Jonathan Haidt: Religion, evolution, and the ecstasy of self-transcendence

346,732 views ใƒป 2012-03-14

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Woo Hwang ๊ฒ€ํ† : HeeJee Yun
00:15
I have a question for you:
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋ณผ๊ป˜์š”.
00:18
Are you religious?
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ข…๊ต์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„?
00:20
Please raise your hand right now
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ข…๊ต์ (religious)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด
00:22
if you think of yourself as a religious person.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
00:25
Let's see, I'd say about three or four percent.
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๋Œ€๋žต 3~4%์ •๋„ ๋˜๋Š”๊ตฐ์š”.
00:28
I had no idea there were so many believers at a TED Conference.
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ํ…Œ๋“œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์žฅ์— ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋„ค์š”.
00:31
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:33
Okay, here's another question:
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ• ๊ป˜์š”:
00:35
Do you think of yourself as spiritual
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์ž์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋“ 
00:37
in any way, shape or form? Raise your hand.
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์ •์‹ ์ (spiritual)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋Š”๋ถ„? ์†๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
00:39
Okay, that's the majority.
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๋„ค, ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด๊ตฐ์š”.
00:42
My Talk today
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์€
00:44
is about the main reason, or one of the main reasons,
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์™œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์„
00:46
why most people consider themselves
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์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋“ ์ง€ ์ •์‹ ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
00:48
to be spiritual in some way, shape or form.
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์ฃผ๋œ ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
My Talk today is about self-transcendence.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ์ดˆ์›”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
It's just a basic fact about being human
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž์•„๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ธฐ ๋…น์•„
00:56
that sometimes the self seems to just melt away.
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์‚ฌ๋ผ์ ธ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š”๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:59
And when that happens,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด,
01:01
the feeling is ecstatic
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ํ™ฉํ™€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์ด ๋“ค๊ณ ,
01:04
and we reach for metaphors of up and down
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ 
01:06
to explain these feelings.
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๊ฐ์ •์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณต์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์€์œ ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
We talk about being uplifted
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ด์ง€๊ณ 
01:10
or elevated.
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๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
Now it's really hard to think about anything abstract like this
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์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์€์œ  ์—†์ด๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ๊ฒƒ์„
01:15
without a good concrete metaphor.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ž€ ์ •๋ง ์–ด๋ ต์ฃ .
01:17
So here's the metaphor I'm offering today.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์€์œ ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
Think about the mind as being like a house with many rooms,
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์ •์‹ ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ ,
01:23
most of which we're very familiar with.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด์ฃ .
01:26
But sometimes it's as though a doorway appears
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š”
01:29
from out of nowhere
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ 
01:31
and it opens onto a staircase.
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๊ณ„๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
We climb the staircase
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๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ณ 
01:36
and experience a state of altered consciousness.
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์˜์‹์ด ์กฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
In 1902,
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1902๋…„์—,
01:42
the great American psychologist William James
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์•” ์ œ์ž„์Šค๋Š”
01:44
wrote about the many varieties of religious experience.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๊ต์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธ€์„ ์ผ๊ณ ,
01:47
He collected all kinds of case studies.
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๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:49
He quoted the words of all kinds of people
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ๋˜
01:51
who'd had a variety of these experiences.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ง๋“ค์„ ์ธ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
One of the most exciting to me
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด๊ฒƒ์ค‘์— ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”
01:55
is this young man, Stephen Bradley,
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์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ๋ธŒ๋ž˜๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ Š์€์ด๊ฐ€,
01:57
had an encounter, he thought, with Jesus in 1820.
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1820๋…„์— ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
And here's what Bradley said about it.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ธŒ๋ž˜๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
(Music)
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(์Œ์•…)
02:09
(Video) Stephen Bradley: I thought I saw the savior in human shape
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(์˜์ƒ) ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ๋ธŒ๋ž˜๋“ค๋ฆฌ: "๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์•ฝ ์ผ์ดˆ๋™์•ˆ"
02:12
for about one second in the room,
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"์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ธ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
02:14
with arms extended,
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"ํŒ”์„ ๋ฒŒ๋ ค"
02:16
appearing to say to me, "Come."
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"์ œ ์•ž์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์„œ๋Š” '์ด๋ฆฌ ์˜ค์‹œ์˜ค' ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ ."
02:19
The next day I rejoiced with trembling.
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"๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ์ €๋Š” ๊ธฐ์จ์— ์ „์œจ์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"
02:22
My happiness was so great that I said I wanted to die.
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"์ œ ํ–‰๋ณต์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ปค์„œ ์ฃฝ์–ด๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์„ ์ •๋„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
02:25
This world had no place in my affections.
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"์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์—๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์• ์ฐฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
02:28
Previous to this time,
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"์ด์ „์—๋Š”"
02:30
I was very selfish and self-righteous.
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"์ €๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋…์„ ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
02:32
But now I desired the welfare of all mankind
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"ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
02:35
and could, with a feeling heart,
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"๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋™์ •์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ "
02:37
forgive my worst enemies.
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"์ €์˜ ์›์ˆ˜๋“ค๋„ ์šฉ์„œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
02:41
JH: So note
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์กฐ๋‚˜๋‹จ ํ•˜์ดํŠธ: ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ธŒ๋ž˜๋“ค๋ฆฌ์˜
02:43
how Bradley's petty, moralistic self
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๋ณด์ž˜๊ฒƒ ์—†๊ณ  ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ์ฒ™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์•„๊ฐ€
02:45
just dies on the way up the staircase.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์œ„์—์„œ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
02:47
And on this higher level
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋” ๋†’์€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ
02:49
he becomes loving and forgiving.
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์• ์ •์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„ˆ๊ทธ๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
The world's many religions have found so many ways
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์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๊ต๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์„
02:55
to help people climb the staircase.
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์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„์™€์ค„ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
Some shut down the self using meditation.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋ช…์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ๋‹ซ์•„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
Others use psychedelic drugs.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ™˜๊ฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
This is from a 16th century Aztec scroll
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ 16์„ธ๊ธฐ ์•„์ฆˆํ… ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋‘๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
03:05
showing a man about to eat a psilocybin mushroom
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์‹ค๋กœ์‹œ๋นˆ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ(ํ™˜๊ฐ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์„ฏ)์„ ๋จน์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ํ•œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
and at the same moment get yanked up the staircase by a god.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋™์‹œ์— ์‹ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณ„๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
Others use dancing, spinning and circling
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž๊ธฐ์ดˆ์›”์„ ๋ถ‡๋‹์„๋ ค๊ณ 
03:14
to promote self-transcendence.
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์ถค์„ ์ถ”๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋น™๊ธ€๋น™๊ธ€ ๋Œ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
But you don't need a religion to get you through the staircase.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์ข…๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
Lots of people find self-transcendence in nature.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์—ฐ์—์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ์ดˆ์›”์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
Others overcome their self at raves.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
But here's the weirdest place of all:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํŠน์ดํ•œ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
war.
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์ „์Ÿ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
So many books about war say the same thing,
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์ „์Ÿ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ฑ…๋“ค์ด
03:32
that nothing brings people together
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์ „์Ÿ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ตํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ 
03:34
like war.
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๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
And that bringing them together opens up the possibility
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์ „์Ÿ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‹จํ•ฉ์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐ์ดˆ์›” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜
03:39
of extraordinary self-transcendent experiences.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์—ด์–ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
I'm going to play for you an excerpt
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๊ธ€๋ Œ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ์“ด ์ด์ฑ…์—์„œ
03:44
from this book by Glenn Gray.
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๋ฐœ์ทŒํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
Gray was a soldier in the American army in World War II.
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๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋Š” 2์ฐจ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ค‘์— ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์ „ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
And after the war he interviewed a lot of other soldiers
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์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋๋‚œํ›„์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
03:52
and wrote about the experience of men in battle.
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์ „ํˆฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
Here's a key passage
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š”
03:56
where he basically describes the staircase.
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๋ฌธ๋‹จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
(Video) Glenn Gray: Many veterans will admit
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(์˜์ƒ) ๊ธ€๋ Œ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด: "๋งŽ์€ ์ฐธ์ „์šฉ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด"
04:03
that the experience of communal effort in battle
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"์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณ ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—™๋“ค์ด ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ"
04:06
has been the high point of their lives.
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"๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ˆ์ •์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
04:09
"I" passes insensibly into a "we,"
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" '๋‚ด'๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ '์šฐ๋ฆฌ' ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ ,"
04:12
"my" becomes "our"
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" '๋‚˜์˜' ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋˜๊ฒƒ์ด '์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜' ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ , "
04:14
and individual faith
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"๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์€"
04:16
loses its central importance.
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"์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
04:19
I believe that it is nothing less
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"์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์—์„œ"
04:21
than the assurance of immortality
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"์ž๊ธฐํฌ์ƒ์„ ๋น„๊ต์  ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š”"
04:24
that makes self-sacrifice at these moments
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"๋ถˆ๋ฉธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•์‹ ๊ณผ"
04:27
so relatively easy.
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"๋‹ค๋ฅผ๋ฐ” ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
04:30
I may fall, but I do not die,
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"๋‚˜๋Š” ๋„˜์–ด์งˆ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋‚˜, ์ฃฝ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
04:33
for that which is real in me goes forward
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"์ง„์‹ค๋œ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์˜ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€"
04:36
and lives on in the comrades
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"๋‚˜์˜ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๋ฐ”์ณ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ"
04:38
for whom I gave up my life.
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"๋™์ง€๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"
04:42
JH: So what all of these cases have in common
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์กฐ๋‚˜๋‹จ ํ•˜์ดํŠธ: ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:45
is that the self seems to thin out, or melt away,
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์ž์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—†์–ด์ง€๊ณ ,
04:48
and it feels good, it feels really good,
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๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ข‹์€ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
04:50
in a way totally unlike anything we feel in our normal lives.
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์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
It feels somehow uplifting.
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์–ด์ฐŒ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด๋ž„๊นŒ์š”.
04:56
This idea that we move up was central in the writing
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ์Šน๋˜๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ
04:59
of the great French sociologist Emile Durkheim.
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์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์ž์ธ ์—๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ ๋”ํฌํ•˜์ž„์˜ ์ €์„œ์— ์ฃผ๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
Durkheim even called us Homo duplex,
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๋”ํฌํ•˜์ž„์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด์ค‘์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋˜๋Š”
05:04
or two-level man.
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์ด๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
The lower level he called the level of the profane.
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๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๊ฒฝ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
Now profane is the opposite of sacred.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฒฝ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์€ ์‹ ์„ฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
It just means ordinary or common.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ณดํ†ต์ด๋‚˜ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
And in our ordinary lives we exist as individuals.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
We want to satisfy our individual desires.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
We pursue our individual goals.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:22
But sometimes something happens
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
05:24
that triggers a phase change.
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์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
Individuals unite
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๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์€ ํŒ€์ด๋‚˜,
05:28
into a team, a movement or a nation,
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์šด๋™, ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋ชจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
which is far more than the sum of its parts.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์ž„์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ์ฃ .
05:34
Durkheim called this level the level of the sacred
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๋”ํฌํ•˜์ž„์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
05:37
because he believed that the function of religion
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์ข…๊ต์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„
05:39
was to unite people into a group,
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๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์ด๊ฒŒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
05:41
into a moral community.
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์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋กœ ๋ชจ์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
Durkheim believed that anything that unites us
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๋”ํฌํ•˜์ž„์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ญ‰์น˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
05:47
takes on an air of sacredness.
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์‹ ์„ฑํ•จ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋กœ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
And once people circle around
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์„
05:51
some sacred object or value,
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๊ฐ์‹ธ๊ณ  ๋Œ๋•Œ ํŒ€์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
05:53
they'll then work as a team and fight to defend it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹ธ์šด๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
Durkheim wrote
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๋”ํฌํ•˜์ž„์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ธ
05:58
about a set of intense collective emotions
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"์—ฌ๋Ÿฟ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํ•˜๋‚˜(E Pluribus Unum)์˜
06:00
that accomplish this miracle of E pluribus unum,
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๊ธฐ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ๊ฐ์ •๋“ค์—
06:03
of making a group out of individuals.
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๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
Think of the collective joy in Britain
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2์ฐจ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด ๋๋‚˜๋˜ ๋‚ ,
06:08
on the day World War II ended.
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์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:11
Think of the collective anger in Tahrir Square,
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๋…์žฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ํƒ€ํ๋ฆฐ ๊ด‘์žฅ์—์„œ์˜
06:14
which brought down a dictator.
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๊ณต๋™์˜ ๋ถ„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:17
And think of the collective grief
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜
06:19
in the United States
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ 9/11 ์‚ฌํƒœ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€
06:21
that we all felt, that brought us all together,
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๋Š๊ผˆ๋˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ ์ธ ๋น„ํ†ตํ•จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
06:24
after 9/11.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:27
So let me summarize where we are.
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์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด๋ณผ๊ป˜์š”.
06:30
I'm saying that the capacity for self-transcendence
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์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ž๊ธฐ์ดˆ์›”์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ
06:32
is just a basic part of being human.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
I'm offering the metaphor
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์ €๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์†์˜ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์ด๋ผ๋Š”
06:37
of a staircase in the mind.
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์€์œ ๋ฅผ ์ œ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
I'm saying we are Homo duplex
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด์ค‘์ ์ด๊ณ 
06:41
and this staircase takes us up from the profane level
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ถˆ๊ฒฝ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ
06:44
to the level of the sacred.
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๋Œ์–ด ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
When we climb that staircase,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์— ์˜ค๋ฅผ๋•Œ,
06:48
self-interest fades away,
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์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์š•์—๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š•์‹ฌ์€ ์—†์–ด์ง€๊ณ ,
06:50
we become just much less self-interested,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ,
06:52
and we feel as though we are better, nobler
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์ง€๊ณ , ๊ณ ์ƒํ•ด์ง€๊ณ ,
06:54
and somehow uplifted.
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์–ด๋–ค๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ๋“œ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
So here's the million-dollar question
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ €์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์ž์—๊ฒŒ
07:00
for social scientists like me:
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์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
07:02
Is the staircase
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์ด
07:04
a feature of our evolutionary design?
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์ง„ํ™”๋””์ž์ธ(Evolutionary Design)์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
07:07
Is it a product of natural selection,
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๊ทธ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์†๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด
07:10
like our hands?
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์ž์—ฐ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
07:12
Or is it a bug, a mistake in the system --
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์ผ๊นŒ์š”? --
07:15
this religious stuff is just something
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๊ต์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‡Œ์†์—์„œ
07:17
that happens when the wires cross in the brain --
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๊ผฌ์˜€์„๋•Œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. --
07:20
Jill has a stroke and she has this religious experience,
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์งˆ(Jill)์€ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ฆ์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๊ต์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
it's just a mistake?
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
07:24
Well many scientists who study religion take this view.
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์ข…๊ต๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
The New Atheists, for example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์–ด, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌด์‹ ๋ก ์ž๋“ค์€
07:30
argue that religion is a set of memes,
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์ข…๊ต๋Š” ๋น„์œ ์ „์  ๋ฌธํ™”์œ ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ
07:32
sort of parasitic memes,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋งˆ์Œ์†์— ์ž๋ผ๋Š”
07:34
that get inside our minds
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ๋ฌธํ™”์ด๊ณ ,
07:36
and make us do all kinds of crazy religious stuff,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ข…๊ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์ง“๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
self-destructive stuff, like suicide bombing.
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์ž์‚ดํญํƒ„ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์ž๊ธฐ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:41
And after all,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ,
07:43
how could it ever be good for us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์žƒ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด
07:45
to lose ourselves?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:47
How could it ever be adaptive
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์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์š•์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
07:49
for any organism
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์‘๋ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
07:51
to overcome self-interest?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์‘๋ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
07:54
Well let me show you.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
07:56
In "The Descent of Man,"
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"์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ๋ž˜(The Descent of Man)"์—์„œ
07:58
Charles Darwin wrote a great deal
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์ฐฐ์Šค ๋‹ค์œˆ์€ ์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
08:00
about the evolution of morality --
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๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. --
08:02
where did it come from, why do we have it.
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์–ด๋””์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์™œ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:05
Darwin noted that many of our virtues
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๋‹ค์œˆ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์„ ํ–‰๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์—์„œ
08:07
are of very little use to ourselves,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
08:09
but they're of great use to our groups.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ์ด๋ฃฐ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
He wrote about the scenario
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๋‹ค์œˆ์€ ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜
08:13
in which two tribes of early humans
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๋‘ ์ข…์กฑ์ด ๋งŒ๋‚˜์„œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋Š”
08:15
would have come in contact and competition.
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์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
He said, "If the one tribe included
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๋‹ค์œˆ์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ, "ํ•œ ์ข…์กฑ์ด"
08:20
a great number of courageous, sympathetic
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"ํ•ญ์ƒ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋•๋Š”"
08:22
and faithful members
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"์šฉ๊ธฐ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋™์ •์‹ฌ ๋งŽ๊ณ , ์ถฉ์„ฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์œผ๋กœ"
08:24
who are always ready to aid and defend each other,
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"์ข…์กฑ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,"
08:26
this tribe would succeed better
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"์ด ์ข…์กฑ์ด ๋” ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด๊ณ "
08:28
and conquer the other."
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"๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์กฑ์„ ์ •๋ณต ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค." ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
He went on to say that "Selfish and contentious people
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๋˜ํ•œ "์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ง์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋ฉด"
08:32
will not cohere,
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"ํ˜‘์—…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ ,"
08:34
and without coherence
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"ํ˜‘์—…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,"
08:36
nothing can be effected."
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"์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ด๋ฃจ์ง€ ๋ชปํ• ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค." ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
In other words,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด,
08:40
Charles Darwin believed
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์ฑจ์Šค ๋‹ค์œˆ์€
08:42
in group selection.
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๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ํƒ์„ ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:44
Now this idea has been very controversial for the last 40 years,
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๋‹ค์œˆ์˜ ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์ง€๋‚œ 40๋…„๋™์•ˆ ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ผ๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
but it's about to make a major comeback this year,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ฌํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์กฐ๋ช…๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
especially after E.O. Wilson's book comes out in April,
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ด ์˜ค ์œŒ์Šจ(E. O. Willson)์˜ ์ฑ…์ด 4์›”์— ๋‚˜์˜จ ํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ,
08:53
making a very strong case
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋“ค์ด
08:55
that we, and several other species,
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๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ํƒ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋Š”
08:57
are products of group selection.
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๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
But really the way to think about this
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
09:01
is as multilevel selection.
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๋‹ค์ค‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์„ ํƒ(Multilevel Selection)์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
So look at it this way:
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์ž, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ :
09:05
You've got competition going on within groups and across groups.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์•ˆ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
So here's a group of guys on a college crew team.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์กฐ์ •๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ํŒ€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
Within this team
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์ด ํŒ€์•ˆ์—์„œ๋„
09:13
there's competition.
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
There are guys competing with each other.
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ํŒ€์›๋“ค ์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด์ฃ .
09:17
The slowest rowers, the weakest rowers, are going to get cut from the team.
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๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•ฝํ•œ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ํŒ€์—์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
And only a few of these guys are going to go on in the sport.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ง€ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ํŒ€์›๋งŒ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
Maybe one of them will make it to the Olympics.
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์•„๋งˆ ๊ทธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ค‘ ํ•œ๋ช… ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:25
So within the team,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํŒ€์•ˆ์—์„œ๋Š”,
09:27
their interests are actually pitted against each other.
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ํŒ€์›๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํŒ€์›๋“ค๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
And sometimes it would be advantageous
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ํŒ€๋‚ด์—
09:32
for one of these guys
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒ€์›๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
09:34
to try to sabotage the other guys.
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์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
Maybe he'll badmouth his chief rival
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ฐ๋…์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์žญ์ ์ธ
09:38
to the coach.
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๋ผ์ด๋ฒŒ์„ ๋น„๋ฐฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:40
But while that competition is going on
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณดํŠธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ
09:42
within the boat,
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๋ฉด,
09:44
this competition is going on across boats.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์€ ๋ณดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
And once you put these guys in a boat competing with another boat,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ํŒ€์›๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณดํŠธ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋‘๊ฒŒ๋˜๋ฉด,
09:50
now they've got no choice but to cooperate
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์ด ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€ ์—†์ด ํ˜‘๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
because they're all in the same boat.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณดํŠธ์— ํƒ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
09:55
They can only win
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ํŒ€์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋…ธ๋ฅผ ์ €์„๋•Œ๋งŒ์ด
09:57
if they all pull together as a team.
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์Šน๋ฆฌ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
I mean, these things sound trite,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ง„๋ถ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
10:01
but they are deep evolutionary truths.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ๊นŠ์€ ์ง„ํ™”์  ์ง„์‹ค์„ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:03
The main argument against group selection
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๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ํƒ์ด ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š”
10:05
has always been
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์ฃผ์š” ๋…ผ์ ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ
10:07
that, well sure, it would be nice to have a group of cooperators,
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์„œ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข‹์ง€๋งŒ
10:10
but as soon as you have a group of cooperators,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€์ž๋งˆ์ž
10:12
they're just going to get taken over by free-riders,
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๊ณต์งœ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ํŽธ์Šนํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค(๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋“ค)์ด ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
individuals that are going to exploit the hard work of the others.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํž˜๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ฐฉ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:18
Let me illustrate this for you.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
Suppose we've got a group of little organisms --
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์ž‘์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ . --
10:23
they can be bacteria, they can be hamsters; it doesn't matter what --
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋‚˜, ํ–„์Šคํ„ฐ๋“  ๋ญ๋“  ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. --
10:26
and let's suppose that this little group here, they evolved to be cooperative.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์žˆ์–ด ์„œ๋กœ ํ˜‘์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
Well that's great. They graze, they defend each other,
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์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์•„์š”. ํ‰ํ™”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ’€๋œฏ์–ด ๋จน๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ ,
10:31
they work together, they generate wealth.
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
And as you'll see in this simulation,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
10:36
as they interact they gain points, as it were, they grow,
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์„œ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ณ , ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜์ฃ ,
10:39
and when they've doubled in size, you'll see them split,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
10:41
and that's how they reproduce and the population grows.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
But suppose then that one of them mutates.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ค‘์— ํ•œ๋†ˆ์ด ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
10:46
There's a mutation in the gene
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์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ ,
10:48
and one of them mutates to follow a selfish strategy.
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๊ทธ์ค‘์— ํ•œ๋†ˆ์ด ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ „๋žต์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
10:50
It takes advantage of the others.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์ทจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
And so when a green interacts with a blue,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์™€ ์„ž์ด๋ฉฐ,
10:55
you'll see the green gets larger and the blue gets smaller.
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๋…น์ƒ‰ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋” ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์˜ ์ˆ˜์€ ๋” ์ž‘์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
So here's how things play out.
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์ž ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
10:59
We start with just one green,
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๋…น์ƒ‰ ๊ฐœ์ฒด ํ•œ๋†ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ฃ ,
11:01
and as it interacts
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์„œ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ,
11:03
it gains wealth or points or food.
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์ ์  ๋ถ€, ํฌ์ธํŠธ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
And in short order, the cooperators are done for.
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์„œ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋˜๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
The free-riders have taken over.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์งœ๋กœ ํŽธ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ 
11:12
If a group cannot solve the free-rider problem
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๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณต์งœ๋กœ ํŽธ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด,
11:15
then it cannot reap the benefits of cooperation
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ํ˜‘๋™์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ 
11:18
and group selection cannot get started.
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๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ํƒ์€ ์‹œ์ž‘ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
But there are solutions to the free-rider problem.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:23
It's not that hard a problem.
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
In fact, nature has solved it many, many times.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ž์—ฐ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
And nature's favorite solution
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์ด ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€
11:30
is to put everyone in the same boat.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ณดํŠธ์— ํƒœ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
For example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์–ด,
11:35
why is it that the mitochondria in every cell
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์™œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š”
11:38
has its own DNA,
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์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:40
totally separate from the DNA in the nucleus?
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ํ•ต์•ˆ์— DNA์™€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
11:43
It's because they used to be
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋“ค์€
11:45
separate free-living bacteria
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ํ•œ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ ์„ธ๊ท ์ด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜
11:47
and they came together
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ชจ์—ฌ์„œ
11:49
and became a superorganism.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:51
Somehow or other -- maybe one swallowed another; we'll never know exactly why --
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์–ด์ฐŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋“  -- ํ•œ๋†ˆ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๋†ˆ์„ ์žก์•„๋จน์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ์š” --
11:54
but once they got a membrane around them,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์ž๋งˆ์ž
11:56
they were all in the same membrane,
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๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๋ถ„์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€์™€
11:58
now all the wealth-created division of labor,
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๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๋ถ„์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€์™€
12:01
all the greatness created by cooperation,
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ํ˜‘๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด
12:03
stays locked inside the membrane
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์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์•ˆ์— ๊ฐ€๋‘ฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
12:05
and we've got a superorganism.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:08
And now let's rerun the simulation
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ดˆ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฅผ
12:10
putting one of these superorganisms
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ฐœ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋‚˜
12:12
into a population of free-riders, of defectors, of cheaters
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๋ฐฐ์‹ ์ž ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋“ค ์•ˆ์— ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
and look what happens.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์ฃ .
12:18
A superorganism can basically take what it wants.
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์ดˆ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ทจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
It's so big and powerful and efficient
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์ดˆ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ํฌ๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด์–ด์„œ
12:23
that it can take resources
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๋…น์ƒ‰ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ ๊ฐœ์ฒด, ๋ฐฐ์‹ ์ž ๊ฐœ์ฒด ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
12:25
from the greens, from the defectors, the cheaters.
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์ž์›์„ ๋บ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
And pretty soon the whole population
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์•ˆ์— ์ „์ฒด ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋Š”
12:31
is actually composed of these new superorganisms.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ดˆ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
What I've shown you here
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์€
12:36
is sometimes called a major transition
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์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ
12:38
in evolutionary history.
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'๋Œ€๋ณ€์ด' ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
Darwin's laws don't change,
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๋‹ค์œˆ์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
12:43
but now there's a new kind of player on the field
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋ก ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๊ณ 
12:46
and things begin to look very different.
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์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ์„ ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
Now this transition was not a one-time freak of nature
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”
12:51
that just happened with some bacteria.
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์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์ผํšŒ์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
It happened again
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 1์–ต2์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„์—์„œ 1์–ต4์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„์ „
12:55
about 120 or a 140 million years ago
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์„œ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋˜ ๋ง๋ฒŒ๋“ค์ด
12:57
when some solitary wasps
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์›์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋‘ฅ์ง€๋‚˜ ๋ฒŒ์ง‘์„ ๋ง๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ
13:00
began creating little simple, primitive
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์›์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋‘ฅ์ง€๋‚˜ ๋ฒŒ์ง‘์„ ๋ง๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ
13:02
nests, or hives.
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๋•Œ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
Once several wasps were all together in the same hive,
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๋ง๋ฒŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฒŒ์ง‘์— ๋ชจ์ด์ž
13:08
they had no choice but to cooperate,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜‘๋™ ๋ง๊ณ ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
13:10
because pretty soon they were locked into competition
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์—
13:12
with other hives.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง๋ฒŒ์ง‘๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋†“์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
13:14
And the most cohesive hives won,
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๋‹ค์œˆ์ด ๋งํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ,
13:16
just as Darwin said.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ™”ํ•ฉ์ด ์ž˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒŒ์ง‘์ด ์Šน๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:18
These early wasps
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ง๋ฒŒ ํ˜„์ƒ์€
13:20
gave rise to the bees and the ants
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์„ธ์ƒ์— ํผ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š”
13:22
that have covered the world
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์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
13:24
and changed the biosphere.
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์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:26
And it happened again,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์€
13:28
even more spectacularly,
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๋”์šฑ๋” ๋ณผ๋งŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ
13:30
in the last half-million years
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์ง€๋‚œ 5์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„๋™์•ˆ์—๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
13:32
when our own ancestors
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์ด
13:34
became cultural creatures,
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๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
they came together around a hearth or a campfire,
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๋‚œ๋กœ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋‹ฅ๋ถˆ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ์•‰์•„์„œ,
13:39
they divided labor,
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ํ• ์ผ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ ,
13:41
they began painting their bodies, they spoke their own dialects,
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๋ชธ์— ์น˜์žฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์„ ์“ฐ๋ฉด์„œ,
13:44
and eventually they worshiped their own gods.
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ ์„ ๊ฒฝ๋ฐฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
Once they were all in the same tribe,
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ ์ข…์กฑ์ด ๋˜์ž๋งˆ์ž,
13:49
they could keep the benefits of cooperation locked inside.
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๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ํ˜‘๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ด์ต๋“ค์„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๊ฐ€๋‘ฌ๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
And they unlocked the most powerful force
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„
13:54
ever known on this planet,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํž˜์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜‘๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
13:56
which is human cooperation --
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๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ํ’€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. --
13:58
a force for construction
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์ฐฝ์กฐ์™€
14:00
and destruction.
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ํŒŒ๊ดด์˜ ํž˜์ด์ฃ .
14:03
Of course, human groups are nowhere near as cohesive
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋“ค์€ ๋ฒŒ์ง‘๋งŒํผ
14:05
as beehives.
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ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ ์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:07
Human groups may look like hives for brief moments,
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์งง์€ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ฒŒ์ง‘์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
14:10
but they tend to then break apart.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณง ๋ถ„์—ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋ณด์ด๊ณค ํ•˜์ฃ .
14:12
We're not locked into cooperation the way bees and ants are.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฒ ์ €ํ•œ ํ˜‘๋™์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์š”๋ฐ›์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:15
In fact, often,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ข…์ข…,
14:17
as we've seen happen in a lot of the Arab Spring revolts,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ "์•„๋ž์˜ ๋ด„" ์šด๋™์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด
14:19
often those divisions are along religious lines.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์šด๋™์€ ์ข…๊ต์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:23
Nonetheless, when people do come together
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ชจ์—ฌ์„œ,
14:26
and put themselves all into the same movement,
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๊ฐ™์€ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด,
14:28
they can move mountains.
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์‚ฐ๋„ ์›€์ง์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:31
Look at the people in these photos I've been showing you.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์•ˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”
14:34
Do you think they're there
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
14:36
pursuing their self-interest?
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด์ต ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”?
14:38
Or are they pursuing communal interest,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
14:41
which requires them to lose themselves
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๊ณต๋™์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜์—ฌ
14:44
and become simply a part of a whole?
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์ „์ฒด์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์œผ์„ธ์š”?
14:49
Okay, so that was my Talk
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๋„ค, ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ…Œ๋“œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
14:51
delivered in the standard TED way.
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์ œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ํ•ด๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:53
And now I'm going to give the whole Talk over again
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์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ 3๋ถ„์•ˆ์— ์ œ ์ „์ฒด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„
14:55
in three minutes
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:57
in a more full-spectrum sort of way.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋™์›ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
15:00
(Music)
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(์Œ์•…)
15:02
(Video) Jonathan Haidt: We humans have many varieties
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(์˜์ƒ) ์กฐ๋‚˜๋‹จ ํ•˜์ดํŠธ: "์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€"
15:04
of religious experience,
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"๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๊ต์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.",
15:06
as William James explained.
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"์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ์ œ์ž„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ ."
15:08
One of the most common is climbing the secret staircase
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"๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ค‘์— ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋น„๋ฐ€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ผ"
15:11
and losing ourselves.
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"์ž์‹ ์„ ์žŠ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
15:13
The staircase takes us
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"๊ทธ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฒฝ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜"
15:15
from the experience of life as profane or ordinary
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"์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์—์„œ"
15:18
upwards to the experience of life as sacred,
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"์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ์‚ถ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด ์˜ฌ๋ ค ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜"
15:20
or deeply interconnected.
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"๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
15:22
We are Homo duplex,
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ค‘์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
15:24
as Durkheim explained.
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"๋”ํฌํ•˜์ž„์ด ๋งํ•œ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ ."
15:26
And we are Homo duplex
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"๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ค‘์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
15:28
because we evolved by multilevel selection,
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"์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์œˆ์ด ๋งํ•œ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ"
15:30
as Darwin explained.
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"๋‹ค๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์„ ํƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
15:33
I can't be certain if the staircase is an adaptation
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"๊ทธ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์ด ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”"
15:35
rather than a bug,
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"์ ์‘์ธ์ง€๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
15:37
but if it is an adaptation,
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"ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ ์‘์ด๋ผ๋ฉด"
15:39
then the implications are profound.
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"๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์˜คํ•œ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
15:41
If it is an adaptation,
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"๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ ์‘์ด๋ผ๋ฉด"
15:43
then we evolved to be religious.
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"์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ข…๊ต์ ์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
15:46
I don't mean that we evolved
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"์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์งํ™”๋œ ์ข…๊ต๋‹จ์ฒด์—"
15:48
to join gigantic organized religions.
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"๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•ดํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
15:50
Those things came along too recently.
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"๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ ."
15:52
I mean that we evolved
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"์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€"
15:54
to see sacredness all around us
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์‹ ์„ฑํ•จ์„ ๋ณด๋„๋ก ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,"
15:56
and to join with others into teams
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"ํŒ€์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์‚ด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ"
15:58
and circle around sacred objects,
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"๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ๋“ค๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค, "
16:00
people and ideas.
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"๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ๋Œ๋„๋ก ์‚ด์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
16:02
This is why politics is so tribal.
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"์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์™œ ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ข…์กฑ์ ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
16:05
Politics is partly profane, it's partly about self-interest,
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"์ •์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ถˆ๊ฒฝ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์ ์ด์ต๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
16:08
but politics is also about sacredness.
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"ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •์น˜๋Š” ์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
16:11
It's about joining with others
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"์ •์น˜๋Š” ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„"
16:13
to pursue moral ideas.
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"์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
16:15
It's about the eternal struggle between good and evil,
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"์ •์น˜๋Š” ์„ ๊ณผ ์•…์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์›ํ•œ ์‹ธ์›€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
16:18
and we all believe we're on the good team.
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"๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์„ ์˜ ํŒ€์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
16:21
And most importantly,
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"๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€"
16:23
if the staircase is real,
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"๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋ผ๋ฉด,"
16:25
it explains the persistent undercurrent
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"ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์กฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ"
16:27
of dissatisfaction in modern life.
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"๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์–ด๋‘์šด ๊ธธ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
16:29
Because human beings are, to some extent,
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"์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„๋Š”"
16:32
hivish creatures like bees.
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"๋ฒŒ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
16:34
We're bees. We busted out of the hive during the Enlightenment.
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๋ฒŒ์ง‘์„ ๊นจ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์™”์ฃ ."
16:37
We broke down the old institutions
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"์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ง์„ ํ•ด์ฒดํ•˜๊ณ "
16:40
and brought liberty to the oppressed.
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"์–ต์••๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
16:42
We unleashed Earth-changing creativity
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"์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ฐ๋ณ€๋™ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ"
16:44
and generated vast wealth and comfort.
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"๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€์™€ ํŽธ์˜์„ฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
16:47
Nowadays we fly around
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"์š”์ฆ˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋ป ๋‚ ๋›ฐ๋Š” ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ"
16:49
like individual bees exulting in our freedom.
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"์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋ฝํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚ ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
16:51
But sometimes we wonder:
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"ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.:"
16:53
Is this all there is?
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"์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „๋ถ€์ธ๊ฐ€?"
16:55
What should I do with my life?
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"๋‚ด ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ญ˜ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ?"
16:57
What's missing?
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"๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์žŠ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ?"
16:59
What's missing is that we are Homo duplex,
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"์žŠ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ค‘์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ"
17:01
but modern, secular society was built
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"ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ด๊ณ  ์„ธ์†์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š”"
17:04
to satisfy our lower, profane selves.
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ €๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๊ฒฝํ•œ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
17:07
It's really comfortable down here on the lower level.
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"์ €๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ํŽธ์•ˆํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
17:10
Come, have a seat in my home entertainment center.
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"์™€์„œ ์ €ํฌ์ง‘์— ํŽธํžˆ ์•‰์•„์„œ ์œ ํฅ์„ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์„ธ์š”."
17:13
One great challenge of modern life
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"ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์€"
17:15
is to find the staircase amid all the clutter
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"ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ "
17:18
and then to do something good and noble
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"๊ณ„๋‹จ์˜ ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ์„œ"
17:21
once you climb to the top.
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"๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
17:24
I see this desire in my students at the University of Virginia.
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"์ €๋Š” ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์ œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐ”๋žจ์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
17:27
They all want to find a cause or calling
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"๊ทธ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋˜์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”"
17:29
that they can throw themselves into.
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"์ด์œ ๋‚˜ ์†Œ๋ช…์˜์‹์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์žํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
17:31
They're all searching for their staircase.
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"๊ทธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ ."
17:34
And that gives me hope
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"๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ํฌ๋ง์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
17:36
because people are not purely selfish.
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"์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ์€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
17:38
Most people long to overcome pettiness
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"๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ•˜์ฐฎ์Œ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธธ ๊ฐˆ๋งํ•˜๊ณ "
17:40
and become part of something larger.
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"๋” ํฐ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
17:42
And this explains the extraordinary resonance
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"์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ 400๋…„์ „์—"
17:45
of this simple metaphor
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"๋– ์˜ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์€์œ ์™€์˜ ๋ฒ”์ƒ์น˜ ์•Š์€ ๊ณต๋ช…(์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ)์„"
17:47
conjured up nearly 400 years ago.
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"์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
17:50
"No man is an island
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"๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ๊ทธ ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์„ฌ์ด"
17:52
entire of itself.
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"๋ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"
17:54
Every man is a piece of the continent,
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"๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๊ณ ,"
17:57
a part of the main."
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"์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
18:00
JH: Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:02
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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