Jonathan Haidt: Religion, evolution, and the ecstasy of self-transcendence

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG

I have a question for you:

Imam pitanje za vas:

Are you religious?

Jeste li religiozni?

Please raise your hand right now

Molim da sada podignete ruku,

if you think of yourself as a religious person.

ako se smatrate religioznom osobom.

Let's see, I'd say about three or four percent.

Da vidimo, rekao bih da vas je tri ili četiri posto.

I had no idea there were so many believers at a TED Conference.

Nisam imao pojma da imamo toliko vjernika na TEDovoj konferenciji.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Okay, here's another question:

U redu, evo još jednog pitanja:

Do you think of yourself as spiritual

Smatrate li se duhovnim osobama

in any way, shape or form? Raise your hand.

na bilo koji način, u bilo kojem obliku ili formi? Podignite ruku.

Okay, that's the majority.

U redu, to je većina.

My Talk today

Moj je današnji govor

is about the main reason, or one of the main reasons,

o glavnom razlogu ili jednom od glavnih razloga

why most people consider themselves

zašto većina ljudi sebe smatra duhovnim osobama

to be spiritual in some way, shape or form.

na neki način, u nekom obliku ili formi.

My Talk today is about self-transcendence.

Moj je današnji govor o samouzvišenju.

It's just a basic fact about being human

To je osnovna činjenica ljudskosti

that sometimes the self seems to just melt away.

da se ono 'ja' ponekad jednostavno izgubi.

And when that happens,

A kada se to dogodi,

the feeling is ecstatic

osjećamo se ushićeno

and we reach for metaphors of up and down

i posežemo za metaforama dobrog i lošeg

to explain these feelings.

kako bismo objasnili te osjećaje.

We talk about being uplifted

Govorimo o uzvišenju

or elevated.

ili uzdizanju.

Now it's really hard to think about anything abstract like this

Veoma je teško razmišljati o bilo čemu apstraktnom poput ovog

without a good concrete metaphor.

bez neke dobre, konkretne metafore.

So here's the metaphor I'm offering today.

Ovdje je metafora koju vam danas nudim.

Think about the mind as being like a house with many rooms,

Razmislite o umu na način kao da ste u kući s mnogo soba,

most of which we're very familiar with.

s kojima smo većinom upoznati.

But sometimes it's as though a doorway appears

Ali ponekad se čini kao da nam se vrata

from out of nowhere

pojave niotkuda

and it opens onto a staircase.

i odvedu nas do stubišta.

We climb the staircase

Uspemo se stubama

and experience a state of altered consciousness.

i doživimo stanje izmijenjene svijesti.

In 1902,

1902. godine,

the great American psychologist William James

veliki američki psiholog William James

wrote about the many varieties of religious experience.

pisao je o mnogim raznovrsnostima religijskog iskustva.

He collected all kinds of case studies.

Skupio je razne vrste studija slučaja.

He quoted the words of all kinds of people

Citirao je riječi raznih vrsta ljudi

who'd had a variety of these experiences.

koji su imali raznolike vrste takvih iskustava.

One of the most exciting to me

Jedno od meni najuzbudljivijih

is this young man, Stephen Bradley,

je ovaj mladić, Stephen Bradley,

had an encounter, he thought, with Jesus in 1820.

on se susreo, bar je tako mislio, s Isusom 1820. godine.

And here's what Bradley said about it.

I evo što je Bradley rekao o tome.

(Music)

(Glazba)

(Video) Stephen Bradley: I thought I saw the savior in human shape

(Video) Stephen Bradley: Mislio sam da sam na sekundu u sobi vidio

for about one second in the room,

Spasitelja u ljudskom obliku

with arms extended,

s raširenim rukama,

appearing to say to me, "Come."

kako mi se pojavljuje i govori, „Dođi.“

The next day I rejoiced with trembling.

Sljedećeg sam se dana radovao drhteći.

My happiness was so great that I said I wanted to die.

Moja je sreća bila toliko velika da sam rekao da želim umrijeti.

This world had no place in my affections.

U ovom svijetu nije bilo mjesta za moje uzbuđenje.

Previous to this time,

Prije toga,

I was very selfish and self-righteous.

bio sam jako sebičan i svojeglav.

But now I desired the welfare of all mankind

Ali sada sam želio blagostanje za cijelo čovječanstvo

and could, with a feeling heart,

i mogao bih, s osjećajnim srcem,

forgive my worst enemies.

oprostiti najljućim neprijateljima.

JH: So note

JH: Primijetite

how Bradley's petty, moralistic self

kako Bradleyevo sitničavo i moralno ja

just dies on the way up the staircase.

jednostavno umire tamo na stubištu.

And on this higher level

I na toj višoj razini

he becomes loving and forgiving.

on postaje nježan i prašta.

The world's many religions have found so many ways

Mnoge svjetske religije pronašle su toliko načina

to help people climb the staircase.

kako bi pomogle ljudima da se popnu uz stepenice.

Some shut down the self using meditation.

Neke ugase 'ja' koristeći meditaciju.

Others use psychedelic drugs.

Druge koriste psihodelične droge.

This is from a 16th century Aztec scroll

Ovdje na astečkim zapisima iz 16. stoljeća

showing a man about to eat a psilocybin mushroom

vidimo čovjeka koji se sprema pojesti psilocibin gljivu (magičnu gljivu)

and at the same moment get yanked up the staircase by a god.

i u istom trenutku ga bog povlači sa stepenica.

Others use dancing, spinning and circling

Druge koriste ples, rotiranje i vrtnju

to promote self-transcendence.

kako bi promovirale samouzvišenje.

But you don't need a religion to get you through the staircase.

Ali ne trebate religiju kako biste prošli stubama.

Lots of people find self-transcendence in nature.

Mnogo ljudi pronalazi samouzvišenje u prirodi.

Others overcome their self at raves.

Ostali nadjačaju svoje ja pomoću bijesa.

But here's the weirdest place of all:

Ali postoji najčudnije mjesto od svih:

war.

rat.

So many books about war say the same thing,

Tolike knjige o ratu govore istu stvar,

that nothing brings people together

da ništa ne zbližava ljude tako

like war.

kao rat.

And that bringing them together opens up the possibility

I to zbližavanje otvara mogućnost

of extraordinary self-transcendent experiences.

izvanrednih samouzvišenih iskustava.

I'm going to play for you an excerpt

Pustit ću vam odlomak

from this book by Glenn Gray.

iz ove knjige Glenna Graya.

Gray was a soldier in the American army in World War II.

Gray je bio vojnik američke vojske u Drugom svjetskom ratu.

And after the war he interviewed a lot of other soldiers

Nakon rata intervjuirao je mnogo drugih vojnika

and wrote about the experience of men in battle.

i pisao o iskustvu muškaraca u bitkama.

Here's a key passage

Ovo je ključan odlomak

where he basically describes the staircase.

u kojem zapravo opisuje stubište.

(Video) Glenn Gray: Many veterans will admit

(Video) Glenn Gray: Mnogi će veterani priznati

that the experience of communal effort in battle

da je iskustvo zajedničkog napora u bitci

has been the high point of their lives.

bio vrhunac njihovih života.

"I" passes insensibly into a "we,"

'Ja' neprimjetno prelazi u 'mi',

"my" becomes "our"

'moje' postaje 'naše'

and individual faith

i pojedinačna vjera

loses its central importance.

gubi svoju središnju važnost.

I believe that it is nothing less

Vjerujem da to nije ništa manje

than the assurance of immortality

od uvjerenja o besmrtnosti

that makes self-sacrifice at these moments

koje vlastito žrtvovanje čini u tim trenucima

so relatively easy.

tako relativno lakim.

I may fall, but I do not die,

Mogu pasti, ali neću umrijeti

for that which is real in me goes forward

zbog onoga što je stvarno u meni i ide naprijed

and lives on in the comrades

i nastavlja živjeti u drugovima

for whom I gave up my life.

za koje sam dao život.

JH: So what all of these cases have in common

JH: Dakle, ono što svi ovi slučajevi imaju zajedničko

is that the self seems to thin out, or melt away,

je to da se čini kako se ja stanjilo ili istopilo

and it feels good, it feels really good,

i čini se dobrim, čini se jako dobro

in a way totally unlike anything we feel in our normal lives.

na način potpuno netipičan ičemu što osjećamo u svojim svakodnevnim životima.

It feels somehow uplifting.

Čini se nekako uzvišenim.

This idea that we move up was central in the writing

Ova ideja s kojom idemo dalje bila je centar pisanja

of the great French sociologist Emile Durkheim.

velikog francuskog sociologa Emila Durkheima.

Durkheim even called us Homo duplex,

Durkheim nas je čak nazvao Homo duplexima

or two-level man.

ili ljudima s dvije razine.

The lower level he called the level of the profane.

Nižu razinu nazvao je razinom svjetovnosti.

Now profane is the opposite of sacred.

Svjetovno je suprotno svetom.

It just means ordinary or common.

To jednostavno znači uobičajeno ili sveopće.

And in our ordinary lives we exist as individuals.

A u našim svakodnevnim životima postojimo kao pojedinci.

We want to satisfy our individual desires.

Želimo zadovoljiti vlastite želje.

We pursue our individual goals.

Slijedimo vlastite ciljeve.

But sometimes something happens

Ali ponekad se dogodi nešto

that triggers a phase change.

što aktivira fazu promjene.

Individuals unite

Pojedinci se udruže

into a team, a movement or a nation,

u ekipe, pokret ili naciju

which is far more than the sum of its parts.

što je mnogo više od zbroja njezinih dijelova.

Durkheim called this level the level of the sacred

Durkheim je nazvao ovu razinu, razinom svetosti,

because he believed that the function of religion

zato što je vjerovao da je funkcija religije

was to unite people into a group,

sjediniti ljude u grupu,

into a moral community.

u moralnu zajednicu.

Durkheim believed that anything that unites us

Durkheim je vjerovao da sve što nas sjedinjuje

takes on an air of sacredness.

zadobiva oznaku svetosti.

And once people circle around

A jednom kad ljudi krenu kružiti

some sacred object or value,

s nekim svetim predmetom ili vrijednošću,

they'll then work as a team and fight to defend it.

onda će raditi kao grupa ne bi li se borili da to zaštite.

Durkheim wrote

Durkheim je pisao

about a set of intense collective emotions

o skupu intenzivnih zbirnih osjećaja

that accomplish this miracle of E pluribus unum,

koji postižu ovo čudo E pluribus unum,

of making a group out of individuals.

stvaranja grupe od pojedinaca.

Think of the collective joy in Britain

Razmislite o kolektivnoj sreći u Britaniji

on the day World War II ended.

onog dana kada je završio II. svjetski rat.

Think of the collective anger in Tahrir Square,

Razmislite o kolektivnom bijesu na trgu Tahrir

which brought down a dictator.

koji je svrgnuo diktatora.

And think of the collective grief

I razmislite o kolektivnoj žalosti

in the United States

u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama

that we all felt, that brought us all together,

koju smo svi osjetili, koja nas je sve ujedinila

after 9/11.

nakon 11. rujna.

So let me summarize where we are.

Dopustite mi da rezimiram gdje smo.

I'm saying that the capacity for self-transcendence

Mislim kako je kapacitet za samouzvišenjem

is just a basic part of being human.

samo osnovni dio ljudskosti.

I'm offering the metaphor

Nudim vam metaforu

of a staircase in the mind.

stubišta u umu.

I'm saying we are Homo duplex

Kažem vam da smo Homo duplexi

and this staircase takes us up from the profane level

i da nas ovo stubište vodi od svjetovne razine

to the level of the sacred.

do razine svetosti.

When we climb that staircase,

Kad se popnemo tim stubama,

self-interest fades away,

vlastiti interesi blijede,

we become just much less self-interested,

postajemo mnogo manje zainteresirani za sebe

and we feel as though we are better, nobler

i osjećamo se bolje, plemenitije

and somehow uplifted.

i nekako uzvišenije.

So here's the million-dollar question

Ovdje je pitanje vrijedno milijun dolara

for social scientists like me:

za društvene znanstvenike poput mene:

Is the staircase

Je li stubište

a feature of our evolutionary design?

obilježje našeg evolucijskog plana?

Is it a product of natural selection,

Je li to proizvod prirodne selekcije

like our hands?

poput naših ruku?

Or is it a bug, a mistake in the system --

Ili je to kvar, greška u sustavu –

this religious stuff is just something

jesu li te religiozne stvari samo nešto

that happens when the wires cross in the brain --

što se događa kad se žice prepletu u mozgu –

Jill has a stroke and she has this religious experience,

Jill doživi moždani udar i istovremeno doživi religiozno iskustvo,

it's just a mistake?

je li to samo greška?

Well many scientists who study religion take this view.

Mnogi znanstvenici koji proučavaju religiju zauzimaju ovo stajalište.

The New Atheists, for example,

Novi ateisti, na primjer,

argue that religion is a set of memes,

raspravljaju kako je religija skup trendova,

sort of parasitic memes,

na neki način parazitskih trendova,

that get inside our minds

koji ulaze u naše umove

and make us do all kinds of crazy religious stuff,

i tjeraju nas da radimo razne vrste ludih religioznih stvari,

self-destructive stuff, like suicide bombing.

stvari koje nas samouništavaju, poput samoubilačkih bombi.

And after all,

I nakon svega,

how could it ever be good for us

kako bi ikada za nas moglo biti dobro

to lose ourselves?

da izgubimo sami sebe?

How could it ever be adaptive

Kako bi ikada moglo biti prilagodljivo

for any organism

za bilo koji organizam

to overcome self-interest?

da nadjača svoje interese?

Well let me show you.

Pa, dopustite da vam pokažem.

In "The Descent of Man,"

U 'Podrijetlu vrsta',

Charles Darwin wrote a great deal

Charles Darwin puno je pisao

about the evolution of morality --

o evoluciji moralnosti –

where did it come from, why do we have it.

odakle dolazi i zašto je imamo.

Darwin noted that many of our virtues

Darwin je primijetio da mnogo naših osobina

are of very little use to ourselves,

ima slabu korist za nas same,

but they're of great use to our groups.

ali su od velike koristi za naše grupe.

He wrote about the scenario

Pisao je o scenariju

in which two tribes of early humans

u kojem bi dva plemena ranog čovječanstva

would have come in contact and competition.

došla u kontakt i natjecali bi se.

He said, "If the one tribe included

Rekao je, „Ako bi jedno pleme imalo

a great number of courageous, sympathetic

velik broj odvažnih, suosjećajnih

and faithful members

i vjernih članova

who are always ready to aid and defend each other,

koji su uvijek spremni pomoći i braniti jedni druge,

this tribe would succeed better

to bi pleme bilo uspješnije

and conquer the other."

i pobijedilo bi ostale.“

He went on to say that "Selfish and contentious people

Nastavio je govoreći kako „Sebični i svadljivi ljudi

will not cohere,

ne žele se povezati,

and without coherence

a bez povezanosti

nothing can be effected."

ništa se ne može izvršiti.“

In other words,

Drugim riječima,

Charles Darwin believed

Charles Darwin vjerovao je

in group selection.

u grupnu selekciju.

Now this idea has been very controversial for the last 40 years,

Ta je ideja bila jako kontroverzna zadnjih 40 godina,

but it's about to make a major comeback this year,

ali očekuje ju veliki povratak ove godine,

especially after E.O. Wilson's book comes out in April,

posebice nakon što u travnju izađe knjiga E. O. Wilsona,

making a very strong case

koja snažno dokazuje

that we, and several other species,

kako smo mi i nekoliko drugih vrsta

are products of group selection.

proizvod grupne selekcije.

But really the way to think about this

Ali zaista, način na koji treba o tome razmišljati

is as multilevel selection.

je kao da je to selekcija na više razina.

So look at it this way:

Gledajte na to na ovaj način:

You've got competition going on within groups and across groups.

Imate natjecanje unutar grupa i među grupama.

So here's a group of guys on a college crew team.

Ovdje je grupa mladića u fakultetskoj veslačkoj ekipi.

Within this team

Unutar ove je

there's competition.

ekipe natjecanje.

There are guys competing with each other.

Dečki se natječu jedni s drugima.

The slowest rowers, the weakest rowers, are going to get cut from the team.

Najsporiji veslači i najslabiji veslači bit će izbačeni iz ekipe.

And only a few of these guys are going to go on in the sport.

A samo nekoliko će ih ići dalje.

Maybe one of them will make it to the Olympics.

Možda će jedan od njih doći do Olimpijade.

So within the team,

Dakle, unutar ekipe

their interests are actually pitted against each other.

njihovi interesi su zapravo suprotstavljeni jedni drugima.

And sometimes it would be advantageous

A ponekad bi bilo korisno

for one of these guys

za jednog od njih

to try to sabotage the other guys.

da pokuša sabotirati druge.

Maybe he'll badmouth his chief rival

Možda će ogovarati svog glavnog suparnika

to the coach.

treneru.

But while that competition is going on

Ali dok se to natjecanje odvija

within the boat,

unutar čamca,

this competition is going on across boats.

ovo natjecanje kreće među čamcima.

And once you put these guys in a boat competing with another boat,

I jednom kad ove dečke stavite u čamac koji se natječe s drugim čamcem,

now they've got no choice but to cooperate

sada nemaju izbora nego da surađuju

because they're all in the same boat.

jer su u istom čamcu.

They can only win

Mogu pobijediti jedino

if they all pull together as a team.

ako surađuju kao ekipa.

I mean, these things sound trite,

Hoću reći, ove stvari zvuče banalno,

but they are deep evolutionary truths.

ali to su duboke evolucijske istine.

The main argument against group selection

Glavni argument protiv grupne selekcije

has always been

uvijek je bio

that, well sure, it would be nice to have a group of cooperators,

da, pa sigurno, bilo bi lijepo imati grupu suradnika,

but as soon as you have a group of cooperators,

ali čim imate grupu suradnika,

they're just going to get taken over by free-riders,

bit će preuzeti od strane solo igrača,

individuals that are going to exploit the hard work of the others.

pojedinaca koji će iskoristiti težak rad drugih.

Let me illustrate this for you.

Da vam to ilustriram.

Suppose we've got a group of little organisms --

Pretpostavimo da imamo grupu malih organizama –

they can be bacteria, they can be hamsters; it doesn't matter what --

mogu biti bakterije, mogu biti hrčci; nije bitno što su –

and let's suppose that this little group here, they evolved to be cooperative.

i pretpostavimo da ova mala grupa ovdje, da su evoluirali do surađivanja.

Well that's great. They graze, they defend each other,

Pa, to je sjajno. Oni padaju, brane jedni druge,

they work together, they generate wealth.

rade skupa, proizvode obilje.

And as you'll see in this simulation,

Kao što vidite na ovoj simulaciji,

as they interact they gain points, as it were, they grow,

kako surađuju, tako dobivaju bodove, takoreći rastu,

and when they've doubled in size, you'll see them split,

a kad udvostruče svoju veličinu vidjet ćete kako se razdvajaju

and that's how they reproduce and the population grows.

i tako se reproduciraju i populacija raste.

But suppose then that one of them mutates.

Ali pretpostavimo da jedan od njih mutira.

There's a mutation in the gene

Imamo mutaciju u genu

and one of them mutates to follow a selfish strategy.

i jedan od njih mutira tako da slijedi sebičnu strategiju.

It takes advantage of the others.

Iskorištava ostale.

And so when a green interacts with a blue,

I onda kada zeleni komunicira s plavim,

you'll see the green gets larger and the blue gets smaller.

vidjet ćete da zeleni postaje veći, a plavi postaje manji.

So here's how things play out.

Evo kako se stvari odigravaju.

We start with just one green,

Počinjemo samo s jednim zelenim

and as it interacts

i kako on komunicira

it gains wealth or points or food.

dobiva bogatstvo ili bodove ili hranu.

And in short order, the cooperators are done for.

I u kratkom vremenu, suradnici su gotovi.

The free-riders have taken over.

Solo igrači su preuzeli.

If a group cannot solve the free-rider problem

Ako grupa ne može riješiti problem solo igrača

then it cannot reap the benefits of cooperation

onda ne može ubrati korist suradnje

and group selection cannot get started.

i grupna selekcija ne može početi.

But there are solutions to the free-rider problem.

Ali postoji rješenje za problem solo igrača.

It's not that hard a problem.

Nije to tako težak problem.

In fact, nature has solved it many, many times.

Zapravo, priroda ga je riješila mnogo, mnogo puta.

And nature's favorite solution

A najdraže rješenje prirode je

is to put everyone in the same boat.

da stavi sve u isti čamac.

For example,

Na primjer,

why is it that the mitochondria in every cell

zašto mitohondrij u svakoj stanici

has its own DNA,

ima svoju DNK,

totally separate from the DNA in the nucleus?

potpuno odvojenu od DNK u jezgri?

It's because they used to be

To je zato što su one bile

separate free-living bacteria

odvojene slobodne bakterije

and they came together

i spojile su se

and became a superorganism.

i postale superorganizam.

Somehow or other -- maybe one swallowed another; we'll never know exactly why --

Na ovaj ili onaj način – možda je jedna progutala drugu; nikad točno nećemo znati zašto –

but once they got a membrane around them,

ali jednom kad imaju membranu oko sebe,

they were all in the same membrane,

sve su u istoj membrani,

now all the wealth-created division of labor,

sad svo obilje stvoreno podijeljenim radom

all the greatness created by cooperation,

i sva veličina stvorena suradnjom

stays locked inside the membrane

ostaje zaključana unutar membrane

and we've got a superorganism.

i imamo superorganizam.

And now let's rerun the simulation

A sada pogledajmo simulaciju

putting one of these superorganisms

kako izgleda kada jedan ovakav superorganizam stavimo

into a population of free-riders, of defectors, of cheaters

u populaciju solo igrača, dezertera i varalica

and look what happens.

i vidimo što se događa.

A superorganism can basically take what it wants.

Superorganizam u osnovi uzima ono što želi.

It's so big and powerful and efficient

Tako je velik, moćan i učinkovit

that it can take resources

da može uzimati sredstva

from the greens, from the defectors, the cheaters.

od zelenih, od dezertera, varalica.

And pretty soon the whole population

I vrlo brzo je cijela populacija

is actually composed of these new superorganisms.

zapravo složena od tih novih superorganizama.

What I've shown you here

Ovo što vam ovdje pokazujem

is sometimes called a major transition

je nešto što se zove velika tranzicija

in evolutionary history.

u evolucijskoj povijesti.

Darwin's laws don't change,

Darwinovi zakoni se ne mijenjaju,

but now there's a new kind of player on the field

ali sada imamo novu vrstu igrača na polju

and things begin to look very different.

i stvari počinju izgledati bitno drugačije.

Now this transition was not a one-time freak of nature

Ova tranzicija nije bila samo jedan čudan slučaj prirode

that just happened with some bacteria.

koji se dogodio s nekom bakterijom.

It happened again

Dogodio se ponovo prije

about 120 or a 140 million years ago

oko 120 ili 140 milijuna godina

when some solitary wasps

kada je neka usamljena osa

began creating little simple, primitive

počela stvarati mala, jednostavna, primitivna

nests, or hives.

skrovišta iliti košnice.

Once several wasps were all together in the same hive,

Kada je s vremenom nekoliko osa živjelo skupa u istoj košnici,

they had no choice but to cooperate,

nisu imale drugog izbora nego surađivati

because pretty soon they were locked into competition

jer su vrlo brzo bile u natjecanju

with other hives.

s ostalim košnicama.

And the most cohesive hives won,

A najpovezanije košnice pobjeđuju,

just as Darwin said.

baš kao što je Darwin rekao.

These early wasps

Ove mlađahne ose

gave rise to the bees and the ants

iznjedrile su pčele i mrave

that have covered the world

koji su prekrili svijet

and changed the biosphere.

i promijenili biosferu.

And it happened again,

I dogodilo se ponovno,

even more spectacularly,

čak i spektakularnije,

in the last half-million years

u posljednjih pola milijuna godina

when our own ancestors

kada su naši preci

became cultural creatures,

postali kulturna stvorenja,

they came together around a hearth or a campfire,

združili su se uz ognjište ili logorsku vatru,

they divided labor,

podijelili su radne zadatke,

they began painting their bodies, they spoke their own dialects,

počeli su oslikavati svoja tijela, govorili su vlastitim narječjima

and eventually they worshiped their own gods.

i s vremenom su obožavali svoje vlastite bogove.

Once they were all in the same tribe,

Jednom kad su se svi našli u istom plemenu,

they could keep the benefits of cooperation locked inside.

mogli su zadržati korist suradnje zaključan unutar plemena.

And they unlocked the most powerful force

A otključali su najsnažniju silu

ever known on this planet,

koja nikad prije nije bila viđena na ovom planetu,

which is human cooperation --

a to je ljudska suradnja –

a force for construction

sila za gradnjom

and destruction.

i rušenjem.

Of course, human groups are nowhere near as cohesive

Naravno, ljudske grupe nisu ni približno povezane

as beehives.

poput košnica.

Human groups may look like hives for brief moments,

Ljudske grupe mogu nakratko izgledati poput košnica,

but they tend to then break apart.

ali naginju raspadanju.

We're not locked into cooperation the way bees and ants are.

Nismo zaključani u suradnje na način kao što su pčele i mravi.

In fact, often,

Zapravo, često,

as we've seen happen in a lot of the Arab Spring revolts,

kao što smo imali prilike vidjeti u mnogim pobunama Arapskog proljeća,

often those divisions are along religious lines.

često su te podjele na religijskoj osnovi.

Nonetheless, when people do come together

Ipak, kad se ljudi udruže

and put themselves all into the same movement,

i spoje se u isti pokret,

they can move mountains.

mogu pokrenuti planine.

Look at the people in these photos I've been showing you.

Pogledajte ljude na ovim slikama koje vam pokazujem.

Do you think they're there

Mislite li da su tamo

pursuing their self-interest?

jer traže svoju vlastitu volju?

Or are they pursuing communal interest,

Ili traže javne interese

which requires them to lose themselves

koji od njih zahtijevaju da izgube sami sebe

and become simply a part of a whole?

i jednostavno postanu dio cjeline?

Okay, so that was my Talk

U redu, to je bio moj govor

delivered in the standard TED way.

predan na klasičan TED način.

And now I'm going to give the whole Talk over again

A sad ću vam dati cijeli govor ispočetka

in three minutes

u tri minute

in a more full-spectrum sort of way.

i na način da vidite cijeli spektar.

(Music)

(Glazba)

(Video) Jonathan Haidt: We humans have many varieties

(Video) Jonathan Haidt: Mi ljudi imamo mnogo raznolikih

of religious experience,

religijskih iskustava,

as William James explained.

kao što je William James objasnio.

One of the most common is climbing the secret staircase

Jedno od najučestalijih je penjanje po tajnom stubištu

and losing ourselves.

i gubljenje samih sebe.

The staircase takes us

Stubište nas vodi

from the experience of life as profane or ordinary

od iskustva svjetovnog života ili uobičajenog

upwards to the experience of life as sacred,

do iskustva svetog života

or deeply interconnected.

ili duboko međupovezanog.

We are Homo duplex,

Mi smo Homo duplexi

as Durkheim explained.

kako je Durkheim objasnio.

And we are Homo duplex

A Homo duplexi

because we evolved by multilevel selection,

smo zato što smo evoluirali na višerazinskoj selekciji,

as Darwin explained.

kao što je Darwin objasnio.

I can't be certain if the staircase is an adaptation

Ne mogu biti siguran je li stubište adaptacija

rather than a bug,

ili pogreška,

but if it is an adaptation,

ali ako je adaptacija,

then the implications are profound.

onda su implikacije dalekosežne.

If it is an adaptation,

Ako je prilagodba,

then we evolved to be religious.

onda smo evoluirali kako bismo bili religiozni.

I don't mean that we evolved

Ne mislim kako smo evoluirali

to join gigantic organized religions.

da bismo se pridružili ogromnim organiziranim religijama.

Those things came along too recently.

Te stvari su došle tek nedavno.

I mean that we evolved

Hoću reći da smo evoluirali

to see sacredness all around us

kako bismo vidjeli svetost svuda oko sebe

and to join with others into teams

i pridružili se ostalima u ekipe

and circle around sacred objects,

i krugove oko svetih predmeta,

people and ideas.

ljudi i ideja.

This is why politics is so tribal.

Iz tog je razloga politika slična plemenu.

Politics is partly profane, it's partly about self-interest,

Politika je djelomično svjetovna, djelomično je vezana uz vlastite interese,

but politics is also about sacredness.

ali politika je vezana i uz svetost

It's about joining with others

jer tu imamo udruživanje s ostalima

to pursue moral ideas.

kako bismo razvijali moralne ideje.

It's about the eternal struggle between good and evil,

Imamo vječnu borbu između dobra i zla

and we all believe we're on the good team.

i svi vjerujemo da smo u dobroj ekipi.

And most importantly,

I najvažnije,

if the staircase is real,

ako je stubište stvarno

it explains the persistent undercurrent

onda ono objašnjava što je to dosljedno ispod površine

of dissatisfaction in modern life.

nezadovoljstva modernog života.

Because human beings are, to some extent,

Zato što su ljudska bića,

hivish creatures like bees.

u nekoj mjeri nalik na bića iz košnice poput pčela.

We're bees. We busted out of the hive during the Enlightenment.

Mi smo pčele. Pobjegli smo iz košnice tijekom prosvjetiteljstva.

We broke down the old institutions

Srušili smo stare institucije

and brought liberty to the oppressed.

i donijeli slobodu potlačenima.

We unleashed Earth-changing creativity

Oslobodili smo kreativnost Zemljine promjene

and generated vast wealth and comfort.

i stvorili veliko bogatstvo i ugodnost.

Nowadays we fly around

Danas letimo naokolo

like individual bees exulting in our freedom.

poput individualnih pčela veličajući svoju slobodu.

But sometimes we wonder:

Ali ponekad se pitamo:

Is this all there is?

Je li to sve što postoji?

What should I do with my life?

Što bih trebao učiniti sa svojim životom?

What's missing?

Što nedostaje?

What's missing is that we are Homo duplex,

Ono što nedostaje je to da smo Homo duplexi,

but modern, secular society was built

ali moderno, svjetovno društvo je stvoreno

to satisfy our lower, profane selves.

da zadovolji naše niže, svjetovne 'nas'.

It's really comfortable down here on the lower level.

Stvarno je ugodno ovdje dolje na nižoj razini.

Come, have a seat in my home entertainment center.

Dođite, sjednite u mom kućnom zabavnom centru.

One great challenge of modern life

Jedan veliki izazov modernog života

is to find the staircase amid all the clutter

je pronaći stubište usred jurnjave

and then to do something good and noble

i onda napraviti nešto dobro i plemenito

once you climb to the top.

kad se popnete do vrha.

I see this desire in my students at the University of Virginia.

Vidim tu želju kod svojih studenata na Sveučilištu u Virginiji.

They all want to find a cause or calling

Svi žele pronaći slučaj ili poziv

that they can throw themselves into.

u koji se mogu baciti.

They're all searching for their staircase.

Svi traže stubište.

And that gives me hope

I to mi daje nadu

because people are not purely selfish.

jer ljudi nisu potpuno sebični.

Most people long to overcome pettiness

Većina ljudi žudi za tim da nadjača sitničavost

and become part of something larger.

i postane dio nečeg većeg.

And this explains the extraordinary resonance

I to objašnjava izvanrednu zvučnost

of this simple metaphor

ove jednostavne metafore

conjured up nearly 400 years ago.

stvorene prije više od 400 godina.

"No man is an island

„Nijedan čovjek nije otok

entire of itself.

sam za sebe.

Every man is a piece of the continent,

Svaki čovjek je dio kontinenta,

a part of the main."

dio većine.“

JH: Thank you.

JH: Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)