Carolyn Porco: This is Saturn

56,194 views ใƒป 2007-10-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Daniel Mokhtar ืžื‘ืงืจ: eviatar edlerman
00:25
In the next 18 minutes, I'm going to take you on a journey.
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ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ืืงื— ืืชื›ื ืœืžืกืข.
00:28
And it's a journey that you and I have been on for many years now,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืกืข ืฉืื ื™ ื•ืืชื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื
00:33
and it began some 50 years ago, when humans first stepped off our planet.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื›ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฆืขื“ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:39
And in those 50 years, not only did we literally, physically set foot on the moon,
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”, ืœื ืจืง ืฉืฆืขื“ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—
00:46
but we have dispatched robotic spacecraft to all the planets -- all eight of them --
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ืืœื ื’ื ืฉื™ื’ืจื ื• ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช-- ื›ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื”ื--
00:53
and we have landed on asteroids, we have rendezvoused with comets,
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ื•ื ื—ืชื ื• ืขืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื, ื ืคื’ืฉื ื• ืขื ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื,
00:57
and, at this point in time, we have a spacecraft on its way to Pluto,
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ื•ื›ืจื’ืข ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืคืœื•ื˜ื•,
01:02
the body formerly known as a planet.
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ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ.
01:05
And all of these robotic missions are part of a bigger human journey:
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžืกืข ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ:
01:11
a voyage to understand something, to get a sense of our cosmic place,
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ืžืกืข ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื•, ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืžื ื• ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™,
01:18
to understand something of our origins, and how Earth, our planet,
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื•ืื™ืš ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
01:23
and we, living on it, came to be.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื•, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•, ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื”.
01:25
And of all the places in the solar system that we might go to
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ื•ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืืœื™ื”ื
01:28
and search for answers to questions like this,
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ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
01:32
there's Saturn. And we have been to Saturn before --
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื‘ืชืื™. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ--
01:35
we visited Saturn in the early 1980s --
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ื‘ื™ืงืจื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 80 --
01:38
but our investigations of Saturn have become far more in-depth in detail
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื ืขืฉื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืžื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช
01:43
since the Cassini spacecraft, traveling across interplanetary space
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ืžืื– ืฉื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืงืืกื™ื ื™,ืฉื˜ืกื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™
01:47
for seven years, glided into orbit around Saturn in the summer of 2004,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ืจื—ืคื” ืœืชื•ืš ืžืกืœื•ืœื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 2004,
01:53
and became at that point the farthest robotic outpost
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ื•ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ืœืžืื—ื– ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืจื—ื•ืง
01:56
that humanity had ever established around the Sun.
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ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžืขื•ืœื.
01:59
Now, the Saturn system is a rich planetary system.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื™ื ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื”.
02:04
It offers mystery, scientific insight and obviously splendor beyond compare,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืชืขืœื•ืžื”, ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื,
02:11
and the investigation of this system has enormous cosmic reach.
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ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืงื•ืกืžื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:15
In fact, just studying the rings alone, we stand to learn a lot
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื, ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื”
02:19
about the discs of stars and gas that we call the spiral galaxies.
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ืขืœ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื’ื– ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ื•ืช.
02:24
And here's a beautiful picture of the Andromeda Nebula,
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื”,
02:26
which is our closest, largest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘.
02:30
And then, here's a beautiful composite of the Whirlpool Galaxy,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช,
02:33
taken by the Hubble Space Telescope.
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ืฆื•ืœืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ.
02:35
So the journey back to Saturn is really part of and is also a metaphor
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ืื– ื”ืžืกืข ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืœืง- ื•ื’ื ืžืฉืœ
02:41
for a much larger human voyage
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ืœ...-- ืžืกืข ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
02:43
to understand the interconnectedness of everything around us,
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื ื•,
02:47
and also how humans fit into that picture.
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ื•ื’ื ืื™ืš ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
02:50
And it pains me that I can't tell you all that we have learned with Cassini.
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ื•ื›ื•ืื‘ ืœื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืขื ืงืืกื™ื ื™--
02:57
I can't show you all the beautiful pictures that we've taken
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืฆื™ืœืžื ื•
03:00
in the last two and a half years, because I simply don't have the time.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจื•, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
03:03
So I'm going to concentrate on two of the most exciting stories
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืจืชืงื™ื
03:07
that have emerged out of this major exploratory expedition
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ืฉื ื‘ืขื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช
03:11
that we are conducting around Saturn,
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื‘ืชืื™
03:13
and have been for the past two and a half years.
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ื•ื ื™ื”ืœื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจื•.
03:16
Saturn is accompanied by a very large and diverse collection of moons.
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ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืข"ื™ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืจื—ื™ื.
03:20
They range in size from a few kilometers across to as big across as the U.S.
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ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืขื“ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘.
03:25
Most of the beautiful pictures we've taken of Saturn, in fact,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ืฉืฆื™ืœืžื ื•, ืœืžืขืฉื”
03:28
show Saturn in accompaniment with some of its moons. Here's Saturn with Dione,
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ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืžืกืคืจ ื™ืจื—ื™ื•. ื›ืืŸ ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ืขื ื“ื™ื•ื ื™,
03:33
and then, here's Saturn showing the rings edge-on,
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ื•ืคื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื•
03:36
showing you just how vertically thin they are, with the moon Enceladus.
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ืžืจืื” ืœืš ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื“ืงื•ืช,ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ืขื ื”ื™ืจื— ืื ืงืœื“ื•ืก.
03:40
Now, two of the 47 moons that Saturn has are standouts.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉื ื™ื ืž-47 ื”ื™ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
03:45
And those are Titan and Enceladus. Titan is Saturn's largest moon,
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ื•ืืœื” ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื•ืื ืงืœื“ื•ืก. ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™
03:50
and, until Cassini had arrived there,
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ื•ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืงืืกื™ื ื™ ืœืฉื,
03:52
was the largest single expanse of unexplored terrain
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ื”ื™ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื—ืงืจ
03:56
that we had remaining in our solar system.
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ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:00
And it is a body that has long intrigued people who've watched the planets.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื• ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืกื™ืงืจืŸ ืืœื” ื”ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
04:04
It has a very large, thick atmosphere,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžืื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืขื‘ื”
04:08
and in fact, its surface environment was believed to be
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ื”
04:12
more like the environment we have here on the Earth,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคื” ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:16
or at least had in the past, than any other body in the solar system.
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
04:20
Its atmosphere is largely molecular nitrogen, like you are breathing here in this room,
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ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื—ื ืงืŸ ืžื•ืœืงืœื•ืจื™, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
04:25
except that its atmosphere is suffused with
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ืืœื ืฉืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืžืœืื”
04:27
simple organic materials like methane and propane and ethane.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืชืืŸ, ืคืจื•ืคืืŸ, ื•ืืชืืŸ.
04:31
And these molecules high up in the atmosphere of Titan
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ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ
04:34
get broken down, and their products join together to make haze particles.
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืง, ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืื•ื‘ืš.
04:39
This haze is ubiquitous. It's completely global and enveloping Titan.
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ื”ืื•ื‘ืš ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืืช ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ.
04:44
And that's why you cannot see down to the surface
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
04:47
with our eyes in the visible region of the spectrum.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืขื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื.
04:49
But these haze particles, it was surmised,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืื•ื‘ืš ื”ืืœื•, ืฉื™ืขืจื ื•
04:52
before we got there with Cassini, over billions and billions of years,
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ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉื ืขื ืงืืกื™ื ื™, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื
04:56
gently drifted down to the surface and coated the surface
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ืฆืœืœื• ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืฆื™ืคื• ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
05:00
in a thick organic sludge.
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ื‘ืจืคืฉ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืขื‘ื”.
05:01
So like the equivalent, the Titan equivalent, of tar, or oil, or what -- we didn't know what.
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ืื– ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ... ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ืื ื™ ืฉืœ ื–ืคืช, ืื• ืฉืžืŸ, ืื• ืžื” -- ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืžื”.
05:08
But this is what we suspected. And these molecules,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืฉื™ืขืจื ื•. ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื•,
05:10
especially methane and ethane, can be liquids at the surface temperatures of Titan.
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ืžืชืืŸ ื•ืืชืืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ.
05:19
And so it turns out that methane is to Titan what water is to the Earth.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื•ื“ืข ืœื ื• ืฉืžืชืืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:24
It's a condensable in the atmosphere,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
05:26
and so recognizing this circumstance brought to the fore
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืชื•ื“ืขื”
05:31
a whole world of bizarre possibilities. You can have methane clouds, OK,
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ืขื•ืœื ืžืœื ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช. ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื ื™ ืžืชืืŸ, ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
05:36
and above those clouds, you have this hundreds of kilometers of haze,
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ื•ืžืขืœ ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืš
05:39
which prevent any sunlight from getting to the surface.
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ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืžืงืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
05:41
The temperature at the surface is some 350 degrees below zero Fahrenheit.
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ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื™ื ื” ื› 350 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคืก ืคืจื ื”ื™ื™ื˜.
05:47
But despite that cold, you could have rain falling down on the surface of Titan.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจ , ื’ืฉื ื™ื•ืจื“ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ.
05:53
And doing on Titan what rain does on the Earth: it carves gullies; it forms rivers
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ื“ื”"ื ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ื’ืฉื ื—ื•ืคืจ ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื, ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื ื”ืจื•ืช
05:56
and cataracts; it can create canyons; it can pool in large basins and craters.
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ื•ืืฉื“ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื ื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืืกืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื’ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื.
06:03
It can wash the sludge off high mountain peaks and hills,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื—ื•ืฅ ืืช ื”ืจืคืฉ ืžืขืœ ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช
06:06
down into the lowlands. So stop and think for a minute.
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ืœืžื˜ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืคืœื”. ืื– ืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืงื”.
06:09
Try to imagine what the surface of Titan might look like.
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ื ืกื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืจืื™ื.
06:13
It's dark. High noon on Titan is as dark as deep earth twilight on the Earth.
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ื—ืฉื•ืš-- ื—ืฆื•ืช ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื—ืฉื•ืš ื›ืžื• ื“ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
06:18
It's cold, it's eerie, it's misty,
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžืคื—ื™ื“ , ืžืœื ืื“ื™ื,
06:20
it might be raining, and you might be standing
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ื’ืฉื, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืžื“
06:23
on the shores of Lake Michigan brimming with paint thinner. (Laughter)
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ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื™ืžืช ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆืฃ ื‘ืžื“ืœืœ ืฆื‘ืข.
06:27
That is the view that we had of the surface of Titan before we got there with Cassini,
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืขืชื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉื ืขื ืงืืกื™ื ื™,
06:32
and I can tell you that what we have found on Titan, though it is not the same in detail,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ืืช ืœื ืื•ืชื” ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ื˜,
06:39
is every bit as fascinating as that story is.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจืชืง ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
06:42
And for us, it has been like -- the Cassini people --
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ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•-- ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืงืืกื™ื ื™
06:44
it has been like a Jules Verne adventure come true.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืจืคืชืงื” ืฉืœ ื–'ื•ืœ ื•ืจืŸ ืฉืžืชื’ืฉืžืช.
06:48
As I said, it has a thick, extensive atmosphere.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืขื‘ื” ื•ื ืจื—ื‘ืช.
06:50
This is a picture of Titan, backlit by the Sun, with the rings as a beautiful backdrop.
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ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื‘ืชืื•ืจื” ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช [ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช] ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืจืงืข ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื”.
06:55
And yet another moon there --
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ืจื— --
06:57
I don't even know which one it is. It's a very extensive atmosphere.
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ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ื. ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžืื“ ื ืจื—ื‘ืช.
07:00
We have instruments on Cassini which can see down to the surface
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืงืืกื™ื ื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืœืžื˜ื” ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
07:03
through this atmosphere, and my camera system is one of them.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ื.
07:07
And we have taken pictures like this.
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ื•ืฆื™ืœืžื ื• ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
07:09
And what you see is bright and dark regions, and that's about as far as it got for us.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื”ื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.
07:14
It was so mystifying: we couldn't make out what we were seeing on Titan.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืขืœื•ืžื”-- ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ.
07:18
When you look closer at this region, you start to see things
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ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ, ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
07:23
like sinuous channels -- we didn't know. You see a few round things.
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ื›ืžื• ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืชืคืชืœื™ื, ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื•. ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื.
07:27
This, we later found out, is, in fact, a crater,
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ื–ื”, ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•, ื”ื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžื›ืชืฉ,
07:29
but there are very few craters on the surface of Titan,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ
07:32
meaning it's a very young surface.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืื“.
07:34
And there are features that look tectonic.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืจืื•ืช ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
07:36
They look like they've been pulled apart.
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ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ืžืฉื›ื• ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™.
07:38
Whenever you see anything linear on a planet,
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื™ื ืืจื™ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
07:40
it means there's been a fracture, like a fault.
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ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื“ื™ืงื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื‘ืจ.
07:44
And so it's been tectonically altered.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืช.
07:46
But we couldn't make sense of our images,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืžื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
07:48
until, six months after we got into orbit,
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ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ,
07:52
an event occurred that many have regarded
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ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” [ืื ืฉื™ื]
07:54
as the highlight of Cassini's investigation of Titan.
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ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืงืืกื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ.
07:57
And that was the deployment of the Huygens probe,
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืจื™ืกืช ื”ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื™ื’ื ืก,
08:00
the European-built Huygens probe that Cassini had carried
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ื”ืงืืกื™ื ื™ ื ืฉืื” ืืช ื”ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ืฉื ื‘ื ืชื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
08:03
for seven years across the solar system. We deployed it to the atmosphere of Titan,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ืฉื™ืœื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ,
08:07
it took two and a half hours to descend, and it landed on the surface.
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ืœื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช ืœืงื— ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืœืฆื ื•ื—, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
08:11
And I just want to emphasize how significant an event this is.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืื•ืจืข ื”ื–ื”.
08:15
This is a device of human making,
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ื–ื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืข"ื™ ืื“ื.
08:18
and it landed in the outer solar system for the first time in human history.
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ืฉื ื—ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
08:22
It is so significant that, in my mind,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืชื™,
08:26
this was an event that should have been celebrated
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ืจืข ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื’ื•ื’
08:28
with ticker tape parades in every city across the U.S. and Europe,
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ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ื™ "ื˜ื™ืงืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืค" ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ ื•ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
08:33
and sadly, that wasn't the case.
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ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”.
08:35
(Laughter).
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:37
It was significant for another reason. This is an international mission,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื–ืืช ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
08:40
and this event was celebrated in Europe, in Germany,
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ืืช ื”ืžืื•ืจืข ื”ื–ื” ื—ื’ื’ื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
08:43
and the celebratory presentations were given in English accents,
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ื•ืžืฆื’ื•ืช ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ื ืื ื’ืœื™
08:47
and American accents, and German accents, and French and Italian and Dutch accents.
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ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฆืจืคืชื™,ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื•ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™.
08:53
It was a moving demonstration of what the words
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
08:57
"united nations" are supposed to mean:
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"ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช" ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข:
08:59
a true union of nations joined together in a colossal effort for good.
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ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืื“ื™ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
09:05
And, in this case, it was a massive undertaking to explore a planet,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช
09:09
and to come to understand a planetary system
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
09:12
that, for all of human history, had been unreachable,
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ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•,
09:16
and now humans had actually touched it.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืžืฉ ื ื’ืขื• ื‘ื”.
09:18
So it was -- I mean, I'm getting goose bumps just talking about it.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”-- ื›ืื™ืœื•, ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืฆืžืจืžื•ืจื•ืช ืจืง ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
09:22
It was a tremendously emotional event,
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ืจืข ืžืจื’ืฉ ืžืื“,
09:24
and it's something that I will personally never forget, and you shouldn't either.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื ืืฉื›ื— ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœื ื›ื“ืื™.
09:29
(Applause).
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื)
09:35
But anyway, the probe took measurements of the atmosphere on the way down,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื”ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช ืœืงื—ื” ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื”,
09:38
and it also took panoramic pictures.
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ื•ื’ื ืœืงื—ื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืคื ื•ืจืžื™ื•ืช.
09:40
And I can't tell you what it was like to see the first pictures
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช
09:44
of Titan's surface from the probe. And this is what we saw.
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ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ืžื”ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช. ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื•.
09:48
And it was a shocker, because it was everything we wanted
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืชืขื”, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ื ื•
09:51
those other pictures taken from orbit to be.
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ืืœื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ืžื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ.
09:53
It was an unambiguous pattern, a geological pattern.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช,ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
09:57
It's a dendritic drainage pattern that can be formed only by the flow of liquids.
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ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืขืœื•ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื– ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื.
10:02
And you can follow these channels
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
10:04
and you can see how they all converge.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžืชื›ื ืกื•ืช.
10:05
And they converge into this channel here, which drains into this region.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ืืŸ,ืฉืžืชื ืงื–ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
10:09
You are looking at a shoreline.
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ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืงื• ื—ื•ืฃ.
10:11
Was this a shoreline of fluids? We didn't know.
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืงื• ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื? ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื•.
10:14
But this is somewhat of a shoreline.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืงื• ื—ื•ืฃ.
10:16
This picture is taken at 16 kilometers.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ืœืงื—ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 16 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
10:18
This is the picture taken at eight kilometers, OK? Again, the shoreline.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ืœืงื—ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืง"ืž, ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ืฉื•ื‘, ืงื• ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
10:22
Okay, now, 16 kilometers, eight kilometers -- this is roughly an airline altitude.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• 16 ืง"ืž, 8 ืง"ืž -- ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืจืš ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืกืช ืžื˜ื•ืก.
10:27
If you were going to take an airplane trip across the U.S.,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื˜ื™ืกื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
10:30
you would be flying at these altitudes.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื˜ืกื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื›ืืœื•.
10:32
So, this is the picture you would have at the window of Titanian Airlines
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ืื– ื–ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ืื ื™ืช
10:36
as you fly across the surface of Titan. (Laughter)
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืชื ื˜ืกื™ื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:39
And then finally, the probe came to rest on the surface,
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ื•ืื– ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช ื ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
10:43
and I'm going to show you, ladies and gentlemen,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื, ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™,
10:45
the first picture ever taken from the surface of a moon in the outer solar system.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื™ืจื— ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
10:49
And here is the horizon, OK?
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืื•ืคืง, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
10:53
These are probably water ice pebbles, yes?
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื—ืœื•ืงื™ ื ื—ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ื ืงืจื—,ื›ืŸ?
10:57
(Applause).
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื)
11:02
And obviously, it landed in one of these flat, dark regions
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื”ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
11:06
and it didn't sink out of sight. So it wasn't fluid that we landed in.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื•ื ืขืœืžื” . ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื–ืœ ืฉื ื—ืชื ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
11:11
What the probe came down in was basically
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช ื ื—ืชื” ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื”
11:14
the Titan equivalent of a mud flat.
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ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ืื ื™ืช ืœืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืฅ.
11:17
This is an unconsolidated ground that is suffused with liquid methane.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืฆืงื” ืฉืžืœืื” ืžืžืชืืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™.
11:22
And it's probably the case that this material
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ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”
11:25
has washed off the highlands of Titan
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ื ืกื—ืฃ ืžืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ
11:29
through these channels that we saw,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื ื•,
11:30
and has drained over billions of years to fill in low-lying basins.
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ื•ื”ืชื ืงื– ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ืื’ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
11:34
And that is what the Huygens probe landed in.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ื ื—ืชื” ื‘ื•.
11:37
But still, there was no sign in our images,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื•,
11:41
or even in the Huygens' images, of any large, open bodies of fluids.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ื’ื ืก, ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื.
11:46
Where were they? It got even more puzzling when we found dunes.
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ืื™ืคื” ื”ื? ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืžื•ื” ื›ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
11:51
OK, so this is our movie of the equatorial region of Titan,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืกืจื˜ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ,
11:54
showing these dunes. These are dunes that are 100 meters tall,
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ืฉืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•. ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 100 ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
11:57
separated by a few kilometers,
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ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืžื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
12:00
and they go on for miles and miles and miles.
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ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื.
12:03
There's hundreds, up to a 1,000 or 1,200 miles of dunes.
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืื•ืช, ืขื“ ืœ1,000 ืื• 2,000 ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
12:06
This is the Saharan desert of Titan.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื”ืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ.
12:09
It's obviously a place which is very dry, or you wouldn't get dunes.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืžืื“ ื™ื‘ืฉ, ืื—ืจืช ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
12:14
So again, it got puzzling that there were no bodies of fluid,
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ืื– ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื” ืชืžื•ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœ,
12:19
until finally, we saw lakes in the polar regions.
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ืขื“ ืฉืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืจืื™ื ื• ืื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื.
12:23
And there is a lake scene in the south polar region of Titan.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื’ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ.
12:27
It's about the size of Lake Ontario.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืžืช ืื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื• ื‘ืขืจืš.
12:29
And then, only a week and a half ago,
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ื•ืื–, ืจืง ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืœืคื ื™,
12:30
we flew over the north pole of Titan and found, again,
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ื˜ืกื ื• ืžืขืœ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื•ืžืฆืื ื•, ืฉื•ื‘,
12:34
we found a feature here the size of the Caspian Sea.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืกืคื™.
12:39
So it seems that the liquids, for some reason we don't understand,
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ืื– ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื,
12:43
or during at least this season, are apparently at the poles of Titan.
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ.
12:48
And I think you would agree that we have found Titan
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ
12:51
is a remarkable, mystical place. It's exotic, it's alien, but yet strangely Earth-like,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืกื˜ื™. ื”ื•ื ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™, ื–ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ,
12:58
and having Earth-like geological formations
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ืขื ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
13:01
and a tremendous geographical diversity,
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ื•ืขื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืขืฆื•ื,
13:05
and is a fascinating world whose only rival in the solar system
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ืžืจืชืง ืฉื”ืžืชื—ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ
13:09
for complexity and richness is the Earth itself.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืฆืžื•.
13:12
And so now we go onto Enceladus. Enceladus is a small moon,
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ื•ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื ืงืœื“ื•ืก. ืื ืงืœื“ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื— ืงื˜ืŸ,
13:17
it's about a tenth the size of Titan. And you can see it here next to England,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ื”.
13:21
just to show you the size. This is not meant to be a threat.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ; ื‘ืœื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืื™ื™ื.
13:24
(Laughter).
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:26
And Enceladus is very white, it's very bright,
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ื•ืื ืงืœื“ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืžืื“ ืœื‘ืŸ, ืžืื“ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ,
13:30
and its surface is obviously wrecked with fractures.
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ื•ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื• ื ื”ืจืก ื‘ืกื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ืœ,
13:34
It is a very geologically active body.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืื“ ืคืขื™ืœ ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
13:36
But the mother lode of discoveries on Enceladus
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ืื ืงืœื“ื•ืก
13:38
was found at the south pole -- and we're looking at the south pole here --
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ื ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ -- ื•ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ --
13:41
where we found this system of fractures.
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืกื“ืงื™ื.
13:44
And they're a different color because they're a different composition.
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื”.
13:46
They are coated. These fractures are coated with organic materials.
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ื”ื ืžืฆื•ืคื™ื. ื”ืกื“ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื ืžืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื.
13:51
Moreover, this whole, entire region, the south polar region,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื–ื”, ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™,
13:55
has elevated temperatures. It's the hottest place on the planet, on the body.
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ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”, ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
13:59
That's as bizarre as finding that the Antarctic on the Earth is hotter than the tropics.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžื” ืžืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™.
14:04
And then, when we took additional pictures, we discovered
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ื•ืื–, ื›ืฉืœืงื—ื ื• ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
14:07
that from these fractures are issuing jets of fine, icy particles
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ืฉืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกื“ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืงืจื— ื“ืงื™ื
14:13
extending hundreds of miles into space.
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ืžืชืคืจืกื™ื ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืœ.
14:15
And when we color-code this image, to bring out the faint light levels,
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ื•ื›ืฉืฆื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฆืœื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ,
14:18
we see that these jets feed a plume
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืชื™ืžืจื”
14:22
that, in fact, we see, in other images, goes thousands of miles
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืืœืคื™ ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื
14:26
into the space above Enceladus.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืœ ืžืขืœ ืื ืงืœื“ื•ืก.
14:28
My team and I have examined images like this,
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ืื ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื ื™ืชื—ื ื• ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
14:31
and like this one, and have thought about the other results from Cassini.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื–ื”, ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืืกื™ื ื™,
14:35
And we have arrived at the conclusion
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ื•ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื”ืžืกืงื ื”
14:39
that these jets may be erupting from pockets
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืคืจืฆื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื™ืกื™ื
14:42
of liquid water under the surface of Enceladus.
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืื ืงืœื“ื•ืก.
14:46
So we have, possibly, liquid water, organic materials and excess heat.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•, ืื•ืœื™, ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื—ื•ื,
14:51
In other words, we have possibly stumbled upon
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ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืชืงืœื ื•
14:54
the holy grail of modern day planetary exploration,
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ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
14:58
or in other words, an environment that is potentially suitable for living organisms.
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ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
15:02
And I don't think I need to tell you that the discovery of life
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ื•ื›ืžื“ื•ืžื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื
15:05
elsewhere in our solar system,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
15:07
whether it be on Enceladus or elsewhere,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืื ืงืœื“ื•ืก ืื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ,
15:09
would have enormous cultural and scientific implications.
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ื›ืจื•ืš ืขื ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช.
15:12
Because if we could demonstrate that genesis had occurred
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืงืจื”
15:16
not once, but twice, independently, in our solar system,
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ืœื ืคืขื ืื—ื“, ืืœื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื, ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
15:20
then that means, by inference, it has occurred a staggering number of times
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ืื– ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขืžื™ื
15:24
throughout the universe and its 13.7 billion year history.
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื• 13.7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื•.
15:29
Right now, Earth is the only planet still that we know is teeming with life.
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ื›ืจื’ืข, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
15:33
It is precious, it is unique,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืงืจ, ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™,
15:36
it is still, so far, the only home we've ever known.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื›ืจื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
15:39
And if any of you were alert and coherent during the 1960s --
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ื•ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืจ ื•ืฆืœื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”60 --
15:46
and we'd forgive you, if you weren't, OK --
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื—ืœื™ื ืœื›ื ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื, ื‘ืกื“ืจ --
15:48
you would remember this very famous picture
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื”ื–ืืช
15:50
taken by the Apollo 8 astronauts in 1968.
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ืฆื•ืœืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืœื• 8 ื‘ืฉื ืช 1968.
15:54
It was the first time that Earth was imaged from space,
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฆื•ืœื ืžื”ื—ืœืœ,
15:57
and it had an enormous impact on our sense of place in the universe,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
16:00
and our sense of responsibility for the protection of our own planet.
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ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื•.
16:05
Well, we on Cassini have taken an equivalent first,
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ืื–, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ืงืืกื™ื ื™ ืœืงื—ื ื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืฆืขื“ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื–ื”,
16:09
a picture that no human eye has ever seen before.
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืฉื•ื ืขื™ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืจืืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
16:13
It is a total eclipse of the Sun, seen from the other side of Saturn.
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ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื”ื ืฆืคื” ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™.
16:17
And in this impossibly beautiful picture,
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ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ,ื”ื™ืคื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื”
16:21
you see the main rings backlit by the Sun,
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืืจื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจ ืข"ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
16:23
you see the refracted image of the Sun
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
16:26
and you see this ring created, in fact,
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื–ืืช ื ื•ืฆืจืช, ืœืžืขืฉื”,
16:28
by the exhalations of Enceladus.
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ืžื”ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืงืœื“ื•ืก.
16:31
But as if that weren't brilliant enough, we can spot, in this beautiful image,
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ื•ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืฅ ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ื ื”ื™ืคื” ื”ื–ื”
16:37
sight of our own planet,
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
16:39
cradled in the arms of Saturn's rings.
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ื—ื‘ื•ืงื” ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™.
16:43
Now, there is something deeply moving
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืจื ืžืจื’ืฉ
16:45
about seeing ourselves from afar,
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ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžืจื—ื•ืง,
16:47
and capturing the sight of our little, blue-ocean planet
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ื•ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
16:50
in the skies of other worlds.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืงื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
16:52
And that, and the perspective of ourselves that we gain from that,
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ื•ื–ืืช, ื•ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืžื–ื”,
16:56
may be, in the end, the finest reward that we earn
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—
17:00
from this journey of discovery that started half a century ago.
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ืžื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืฆื™ ืžืื”.
17:03
And thank you very much.
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ื•ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
17:05
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื)

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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