Mosquitos, malaria and education | Bill Gates

685,771 views ใƒป 2009-02-06

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Uri Yaffe
00:15
I wrote a letter last week talking about the work of the foundation,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงืจืŸ,
00:18
sharing some of the problems.
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ื•ืžืคืจื˜ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
00:21
And Warren Buffet had recommended I do that --
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ื•ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืืคื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช-
00:24
being honest about what was going well, what wasn't,
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ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™-ืœื‘ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชื ื”ืœ ื›ืฉื•ืจื” ื•ืžื” ืฉืœื,
00:27
and making it kind of an annual thing.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื–ืืช ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉื ืชื™.
00:30
A goal I had there was to draw more people in to work on those problems,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื›ืชื‘, ื”ื•ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืขื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืœื”,
00:33
because I think there are some very important problems
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ื›ื™ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื“
00:36
that don't get worked on naturally.
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ืฉืœื ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
00:39
That is, the market does not drive the scientists,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
00:44
the communicators, the thinkers, the governments
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ืืช ืื ืฉื™-ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื’ื™ื, ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช
00:47
to do the right things.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
00:50
And only by paying attention to these things
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ื•ืจืง ืข"ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช-ืœื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื”
00:53
and having brilliant people who care and draw other people in
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ื•ืžืฆื™ืืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ืฉืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื”ื, ื•ืฉืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
00:57
can we make as much progress as we need to.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื ื•.
00:59
So this morning I'm going to share two of these problems
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
01:02
and talk about where they stand.
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ื•ืœืกืคืจ ืžื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ.
01:05
But before I dive into those I want to admit that I am an optimist.
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ืืš ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืฆืœื•ืœ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ, ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜.
01:09
Any tough problem, I think it can be solved.
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ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืฉื” - ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคื•ืชืจื”.
01:13
And part of the reason I feel that way is looking at the past.
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ืฉ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
01:16
Over the past century, average lifespan has more than doubled.
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืชื•ื—ืœืช-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื”ื•ื›ืคืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:21
Another statistic, perhaps my favorite,
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ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœื™,
01:24
is to look at childhood deaths.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืชืžื•ืชืช-ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
01:27
As recently as 1960, 110 million children were born,
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ืขื“ ืžืžืฉ 1960 ื ื•ืœื“ื• 110 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
01:33
and 20 million of those died before the age of five.
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ื•-20 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื ืžืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ.
01:37
Five years ago, 135 million children were born -- so, more --
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ืœืคื ื™ 5 ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• 135 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ -
01:41
and less than 10 million of them died before the age of five.
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ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื ืžืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ.
01:47
So that's a factor of two reduction of the childhood death rate.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืžืงื“ื ืฉืœ 2 ื‘ืชืžื•ืชืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
01:52
It's a phenomenal thing.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจื’ื™ืœ.
01:54
Each one of those lives matters a lot.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื ืคืฉื•ืช ืืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“.
01:57
And the key reason we were able to it was not only rising incomes
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉื”ืฉื’ื ื• ื–ืืช ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื”,
02:02
but also a few key breakthroughs:
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ืืœื ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช-ื“ืจืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช:
02:05
vaccines that were used more widely.
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ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
02:08
For example, measles was four million of the deaths
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื—ืฆื‘ืช ื’ืจืžื” ืœ-4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืชื•ืช
02:11
back as recently as 1990
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ืขื“ 1990,
02:13
and now is under 400,000.
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื - ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-400 ืืœืฃ.
02:16
So we really can make changes.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื.
02:18
The next breakthrough is to cut that 10 million in half again.
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ืคืจื™ืฆืช-ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฆืžืฆื ืื•ืชื 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืฆื™.
02:22
And I think that's doable in well under 20 years.
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-20 ืฉื ื”.
02:26
Why? Well there's only a few diseases
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ืžื“ื•ืข? ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžืขื˜ ืžื—ืœื•ืช
02:30
that account for the vast majority of those deaths:
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ืฉืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืชื•ืช ืืœื”:
02:33
diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria.
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ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ, ื“ืœืงืช-ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืžืœืจื™ื”.
02:39
So that brings us to the first problem that I'll raise this morning,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืืขืœื” ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
02:44
which is how do we stop a deadly disease that's spread by mosquitos?
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ื•ื”ื™ื, ืื™ืš ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื—ืœื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืฆืช ืข"ื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื?
02:51
Well, what's the history of this disease?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื” ื–ื•?
02:53
It's been a severe disease for thousands of years.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื—ืœื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
02:56
In fact, if we look at the genetic code,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™,
02:59
it's the only disease we can see
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ื–ื• ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช
03:02
that people who lived in Africa
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
03:04
actually evolved several things to avoid malarial deaths.
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ืžืžืฉ ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืžืœืจื™ื”.
03:08
Deaths actually peaked at a bit over five million in the 1930s.
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ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ืขืœืชื” ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืฆืช ืžืขืœ 5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30.
03:14
So it was absolutely gigantic.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉ ืขื ืงื™.
03:17
And the disease was all over the world.
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:20
A terrible disease. It was in the United States. It was in Europe.
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ืžื—ืœื” ื ื•ืจืื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘. ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
03:23
People didn't know what caused it until the early 1900s,
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”, ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื,
03:26
when a British military man figured out that it was mosquitos.
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ื›ืฉืื™ืฉ-ืฆื‘ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
03:32
So it was everywhere.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
03:34
And two tools helped bring the death rate down.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ื›ืœื™ื ืกื™ื™ืขื• ื‘ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ืชื”.
03:38
One was killing the mosquitos with DDT.
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ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื‘-DDT.
03:41
The other was treating the patients with quinine, or quinine derivatives.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ - ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื ื™ืŸ ืื• ื‘ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื ื™ืŸ
03:46
And so that's why the death rate did come down.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื”.
03:50
Now, ironically, what happened was
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™, ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื•ื,
03:53
it was eliminated from all the temperate zones,
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ืฉื”ืžื—ืœื” ื—ื•ืกืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ื–ื’,
03:56
which is where the rich countries are.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
03:57
So we can see: 1900, it's everywhere.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื‘-1900 ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
03:59
1945, it's still most places.
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ื‘-1945 ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช.
04:03
1970, the U.S. and most of Europe have gotten rid of it.
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ื‘-1970 - ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื ืคื˜ืจื• ืžืžื ื”.
04:06
1990, you've gotten most of the northern areas.
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ื‘-1990 - ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื.
04:09
And more recently you can see it's just around the equator.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืงื•-ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”.
04:15
And so this leads to the paradox that
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก,
04:19
because the disease is only in the poorer countries,
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ืฉืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื—ืœื” ื ืžืฆืืช ืจืง ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:21
it doesn't get much investment.
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ืœื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”.
04:25
For example, there's more money put into baldness drugs
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“-ื”ืชืงืจื—ื•ืช
04:29
than are put into malaria.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื”.
04:32
Now, baldness, it's a terrible thing.
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ืื– ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืงืจื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจื.
04:35
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
04:38
And rich men are afflicted.
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ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžื ื”.
04:41
And so that's why that priority has been set.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื‘ืข ืืช ืกื“ืจ-ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช.
04:47
But, malaria --
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื”-
04:49
even the million deaths a year caused by malaria
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”
04:51
greatly understate its impact.
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ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื”.
04:53
Over 200 million people at any one time are suffering from it.
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ืžืขืœ 200 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ.
04:56
It means that you can't get the economies in these areas going
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื”
05:01
because it just holds things back so much.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื–ื” ืžืขื›ื‘ ื”ื›ืœ.
05:04
Now, malaria is of course transmitted by mosquitos.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืœืจื™ื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ืข"ื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
05:08
I brought some here, just so you could experience this.
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ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืœื›ืืŸ, ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื–ืืช.
05:13
We'll let those roam around the auditorium a little bit.
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ื ื ื™ื— ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืงืฆืช ื‘ืื•ืœื.
05:17
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
05:20
There's no reason only poor people should have the experience.
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืจืง ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื• ื–ืืช.
05:23
(Laughter) (Applause)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง, ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
05:30
Those mosquitos are not infected.
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ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื.
05:35
So we've come up with a few new things. We've got bed nets.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื™ืœื•ืช.
05:39
And bed nets are a great tool.
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ื›ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื™ ื ืคืœื.
05:42
What it means is the mother and child stay under the bed net at night,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
05:45
so the mosquitos that bite late at night can't get at them.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืงืฆื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื.
05:50
And when you use indoor spraying with DDT
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ื•ื›ืฉืžืจืกืกื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘-DDT,
05:55
and those nets
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื›ื™ืœื•ืช,
05:56
you can cut deaths by over 50 percent.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-50 ืื—ื•ื–.
05:59
And that's happened now in a number of countries.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืืจืฆื•ืช.
06:02
It's great to see.
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ื ื”ื“ืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
06:04
But we have to be careful because malaria --
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ืืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื”-
06:07
the parasite evolves and the mosquito evolves.
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ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื.
06:12
So every tool that we've ever had in the past has eventually become ineffective.
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื-ื™ืขื™ืœ.
06:16
And so you end up with two choices.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช.
06:19
If you go into a country with the right tools and the right way,
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ืื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืขื ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
06:23
you do it vigorously,
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ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช,
06:26
you can actually get a local eradication.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
06:29
And that's where we saw the malaria map shrinking.
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ื›ืš ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžืคืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆืช.
06:31
Or, if you go in kind of half-heartedly,
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ืื•, ืื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช,
06:34
for a period of time you'll reduce the disease burden,
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ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืœื–ืžืŸ-ืžื” ืืช ืขื•ืžืก ื”ืžื—ืœื”,
06:37
but eventually those tools will become ineffective,
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ืืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื,
06:41
and the death rate will soar back up again.
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ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื™ื ืกื•ืง ืฉื•ื‘.
06:44
And the world has gone through this where it paid attention and then didn't pay attention.
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ื–ืืช: ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ืžืช-ืœื‘, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘.
06:49
Now we're on the upswing.
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ื›ืขืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืžืขืœื”.
06:51
Bed net funding is up.
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ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื”.
06:54
There's new drug discovery going on.
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ืžื’ืœื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
06:57
Our foundation has backed a vaccine that's going into phase three trial
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ื”ืงืจืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืชืžื›ื” ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื,
07:01
that starts in a couple months.
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ืฉื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื,
07:02
And that should save over two thirds of the lives if it's effective.
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ื•ืฉื™ืฆื™ืœ ืžืขืœ ืฉื ื™-ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ืื ื™ืชื’ืœื” ื›ื™ืขื™ืœ.
07:05
So we're going to have these new tools.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
07:08
But that alone doesn't give us the road map.
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ืืš ื–ื” ืœื‘ื“ื• ืœื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ืžืคืช-ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
07:11
Because the road map to get rid of this disease
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ื›ื™ ืžืคืช-ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืžื—ืœื”
07:14
involves many things.
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ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
07:16
It involves communicators to keep the funding high,
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ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืื ืฉื™-ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื™ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ,
07:19
to keep the visibility high,
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ืฉื™ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช,
07:21
to tell the success stories.
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ืฉื™ืกืคืจื• ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
07:23
It involves social scientists,
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ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืื ืฉื™ ืžื“ืขื™-ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื“ืข
07:25
so we know how to get not just 70 percent of the people to use the bed nets,
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœื ืจืง 70 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ื™ืœื•ืช,
07:28
but 90 percent.
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ืืœื 90 ืื—ื•ื–.
07:30
We need mathematicians to come in and simulate this,
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื™ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื• ื•ื™ื‘ืฆืขื• ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืช,
07:33
to do Monte Carlo things to understand how these tools combine and work together.
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ื•ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžื•ื ื˜ื”-ืงืจืœื•, ืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื” ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“.
07:39
Of course we need drug companies to give us their expertise.
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ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื™ืชื ื• ืืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืชืŸ,
07:42
We need rich-world governments to be very generous in providing aid for these things.
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ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื“ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื›ืœ ืืœื”.
07:47
And so as these elements come together,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื,
07:50
I'm quite optimistic
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ืœืžื“ื™
07:53
that we will be able to eradicate malaria.
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ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”.
07:57
Now let me turn to a second question,
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ื›ืขืช ืืคื ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
08:00
a fairly different question, but I'd say equally important.
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ืฉืืœื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžื“ื™, ืืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
08:04
And this is: How do you make a teacher great?
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ื•ื”ื™ื: ืื™ืš ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื?
08:07
It seems like the kind of question that people would spend a lot of time on,
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ื–ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ืฉืืœื” ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
08:12
and we'd understand very well.
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ื•ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
08:15
And the answer is, really, that we don't.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืš.
08:19
Let's start with why this is important.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
08:22
Well, all of us here, I'll bet, had some great teachers.
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—, ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื.
08:26
We all had a wonderful education.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื ืคืœื.
08:29
That's part of the reason we're here today,
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ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื,
08:32
part of the reason we're successful.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื.
08:34
I can say that, even though I'm a college drop-out.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืงื•ืœื’', ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ
08:37
I had great teachers.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื.
08:40
In fact, in the United States, the teaching system has worked fairly well.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™.
08:45
There are fairly effective teachers in a narrow set of places.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจืš ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช.
08:50
So the top 20 percent of students have gotten a good education.
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ื›ืš ืฉ-20% ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื˜ื•ื‘,
08:53
And those top 20 percent have been the best in the world,
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ื•ืื•ืชื 20% ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืขืฉื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
08:57
if you measure them against the other top 20 percent.
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ืื ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœ-20% ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
09:00
And they've gone on to create the revolutions in software and biotechnology
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
09:05
and keep the U.S. at the forefront.
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ื•ื”ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช.
09:09
Now, the strength for those top 20 percent
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ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื”-20% ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืœื”
09:12
is starting to fade on a relative basis,
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคื•ื’ื’ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช,
09:15
but even more concerning is the education that the balance of people are getting.
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ืืš ืžื“ืื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื™ืชืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื.
09:21
Not only has that been weak. it's getting weaker.
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ืœื ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื•ื‘, ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:26
And if you look at the economy, it really is only providing opportunities now
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ื•ืื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืจืง ืžืกืคืงืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช
09:30
to people with a better education.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:33
And we have to change this.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื–ืืช.
09:36
We have to change it so that people have equal opportunity.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื–ื›ื• ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื”.
09:39
We have to change it so that the country is strong
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ื–ืงื”
09:42
and stays at the forefront
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ื•ืชื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
09:44
of things that are driven by advanced education,
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ืฉืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืข"ื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืชืงื“ื,
09:47
like science and mathematics.
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ื›ืžื• ืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
09:49
When I first learned the statistics,
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ื›ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
09:52
I was pretty stunned at how bad things are.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ืžื›ืžื” ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ื’ืจื•ืข.
09:55
Over 30 percent of kids never finish high school.
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ืžืขืœ 30% ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
09:58
And that had been covered up for a long time
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืกืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘
10:01
because they always took the dropout rate as the number
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ื›ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ืจื”, ื›ื”ืคืจืฉ
10:04
who started in senior year and compared it to the number who finished senior year.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื•ืืœื” ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื”,
10:09
Because they weren't tracking where the kids were before that.
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ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื™ื”ืœื• ืžืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
10:11
But most of the dropouts had taken place before that.
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ืืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืฉื™ืจื” ืื™ืจืขื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
10:14
They had to raise the stated dropout rate
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ื”ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืฆื”ืจ
10:17
as soon as that tracking was done
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ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขืงื‘ ื–ื”
10:19
to over 30 percent.
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ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ื•ื–.
10:21
For minority kids, it's over 50 percent.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื, ื–ื” ืžืขืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืื—ื•ื–.
10:25
And even if you graduate from high school,
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ื•ื’ื ืื ืืชื ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
10:28
if you're low-income,
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ื•ืืชื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”,
10:31
you have less than a 25 percent chance of ever completing a college degree.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-25% ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื’' ืขื ืชื•ืืจ.
10:35
If you're low-income in the United States,
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ืื ืืชื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
10:40
you have a higher chance of going to jail
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœื
10:44
than you do of getting a four-year degree.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืกื™ื™ื 4 ืฉื ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื’' ืขื ืชื•ืืจ.
10:46
And that doesn't seem entirely fair.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ื•ื’ืŸ.
10:49
So, how do you make education better?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืžืฉืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš?
10:52
Now, our foundation, for the last nine years, has invested in this.
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ื”ืงืจืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ืชืฉืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
10:56
There's many people working on it.
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
10:59
We've worked on small schools,
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ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
11:02
we've funded scholarships,
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ืžื™ืžื ื• ืžืœื’ื•ืช,
11:04
we've done things in libraries.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช.
11:06
A lot of these things had a good effect.
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
11:08
But the more we looked at it, the more we realized that having great teachers
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ืืš ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื–ืืช, ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืœื™ื
11:11
was the very key thing.
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ื”ื ื”ืžืคืชื—.
11:14
And we hooked up with some people studying
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื
11:17
how much variation is there between teachers,
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ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื.
11:20
between, say, the top quartile -- the very best --
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ื ื ื™ื—, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ - ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื -
11:23
and the bottom quartile.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ.
11:25
How much variation is there within a school or between schools?
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ืžื”ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ?
11:28
And the answer is that these variations are absolutely unbelievable.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ืชื™ืืžืŸ.
11:33
A top quartile teacher will increase the performance of their class --
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ื”ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ื›ื™ืชื”,
11:38
based on test scores --
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื,
11:41
by over 10 percent in a single year.
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ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-10% ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช.
11:43
What does that mean?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
11:44
That means that if the entire U.S., for two years,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื”"ื‘, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
11:47
had top quartile teachers,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจื™ ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ,
11:50
the entire difference between us and Asia would go away.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืกื™ื” ื™ื™ืขืœื.
11:54
Within four years we would be blowing everyone in the world away.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื ื“ื”ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
12:00
So, it's simple. All you need are those top quartile teachers.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜. ืฆืจื™ืš ืจืง ืืช ืื•ืชื ืžื•ืจื™ ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
12:05
And so you'd say, "Wow, we should reward those people.
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ื•ื“ืื™ ืชืืžืจื•, "ื•ื•ืื•, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื’ืžื•ืœ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื”.
12:09
We should retain those people.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื”.
12:12
We should find out what they're doing and transfer that skill to other people."
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ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื."
12:15
But I can tell you that absolutely is not happening today.
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ืืš ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืงื•ืจื”.
12:20
What are the characteristics of this top quartile?
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ืžื”ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”?
12:23
What do they look like?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื?
12:25
You might think these must be very senior teachers.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ืžืื“.
12:28
And the answer is no.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื.
12:30
Once somebody has taught for three years
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ืžื™ ืฉืžืœืžื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
12:33
their teaching quality does not change thereafter.
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ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœื• ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.
12:38
The variation is very, very small.
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ืงื˜ืŸ.
12:41
You might think these are people with master's degrees.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืœื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™,
12:46
They've gone back and they've gotten their Master's of Education.
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ืฉื”ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืชื•ืืจ M.A ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
12:49
This chart takes four different factors
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ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืืจื‘ืขื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื
12:52
and says how much do they explain teaching quality.
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ื•ืžืจืื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”.
12:55
That bottom thing, which says there's no effect at all,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื ืžื•ืš, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื”,
12:58
is a master's degree.
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ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืืจ M.A
13:02
Now, the way the pay system works is there's two things that are rewarded.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ืš ืฉืžืชื•ื’ืžืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
13:06
One is seniority.
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ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื•ืชืง.
13:08
Because your pay goes up and you vest into your pension.
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ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืขื•ืœื” ื•ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื”.
13:11
The second is giving extra money to people who get their master's degree.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉื›ืจ ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืชื•ืืจ M.A
13:14
But it in no way is associated with being a better teacher.
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ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ืš ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืžื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:17
Teach for America: slight effect.
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ืœืœืžื“ ืœืžืขืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”: ืืคืงื˜ ื–ืขื™ืจ.
13:20
For math teachers majoring in math there's a measurable effect.
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ืœืžื•ืจื™ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉ ืืคืงื˜ ืžื“ื™ื“.
13:24
But, overwhelmingly, it's your past performance.
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ืืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื—ืฆืช, ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื.
13:29
There are some people who are very good at this.
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš.
13:32
And we've done almost nothing
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ื•ืื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ
13:35
to study what that is
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžื”ื• ืกื•ื“ื
13:38
and to draw it in and to replicate it,
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ืœื”ืขืชื™ืงื• ืžื”ื ื•ืœืฉื›ืคืœื•,
13:41
to raise the average capability --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช
13:44
or to encourage the people with it to stay in the system.
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ืื• ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช.
13:47
You might say, "Do the good teachers stay and the bad teacher's leave?"
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ืชืฉืืœื•: ื”ืื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื?
13:50
The answer is, on average, the slightly better teachers leave the system.
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
13:53
And it's a system with very high turnover.
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ื•ื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื ืชื—ืœื•ืคื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“.
13:57
Now, there are a few places -- very few -- where great teachers are being made.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื.
14:03
A good example of one is a set of charter schools called KIPP.
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™"ืก ืฉื›ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื KIPP.
14:08
KIPP means Knowledge Is Power.
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KIPP ื”ื ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ 'ื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื—'.
14:11
It's an unbelievable thing.
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™-ื™ืื•ืžืŸ.
14:14
They have 66 schools -- mostly middle schools, some high schools --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื 66 ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ - ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื” ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื -
14:17
and what goes on is great teaching.
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ื•ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืฉื ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ืช.
14:21
They take the poorest kids,
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ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:24
and over 96 percent of their high school graduates go to four-year colleges.
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ื•ืžืขืœ 96% ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœ-4 ืฉื ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื’'.
14:28
And the whole spirit and attitude in those schools
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ืืœื”
14:31
is very different than in the normal public schools.
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ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื“ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
14:34
They're team teaching. They're constantly improving their teachers.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื”ื•ืจืืช-ืฆื•ื•ืช. ื”ื ืžืฉืคืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืืช ืžื•ืจื™ื”ื.
14:38
They're taking data, the test scores,
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ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื,
14:41
and saying to a teacher, "Hey, you caused this amount of increase."
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ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืžื•ืจื”: "ืืชื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื‘ืืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•."
14:44
They're deeply engaged in making teaching better.
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ื”ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”.
14:48
When you actually go and sit in one of these classrooms,
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ื›ืฉืžืžืฉ ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
14:51
at first it's very bizarre.
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
14:54
I sat down and I thought, "What is going on?"
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ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™: ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ?
14:57
The teacher was running around, and the energy level was high.
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ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืชืจื•ืฆืฆื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืจืžืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
15:00
I thought, "I'm in the sports rally or something.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™: "ืื ื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜.
15:03
What's going on?"
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ?"
15:05
And the teacher was constantly scanning to see which kids weren't paying attention,
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ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื“ืงื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื™ืฉ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื,
15:08
which kids were bored,
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ืžื™ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฉืชืขืžื,
15:10
and calling kids rapidly, putting things up on the board.
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ื”ื™ื ืงืจืื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืขืœืชื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื—.
15:13
It was a very dynamic environment,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืื“ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช,
15:15
because particularly in those middle school years -- fifth through eighth grade --
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”' ืขื“ ื—',
15:18
keeping people engaged and setting the tone
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื”,
15:21
that everybody in the classroom needs to pay attention,
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื›ื–,
15:24
nobody gets to make fun of it or have the position of the kid who doesn't want to be there.
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ืื™ืฉ ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืฆื—ื•ืง ืื• ืชื•ืคืก ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื
15:30
Everybody needs to be involved.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.
15:32
And so KIPP is doing it.
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ื›ืš ืฉ-KIPP ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
15:35
How does that compare to a normal school?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ?
15:38
Well, in a normal school, teachers aren't told how good they are.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
15:42
The data isn't gathered.
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ืœื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
15:45
In the teacher's contract,
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ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื”
15:47
it will limit the number of times the principal can come into the classroom --
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ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื›ื™ืชื”,
15:51
sometimes to once per year.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคืขื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
15:53
And they need advanced notice to do that.
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ื•ื”ื ืขื•ื“ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžืจืืฉ.
15:56
So imagine running a factory where you've got these workers,
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืžืคืขืœ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
15:59
some of them just making crap
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ืฉื—ืœืงื ืกืชื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื–ื‘ืœ,
16:02
and the management is told, "Hey, you can only come down here once a year,
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืžื ื”ืœ: "ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืš ืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื ื” ืจืง ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื ื”,
16:06
but you need to let us know, because we might actually fool you,
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ืืš ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืš,
16:08
and try and do a good job in that one brief moment."
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข."
16:12
Even a teacher who wants to improve doesn't have the tools to do it.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืœื›ืš.
16:17
They don't have the test scores,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื,
16:19
and there's a whole thing of trying to block the data.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืกื•ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
16:22
For example, New York passed a law
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืง
16:25
that said that the teacher improvement data could not be made available and used
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ืœืคื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
16:30
in the tenure decision for the teachers.
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ื›ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ึผืช ืœืžื•ืจื™ื.
16:34
And so that's sort of working in the opposite direction.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš.
16:37
But I'm optimistic about this,
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ืืš ืื ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš,
16:39
I think there are some clear things we can do.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
16:43
First of all, there's a lot more testing going on,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช,
16:47
and that's given us the picture of where we are.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœื ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื.
16:50
And that allows us to understand who's doing it well,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,
16:54
and call them out, and find out what those techniques are.
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ื•ืœื–ืžืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
16:57
Of course, digital video is cheap now.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื“ืื• ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
17:00
Putting a few cameras in the classroom
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ืœืฉื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช
17:02
and saying that things are being recorded on an ongoing basis
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ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืชืžื“ืช
17:08
is very practical in all public schools.
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื“ ืžืขืฉื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
17:10
And so every few weeks teachers could sit down
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ื•ื›ืš ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื‘ืช
17:13
and say, "OK, here's a little clip of something I thought I did well.
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ื•ืœื•ืžืจ: "ื”ื ื” ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
17:16
Here's a little clip of something I think I did poorly.
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ื”ื ื” ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื’ืจื•ืข.
17:19
Advise me -- when this kid acted up, how should I have dealt with that?"
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ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื• ืœื™. ื›ืฉื™ืœื“ ืคืขืœ ื›ืš, ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?"
17:22
And they could all sit and work together on those problems.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืœื”.
17:26
You can take the very best teachers and kind of annotate it,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช,
17:30
have it so everyone sees who is the very best at teaching this stuff.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ืจืื• ืžื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืžืจ.
17:34
You can take those great courses and make them available
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืœื–ืžื™ื ื™ื
17:36
so that a kid could go out and watch the physics course, learn from that.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืœืงื•ืจืก ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื•.
17:41
If you have a kid who's behind,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื™ืœื“ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืงืฆื‘,
17:43
you would know you could assign them that video to watch and review the concept.
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ืชื“ืขื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•.
17:47
And in fact, these free courses could not only be available just on the Internet,
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื
17:51
but you could make it so that DVDs were always available,
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืืœื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืกืจื˜ื™ DVD ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื,
17:55
and so anybody who has access to a DVD player can have the very best teachers.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื ื’ืŸ DVD ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื.
18:02
And so by thinking of this as a personnel system,
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ืื– ืื ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™-ืกื’ืœ,
18:07
we can do it much better.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืคืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
18:09
Now there's a book actually, about KIPP --
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืกืคืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช KIPP,
18:11
the place that this is going on --
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”,
18:13
that Jay Matthews, a news reporter, wrote -- called, "Work Hard, Be Nice."
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ืžืืช ื’'ื™ื™ ืžืชื™ื•ืก, ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™, ืฉื ื”ืกืคืจ: "ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืžื“."
18:18
And I thought it was so fantastic.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืคืœื.
18:20
It gave you a sense of what a good teacher does.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
18:24
I'm going to send everyone here a free copy of this book.
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ืื ื™ ืืฉืœื— ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื›ืืŸ ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
18:27
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
18:32
Now, we put a lot of money into education,
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
18:35
and I really think that education is the most important thing to get right
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืชืงืŸ
18:41
for the country to have as strong a future as it should have.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœืืจืฅ ื–ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืชื™ื“ ื—ื–ืง, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื•.
18:46
In fact we have in the stimulus bill -- it's interesting --
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื•ืง-ืชืžืจื™ืฅ - ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
18:48
the House version actually had money in it for these data systems,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืจืกืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืงืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื›ืกืฃ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืืœื”,
18:51
and it was taken out in the Senate
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืฆื ืžืžื ื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืกื ืื˜,
18:53
because there are people who are threatened by these things.
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ื›ื™ ืืœื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื™ืžื™ื ืข"ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
18:56
But I -- I'm optimistic.
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ืืš ืื ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™.
18:58
I think people are beginning to recognize how important this is,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
19:02
and it really can make a difference for millions of lives, if we get it right.
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ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
19:09
I only had time to frame those two problems.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืจืง ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
19:12
There's a lot more problems like that --
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”:
19:14
AIDS, pneumonia -- I can just see you're getting excited,
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ืื™ื™ื“ืก, ื“ืœืงืช-ืจื™ืื•ืช - ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื›ืžื” ืืชื ืžืชืจื’ืฉื™ื,
19:18
just at the very name of these things.
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ืจืง ืžืขืฆื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
19:21
And the skill sets required to tackle these things are very broad.
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“.
19:26
You know, the system doesn't naturally make it happen.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืขื” ืœื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ืš ืœืงืจื•ืช.
19:29
Governments don't naturally pick these things in the right way.
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช, ืžื˜ื‘ืขืŸ, ืœื ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื”.
19:34
The private sector doesn't naturally put its resources into these things.
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ื”ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™, ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•, ืœื ืžืคื ื” ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื”.
19:38
So it's going to take brilliant people like you
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ื›ืžื•ื›ื
19:41
to study these things, get other people involved --
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื”, ืœืขืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
19:44
and you're helping to come up with solutions.
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ื•ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืขื–ืจืชื›ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช.
19:47
And with that, I think there's some great things that will come out of it.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื™ืฆืื• ืžื›ืš ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื.
19:50
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
19:52
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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