.
05:26
Individuals unite
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืื—ื“ื™ื
05:28
into a team, a movement or a nation,
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืื• ืœืื•ืžื”,
05:31
which is far more than the sum of its parts.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื›ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ื”.
05:34
Durkheim called this level the level of the sacred
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ื“ื•ืจืงื”ื™ื™ื ืงืจื ืœืงื•ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืจืžืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”,
05:37
because he believed that the function of religion
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื“ืช
05:39
was to unite people into a group,
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ื”ื™ื ืœืื—ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื”,
05:41
into a moral community.
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ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
05:44
Durkheim believed that anything that unites us
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ื“ื•ืจืงื”ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•
05:47
takes on an air of sacredness.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”.
05:49
And once people circle around
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘
05:51
some sacred object or value,
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ืขืจืš ืื• ื—ืคืฅ ืงื“ื•ืฉ,
05:53
they'll then work as a team and fight to defend it.
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ื”ื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•.
05:56
Durkheim wrote
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ื“ื•ืจืงื”ื™ื™ื ื›ืชื‘
05:58
about a set of intense collective emotions
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ืขืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื ืขื–ื™ื
06:00
that accomplish this miracle of E pluribus unum,
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ืฉืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืก ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืจื‘ื™ื (ืื™ ืคืœื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ืก ืื•ื ื),
06:03
of making a group out of individuals.
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ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืคืจื˜ื™ื.
06:05
Think of the collective joy in Britain
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
06:08
on the day World War II ended.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ืžืœื—ื”"ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
06:11
Think of the collective anger in Tahrir Square,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื–ืขื ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื›ื›ืจ ืชื—ืจื™ืจ,
06:14
which brought down a dictator.
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ืฉื”ืคื™ืœ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจ.
06:17
And think of the collective grief
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™
06:19
in the United States
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
06:21
that we all felt, that brought us all together,
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ืื•ืชื• ื—ืฉื ื•, ืฉื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•,
06:24
after 9/11.
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ืื—ืจื™ 9/11.
06:27
So let me summarize where we are.
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ืื– ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืกื›ื ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ.
06:30
I'm saying that the capacity for self-transcendence
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช
06:32
is just a basic part of being human.
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ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
06:35
I'm offering the metaphor
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื”
06:37
of a staircase in the mind.
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ืฉืœ ื’ืจื ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืฉ.
06:39
I'm saying we are Homo duplex
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืžื• ื“ื•ืคืœืงืก
06:41
and this staircase takes us up from the profane level
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ื•ืฉื’ืจื ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื”ืจืžื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช
06:44
to the level of the sacred.
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ืœืจืžื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”.
06:46
When we climb that staircase,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช,
06:48
self-interest fades away,
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ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืคื•ื’ื’ืช,
06:50
we become just much less self-interested,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื,
06:52
and we feel as though we are better, nobler
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืฆื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:54
and somehow uplifted.
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ื•ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื•ืžืžื™ื.
06:57
So here's the million-dollar question
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืฉืืœืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ
07:00
for social scientists like me:
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืžื•ื ื™:
07:02
Is the staircase
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ื”ืื ื’ืจื ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช
07:04
a feature of our evolutionary design?
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ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•?
07:07
Is it a product of natural selection,
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ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช,
07:10
like our hands?
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•?
07:12
Or is it a bug, a mistake in the system --
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ืื• ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืื’, ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช -
07:15
this religious stuff is just something
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืจืง ืžืฉื”ื•
07:17
that happens when the wires cross in the brain --
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ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืžืฆื˜ืœื‘ื™ื -
07:20
Jill has a stroke and she has this religious experience,
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ืœื’'ื™ืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ืฅ ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื›ื–ื•,
07:22
it's just a mistake?
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ื”ืื ื–ื• ืจืง ื˜ืขื•ืช?
07:24
Well many scientists who study religion take this view.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื“ืช ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ืš.
07:28
The New Atheists, for example,
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ื”ืืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ,
07:30
argue that religion is a set of memes,
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ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžื™ื (ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช),
07:32
sort of parasitic memes,
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ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืžื™ื ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื,
07:34
that get inside our minds
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ื”ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืžื•ื—ื ื•
07:36
and make us do all kinds of crazy religious stuff,
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื,
07:39
self-destructive stuff, like suicide bombing.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืก ืขืฆืžื™, ื›ืžื• ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืชืื‘ื“ื™ื.
07:41
And after all,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ,
07:43
how could it ever be good for us
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ืื™ืš ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
07:45
to lose ourselves?
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ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•?
07:47
How could it ever be adaptive
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™
07:49
for any organism
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื
07:51
to overcome self-interest?
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ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช?
07:54
Well let me show you.
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ืื– ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื.
07:56
In "The Descent of Man,"
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ื‘"ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืื“ื",
07:58
Charles Darwin wrote a great deal
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ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ื•ืช
08:00
about the evolution of morality --
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ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช -
08:02
where did it come from, why do we have it.
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ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื”, ืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ืชื”.
08:05
Darwin noted that many of our virtues
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ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืขืœื•ืชื™ื ื•
08:07
are of very little use to ourselves,
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ืื™ื ืŸ ื›ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•,
08:09
but they're of great use to our groups.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื‘ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
08:11
He wrote about the scenario
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘
08:13
in which two tribes of early humans
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ื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื
08:15
would have come in contact and competition.
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ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”.
08:17
He said, "If the one tribe included
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ: "ืื ืฉื‘ื˜ ืื—ื“ ื›ืœืœ
08:20
a great number of courageous, sympathetic
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ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืฆื™ื,
08:22
and faithful members
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ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื ืืžื ื™ื,
08:24
who are always ready to aid and defend each other,
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ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”,
08:26
this tribe would succeed better
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ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:28
and conquer the other."
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ื•ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™."
08:30
He went on to say that "Selfish and contentious people
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืืžืจ ืฉ: "ืื ืฉื™ื ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื›ื—ื ื™ื™ื
08:32
will not cohere,
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ืœื ื™ืชืœื›ื“ื•,
08:34
and without coherence
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ื•ืœืœื ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช
08:36
nothing can be effected."
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื“ื‘ืจ."
08:38
In other words,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
08:40
Charles Darwin believed
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ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ
08:42
in group selection.
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช.
08:44
Now this idea has been very controversial for the last 40 years,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืงืฉื” ื‘40 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
08:47
but it's about to make a major comeback this year,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”,
08:50
especially after E.O. Wilson's book comes out in April,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืื™. ืื•. ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ,
08:53
making a very strong case
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ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืื•ื“
08:55
that we, and several other species,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื•, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
08:57
are products of group selection.
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ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช.
08:59
But really the way to think about this
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”
09:01
is as multilevel selection.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืืœ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืจื‘-ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ืช.
09:03
So look at it this way:
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ืื– ืชืจืื• ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืš:
09:05
You've got competition going on within groups and across groups.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.
09:08
So here's a group of guys on a college crew team.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืœืœื”.
09:11
Within this team
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ื•
09:13
there's competition.
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช.
09:15
There are guys competing with each other.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”.
09:17
The slowest rowers, the weakest rowers, are going to get cut from the team.
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ื”ื—ื•ืชืจื™ื ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ืขื•ืคื• ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
09:20
And only a few of these guys are going to go on in the sport.
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ื•ืจืง ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžื”ื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข.
09:22
Maybe one of them will make it to the Olympics.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ื”.
09:25
So within the team,
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ืื– ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”,
09:27
their interests are actually pitted against each other.
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ืคื ื™ื ื–ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ื”.
09:30
And sometimes it would be advantageous
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื“ืื™
09:32
for one of these guys
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ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
09:34
to try to sabotage the other guys.
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
09:36
Maybe he'll badmouth his chief rival
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืžื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืชื—ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื•
09:38
to the coach.
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ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืืžืŸ.
09:40
But while that competition is going on
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื ืžืฉื›ืช
09:42
within the boat,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกื™ืจื”,
09:44
this competition is going on across boats.
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ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืจื•ืช.
09:47
And once you put these guys in a boat competing with another boat,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืชืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ื”ืžืชื—ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช,
09:50
now they've got no choice but to cooperate
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ืขื›ืฉื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืืœื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”
09:52
because they're all in the same boat.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืกื™ืจื”.
09:55
They can only win
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ื”ื ื™ื ืฆื—ื• ืจืง ืื
09:57
if they all pull together as a team.
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ื”ื ื™ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
09:59
I mean, these things sound trite,
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื ื“ื•ืฉ,
10:01
but they are deep evolutionary truths.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช.
10:03
The main argument against group selection
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ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช
10:05
has always been
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื•
10:07
that, well sure, it would be nice to have a group of cooperators,
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ืฉื‘ื˜ื—, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืžื“ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื”,
10:10
but as soon as you have a group of cooperators,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื”,
10:12
they're just going to get taken over by free-riders,
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ื˜ืจืžืคื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœื™ื”,
10:15
individuals that are going to exploit the hard work of the others.
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ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
10:18
Let me illustrate this for you.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืœื›ื.
10:20
Suppose we've got a group of little organisms --
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื -
10:23
they can be bacteria, they can be hamsters; it doesn't matter what --
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ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ืื•ื’ืจื™ื, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” -
10:26
and let's suppose that this little group here, they evolved to be cooperative.
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ื•ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
10:29
Well that's great. They graze, they defend each other,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ. ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื, ื”ื ืžื’ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”,
10:31
they work together, they generate wealth.
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ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“, ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉืจ.
10:34
And as you'll see in this simulation,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชืจืื• ื‘ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
10:36
as they interact they gain points, as it were, they grow,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื,
10:39
and when they've doubled in size, you'll see them split,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื›ืคื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืชืคืฆืœื™ื,
10:41
and that's how they reproduce and the population grows.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื’ื“ืœื”.
10:43
But suppose then that one of them mutates.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืื– ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”.
10:46
There's a mutation in the gene
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ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื’ืŸ
10:48
and one of them mutates to follow a selfish strategy.
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืคื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืื ื•ื›ื™ืช.
10:50
It takes advantage of the others.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
10:52
And so when a green interacts with a blue,
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ื•ืื– ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืง ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
10:55
you'll see the green gets larger and the blue gets smaller.
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ืชืจืื• ืฉื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื’ื“ืœ, ื•ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ.
10:57
So here's how things play out.
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ืื– ื›ื›ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.
10:59
We start with just one green,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ืจืง ื™ืจื•ืง ืื—ื“,
11:01
and as it interacts
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืฉืจ
11:03
it gains wealth or points or food.
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจ ืขื•ืฉืจ ืื• ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
11:06
And in short order, the cooperators are done for.
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ื•ื‘ืงืฆืจื”, ืžืฉืชืคื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื.
11:09
The free-riders have taken over.
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ื”ื˜ืจืžืคื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•.
11:12
If a group cannot solve the free-rider problem
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ืื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืจืžืคื™ืกื˜
11:15
then it cannot reap the benefits of cooperation
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”
11:18
and group selection cannot get started.
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ื•ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.
11:21
But there are solutions to the free-rider problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืจืžืคื™ืกื˜.
11:23
It's not that hard a problem.
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ื–ื• ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›"ื› ืงืฉื”.
11:25
In fact, nature has solved it many, many times.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืคืชืจ ืื•ืชื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“.
11:28
And nature's favorite solution
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ื•ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข
11:30
is to put everyone in the same boat.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืกื™ืจื”.
11:33
For example,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
11:35
why is it that the mitochondria in every cell
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ืœืžื” ืœืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื
11:38
has its own DNA,
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื "ื ืžืฉืœื”,
11:40
totally separate from the DNA in the nucleus?
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ื ืคืจื“ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื“ื "ื ืฉื‘ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ?
11:43
It's because they used to be
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืคืขื ื”ื™ื•
11:45
separate free-living bacteria
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ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ื ืคืจื“
11:47
and they came together
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื•
11:49
and became a superorganism.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื-ืขืœ.
11:51
Somehow or other -- maybe one swallowed another; we'll never know exactly why --
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช - ืื•ืœื™ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœืข ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™, ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื“ืข -
11:54
but once they got a membrane around them,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืจื’ืข ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ืžืžื‘ืจื ื”,
11:56
they were all in the same membrane,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžืžื‘ืจื ื”,
11:58
now all the wealth-created division of labor,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
12:01
all the greatness created by cooperation,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืข"ื™ ืฉืช"ืค,
12:03
stays locked inside the membrane
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ื ืฉืืจ ืกื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื”
12:05
and we've got a superorganism.
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื-ืขืœ.
12:08
And now let's rerun the simulation
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจื™ืฅ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื”
12:10
putting one of these superorganisms
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ื›ืฉืฉืžื™ื ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืœ ื”ืืœื”
12:12
into a population of free-riders, of defectors, of cheaters
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ืœืชื•ืš ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืจืžืคื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื, ืจืžืื™ื
12:15
and look what happens.
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
12:18
A superorganism can basically take what it wants.
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ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื”.
12:20
It's so big and powerful and efficient
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ื”ื•ื ื›"ื› ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ
12:23
that it can take resources
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ื–ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•
12:25
from the greens, from the defectors, the cheaters.
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ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื, ืžื”ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื, ืžื”ืจืžืื™ื.
12:29
And pretty soon the whole population
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ื•ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
12:31
is actually composed of these new superorganisms.
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ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
12:34
What I've shown you here
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ื›ืืŸ
12:36
is sometimes called a major transition
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ื ืงืจื ืœืคืขืžื™ื "ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™"
12:38
in evolutionary history.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื‘ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
12:41
Darwin's laws don't change,
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ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื,
12:43
but now there's a new kind of player on the field
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ
12:46
and things begin to look very different.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืื—ืจืช.
12:49
Now this transition was not a one-time freak of nature
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืจื•ืข ื—ืจื™ื’ ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
12:51
that just happened with some bacteria.
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ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
12:53
It happened again
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื” ืฉื•ื‘
12:55
about 120 or a 140 million years ago
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืคื ื™ 120 ืื• 140 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”,
12:57
when some solitary wasps
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ื›ืฉื›ืžื” ืฆืจืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช
13:00
began creating little simple, primitive
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื ื™ื ืื• ื›ื•ื•ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
13:02
nests, or hives.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื.
13:05
Once several wasps were all together in the same hive,
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ืžืจื’ืข ืฉื›ืžื” ืฆืจืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื›ื•ื•ืจืช,
13:08
they had no choice but to cooperate,
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืืœื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”,
13:10
because pretty soon they were locked into competition
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ื›ื™ ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื ื ืงืœืขื• ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช
13:12
with other hives.
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ืžื•ืœ ื›ื•ื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
13:14
And the most cohesive hives won,
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืœื•ื›ื“ื•ืช ื–ื›ื•,
13:16
just as Darwin said.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืžืจ.
13:18
These early wasps
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ื”ืฆืจืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
13:20
gave rise to the bees and the ants
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืœื™ื
13:22
that have covered the world
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ืฉื›ื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
13:24
and changed the biosphere.
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
13:26
And it happened again,
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืจื” ืฉื•ื‘,
13:28
even more spectacularly,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘
13:30
in the last half-million years
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ื‘500,000 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
13:32
when our own ancestors
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ื›ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
13:34
became cultural creatures,
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื,
13:36
they came together around a hearth or a campfire,
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ื”ื ื”ืชืœื›ื“ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื— ืื• ืžื“ื•ืจื”,
13:39
they divided labor,
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ื”ื ื—ืœืงื• ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื”,
13:41
they began painting their bodies, they spoke their own dialects,
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ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื’ื•ืคื, ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื ื™ื‘ ืžืฉืœื”ื,
13:44
and eventually they worshiped their own gods.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
13:47
Once they were all in the same tribe,
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ืžืจื’ืข ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื‘ื˜,
13:49
they could keep the benefits of cooperation locked inside.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
13:52
And they unlocked the most powerful force
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ื•ื”ื ืคืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื–ืง ืžื›ืœ
13:54
ever known on this planet,
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ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
13:56
which is human cooperation --
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืช"ืค ืื ื•ืฉื™ -
13:58
a force for construction
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ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”
14:00
and destruction.
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ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืจืก.
14:03
Of course, human groups are nowhere near as cohesive
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื”
14:05
as beehives.
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ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
14:07
Human groups may look like hives for brief moments,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืจื’ืขื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื,
14:10
but they tend to then break apart.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
14:12
We're not locked into cooperation the way bees and ants are.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืช"ืค ื›ืžื• ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื ืžืœื™ื.
14:15
In fact, often,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
14:17
as we've seen happen in a lot of the Arab Spring revolts,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™,
14:19
often those divisions are along religious lines.
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื.
14:23
Nonetheless, when people do come together
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ืืข"ืค ื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืœื›ื“ื™ื
14:26
and put themselves all into the same movement,
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ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชื ื•ืขื”,
14:28
they can move mountains.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ื”ืจื™ื.
14:31
Look at the people in these photos I've been showing you.
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื.
14:34
Do you think they're there
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉื
14:36
pursuing their self-interest?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื?
14:38
Or are they pursuing communal interest,
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™,
14:41
which requires them to lose themselves
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ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื”ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื
14:44
and become simply a part of a whole?
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืœื?
14:49
Okay, so that was my Talk
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื– ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™
14:51
delivered in the standard TED way.
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ืฉื”ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช TED ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”.
14:53
And now I'm going to give the whole Talk over again
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉื•ื‘
14:55
in three minutes
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช
14:57
in a more full-spectrum sort of way.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื‘ื”.
15:00
(Music)
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
15:02
(Video) Jonathan Haidt: We humans have many varieties
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ื”ืื™ื™ื“ื˜: ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘
15:04
of religious experience,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช,
15:06
as William James explained.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก.
15:08
One of the most common is climbing the secret staircase
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ืื—ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ื ืกืชืจื•ืช
15:11
and losing ourselves.
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ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•.
15:13
The staircase takes us
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ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืœื•ืงื—ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื•
15:15
from the experience of life as profane or ordinary
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ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™, ืื• ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ
15:18
upwards to the experience of life as sacred,
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ืœืžืขืœื” ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื,
15:20
or deeply interconnected.
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ืื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืžื•ืง.
15:22
We are Homo duplex,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืžื• ื“ื•ืคืœืงืก,
15:24
as Durkheim explained.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืงื”ื™ื™ื.
15:26
And we are Homo duplex
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืžื• ื“ื•ืคืœืงืก
15:28
because we evolved by multilevel selection,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืจื‘ืช-ืจืžื•ืช,
15:30
as Darwin explained.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
15:33
I can't be certain if the staircase is an adaptation
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืื ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช
15:35
rather than a bug,
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ืื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช,
15:37
but if it is an adaptation,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืŸ ืื“ืคื˜ืฆื™ื”,
15:39
then the implications are profound.
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ืื– ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช.
15:41
If it is an adaptation,
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ืื ื”ืŸ ืื“ืคื˜ืฆื™ื”,
15:43
then we evolved to be religious.
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ืื–ื™ ื ื‘ืจืจื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื™ื.
15:46
I don't mean that we evolved
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš ืฉื ื‘ืจืจื ื•
15:48
to join gigantic organized religions.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื“ืชื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช.
15:50
Those things came along too recently.
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ืืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
15:52
I mean that we evolved
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ืจืจื ื•
15:54
to see sacredness all around us
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
15:56
and to join with others into teams
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ื•ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื
15:58
and circle around sacred objects,
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ื•ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ื—ืคืฆื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื,
16:00
people and ideas.
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ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื.
16:02
This is why politics is so tribal.
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื›"ื› ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืช.
16:05
Politics is partly profane, it's partly about self-interest,
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ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช, ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื,
16:08
but politics is also about sacredness.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื’ื ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉ.
16:11
It's about joining with others
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ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
16:13
to pursue moral ideas.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื.
16:15
It's about the eternal struggle between good and evil,
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ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืจืข,
16:18
and we all believe we're on the good team.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
16:21
And most importantly,
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
16:23
if the staircase is real,
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ืื ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช,
16:25
it explains the persistent undercurrent
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ื”ืŸ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืง
16:27
of dissatisfaction in modern life.
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ื”ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื.
16:29
Because human beings are, to some extent,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
16:32
hivish creatures like bees.
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ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื›ื•ื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
16:34
We're bees. We busted out of the hive during the Enlightenment.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืจืฆื ื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ื•ื•ืจืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”.
16:37
We broke down the old institutions
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ืฉื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื
16:40
and brought liberty to the oppressed.
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ื•ืฉื—ืจืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื.
16:42
We unleashed Earth-changing creativity
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ื”ืชืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
16:44
and generated vast wealth and comfort.
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ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื” ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื.
16:47
Nowadays we fly around
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืขืคื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘
16:49
like individual bees exulting in our freedom.
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ื›ืžื• ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืฆื•ืช ื‘ืฉื—ืจื•ืจืŸ.
16:51
But sometimes we wonder:
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื• ืชื•ื”ื™ื:
16:53
Is this all there is?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ?
16:55
What should I do with my life?
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ืžื” ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•?
16:57
What's missing?
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ืžื” ื—ืกืจ?
16:59
What's missing is that we are Homo duplex,
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ืžื” ืฉื—ืกืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืžื• ื“ื•ืคืœืงืก,
17:01
but modern, secular society was built
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ื ื‘ื ืชื”
17:04
to satisfy our lower, profane selves.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™.
17:07
It's really comfortable down here on the lower level.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ื•ื— ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”.
17:10
Come, have a seat in my home entertainment center.
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ื‘ื•ืื•, ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื™.
17:13
One great challenge of modern life
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ืืชื’ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื
17:15
is to find the staircase amid all the clutter
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื’ืŸ
17:18
and then to do something good and noble
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ื•ืื– ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืืฆื™ืœื™
17:21
once you climb to the top.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืžืขืœื”.
17:24
I see this desire in my students at the University of Virginia.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื”.
17:27
They all want to find a cause or calling
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ื›ื•ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื˜ืจื” ืื• ื™ื™ืขื•ื“
17:29
that they can throw themselves into.
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืชื•ื›ื•.
17:31
They're all searching for their staircase.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืื—ืจ ื’ืจื ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
17:34
And that gives me hope
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื™ ืชืงื•ื•ื”
17:36
because people are not purely selfish.
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ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ื ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
17:38
Most people long to overcome pettiness
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืจื’ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
17:40
and become part of something larger.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
17:42
And this explains the extraordinary resonance
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื“ื”ื•ื“ ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ
17:45
of this simple metaphor
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•
17:47
conjured up nearly 400 years ago.
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ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื ื™ ื› 400 ืฉื ื”.
17:50
"No man is an island
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"ืืฃ ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืื™
17:52
entire of itself.
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ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•.
17:54
Every man is a piece of the continent,
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ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”,
17:57
a part of the main."
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื™ืงืจ."
18:00
JH: Thank you.
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ื”ืื™ื™ื“ื˜: ืชื•ื“ื”.
18:02
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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