Ian Ritchie: The day I turned down Tim Berners-Lee

45,911 views ใƒป 2011-10-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
Well we all know the World Wide Web
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
00:17
has absolutely transformed publishing, broadcasting,
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ืฉื™ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ,
00:21
commerce and social connectivity,
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ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
00:23
but where did it all come from?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืข?
00:25
And I'll quote three people:
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืฆื˜ื˜ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื:
00:27
Vannevar Bush, Doug Engelbart and Tim Berners-Lee.
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ื•ื ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื“ืื’ ืื ื’ืœื‘ืจื˜ ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื ืก-ืœื™.
00:30
So let's just run through these guys.
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื” ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื”ื.
00:32
This is Vannevar Bush.
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ื–ื” ื•ื ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ืฉ.
00:34
Vannevar Bush was the U.S. government's chief scientific adviser during the war.
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ื•ื ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื“ืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
00:37
And in 1945,
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ื•ื‘ 1945,
00:39
he published an article in a magazine called Atlantic Monthly.
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ื”ื•ื ืคืจืกื ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™.
00:42
And the article was called "As We May Think."
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ื•ื”ืžืืžืจ ื ืงืจื "ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื."
00:45
And what Vannevar Bush was saying
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื•ื ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืžืจ
00:47
was the way we use information is broken.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืงื•ืœืงืœืช.
00:50
We don't work in terms of libraries
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคืจื™ื•ืช
00:53
and catalog systems and so forth.
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืงื™ื˜ืœื•ื’ ื•ื›ื•'.
00:55
The brain works by association.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืคื™ ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื”.
00:57
With one item in its thought, it snaps instantly to the next item.
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ืขื ืคืจื™ื˜ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื•, ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืคืฅ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืœืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ื‘ื.
01:00
And the way information is structured
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ื‘ื ื”
01:02
is totally incapable of keeping up with this process.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
01:05
And so he suggested a machine,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืžื›ื•ื ื”,
01:07
and he called it the memex.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื” ืžืžืงืก.
01:09
And the memex would link information,
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ื•ื”ืžืžืงืก ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืงืฉืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข
01:11
one piece of information to a related piece of information and so forth.
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ืคื™ืกืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืื—ืช ืœืคื™ืกืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
01:14
Now this was in 1945.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ 1945.
01:16
A computer in those days
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื
01:18
was something the secret services used to use for code breaking.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืื™ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื— ืฆืคื ื™ื.
01:21
And nobody knew anything about it.
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
01:23
So this was before the computer was invented.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื•ืžืฆื.
01:25
And he proposed this machine called the memex.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืžืžืงืก.
01:27
And he had a platform where you linked information to other information,
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ื” ืงื™ืฉืจืชื ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืื—ืจ,
01:30
and then you could call it up at will.
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ื•ืื– ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื• ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉื”.
01:32
So spinning forward,
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ืื– ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
01:34
one of the guys who read this article was a guy called Doug Engelbart,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืงืจื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ืื’ ืื ื’ืœื‘ืจื˜,
01:36
and he was a U.S. Air Force officer.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
01:38
And he was reading it in their library in the Far East.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง.
01:41
And he was so inspired by this article,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžื”ืžืืžืจ,
01:43
it kind of directed the rest of his life.
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ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ื”ื ื—ื” ืืช ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•.
01:45
And by the mid-60s, he was able to put this into action
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ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื–ื”
01:48
when he worked at the Stanford Research Lab in California.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
01:52
He built a system.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช.
01:54
The system was designed to augment human intelligence, it was called.
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืื”.
01:57
And in a premonition of today's world
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ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
02:00
of cloud computing and softwares of service,
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื ืŸ ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื›ืฉืจื•ืช,
02:02
his system was called NLS
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื• ื ืงืจืื” NLS
02:04
for oN-Line System.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืŸ.
02:06
And this is Doug Engelbart.
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ืื’ ืื ื’ืœื‘ืจื˜.
02:08
He was giving a presentation at the Fall Joint Computer Conference
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ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืžืฆื’ืช ื‘ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ื‘ืกืชื™ื•
02:11
in 1968.
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ื‘1968.
02:14
What he showed --
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื” --
02:16
he sat on a stage like this, and he demonstrated this system.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ืžื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช.
02:19
He had his head mic like I've got.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื™ ื™ืฉ.
02:21
And he works this system.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื•.
02:23
And you can see, he's working between documents
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื
02:25
and graphics and so forth.
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ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ื•ืขื•ื“.
02:27
And he's driving it all
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ
02:29
with this platform here,
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ืขื ื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืคื”,
02:31
with a five-finger keyboard
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ืขื ืžืงืœื“ืช ื—ืžืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช
02:33
and the world's first computer mouse,
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ื•ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
02:35
which he specially designed in order to do this system.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื•.
02:37
So this is where the mouse came from as well.
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ืื– ืžืคื” ื’ื ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข.
02:39
So this is Doug Engelbart.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื“ืื’ ืื ื’ืœื‘ืจื˜.
02:41
The trouble with Doug Engelbart's system
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืื’ ืื ื’ืœื‘ืจื˜
02:43
was that the computers in those days cost several million pounds.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื ืขืœื” ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื ื’.
02:46
So for a personal computer,
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ืื– ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื™ืฉื™,
02:48
a few million pounds was like having a personal jet plane;
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ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™;
02:50
it wasn't really very practical.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืคืจืงื˜ื™.
02:52
But spin on to the 80s
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœื• ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื
02:54
when personal computers did arrive,
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ื›ืฉืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข,
02:56
then there was room for this kind of system on personal computers.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืฉื™.
02:58
And my company, OWL
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™, OWL
03:00
built a system called Guide for the Apple Macintosh.
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ื‘ื ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื” ื’ื™ื™ื“ ืœืืคืœ ืžืงื™ื ื˜ื•ืฉ.
03:03
And we delivered the world's first hypertext system.
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ื•ืกื™ืคืงื ื• ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืจื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:07
And this began to get a head of steam.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจืืฉ ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ.
03:09
Apple introduced a thing called HyperCard,
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ืืคืœ ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื™ืคืจืงืจื“,
03:11
and they made a bit of a fuss about it.
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ื•ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื“ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื”.
03:13
They had a 12-page supplement in the Wall Street Journal the day it launched.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ 12 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื•ื•ืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื’'ื•ืจื ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ื–ื” ื”ื•ืฉืง.
03:16
The magazines started to cover it.
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ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
03:18
Byte magazine and Communications at the ACM
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ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ืงื•ืžื™ื•ื ื™ืงื™ื™ืฉื™ื ืก ื‘ACM
03:20
had special issues covering hypertext.
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ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคืจื˜ืงืกื˜.
03:22
We developed a PC version of this product
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ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ื’ื™ืจืกืช PC ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ
03:24
as well as the Macintosh version.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื’ื™ืจืกืช ืžืงื™ื ื˜ื•ืฉ.
03:26
And our PC version became quite mature.
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ื•ื’ื™ืจืกืช ื”PC ืฉืœื ื• ื ืขืฉืชื” ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช.
03:29
These are some examples of this system in action in the late 80s.
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ืืœื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 80.
03:33
You were able to deliver documents, were able to do it over networks.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืžืกืžื›ื™ื, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“.
03:36
We developed a system such
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ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืš
03:38
that it had a markup language based on html.
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืฉืคืช ืžืืจืงืืค ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช HTML.
03:40
We called it hml: hypertext markup language.
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ืงืจืื ื• ืœื” HML: ืฉืคืช ื”ื™ืคืจ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ.
03:43
And the system was capable of doing
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ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืชืžื•ืš
03:45
very, very large documentation systems over computer networks.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
03:49
So I took this system to a trade show in Versailles near Paris
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ืื– ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื• ืœืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืจืกืื™ ืœื™ื“ ืคืจื™ื–
03:52
in late November 1990.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1990.
03:55
And I was approached by a nice young man called Tim Berners-Lee
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ื•ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืฉื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื ืก-ืœื™
03:57
who said, "Are you Ian Ritchie?" and I said, "Yeah."
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ืฉืืžืจ, "ืืชื” ืื™ืืŸ ืจื™ืฆ'ื™?" ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, "ื›ืŸ."
03:59
And he said, "I need to talk to you."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชืš."
04:01
And he told me about his proposed system called the World Wide Web.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœื• ืฉื ืงืจืื” "ืจืฉืช ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช" WWW.
04:04
And I thought, well, that's got a pretentious name,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืžืจื ื™,
04:07
especially since the whole system ran on his computer in his office.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืจืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื•.
04:10
But he was completely convinced that his World Wide Web
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉื”ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื•
04:13
would take over the world one day.
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ืชืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“.
04:15
And he tried to persuade me to write the browser for it,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื”,
04:17
because his system didn't have any graphics or fonts or layout or anything;
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ืื• ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืื• ืขื™ืžื•ื“ ืื• ื›ืœื•ื;
04:20
it was just plain text.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
04:22
I thought, well, you know, interesting,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
04:25
but a guy from CERN, he's not going to do this.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžCERN, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
04:27
So we didn't do it.
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ืื– ืœื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
04:29
In the next couple of years,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
04:31
the hypertext community didn't recognize him either.
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ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืจื˜ืงืกื˜ ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื•.
04:33
In 1992, his paper was rejected for the Hypertext Conference.
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ื‘ 1992, ื”ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื• ื ื“ื—ื” ืžื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืจื˜ืงืกื˜.
04:36
In 1993,
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ื‘ 1993,
04:39
there was a table at the conference in Seattle,
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ืกื™ืื˜ืœ,
04:41
and a guy called Marc Andreessen
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ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืžืืจืง ืื ื“ืจืกืŸ
04:43
was demonstrating his little browser for the World Wide Web.
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ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
04:46
And I saw it, and I thought, yep, that's it.
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ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื–ื”.
04:48
And the very next year, in 1994, we had the conference here in Edinburgh,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘1994, ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื•,
04:51
and I had no opposition in having Tim Berners-Lee as the keynote speaker.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื ืก- ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืื ื”ืจืืฉื™.
04:55
So that puts me in pretty illustrious company.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืฉื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื“ื™ ืžื”ื•ืœืœืช.
04:57
There was a guy called Dick Rowe
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ื“ื™ืง ืจื•ืื•
04:59
who was at Decca Records and turned down The Beatles.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ ื“ืงื” ื•ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
05:01
There was a guy called Gary Kildall
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื’ืืจื™ ืงื™ืœื“ืœ
05:03
who went flying his plane
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ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืฉืœื•
05:05
when IBM came looking for an operating system
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ื›ืฉIBM ื—ื™ืคืฉื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืขืœื”
05:07
for the IBM PC,
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ืœ IBM PC,
05:09
and he wasn't there, so they went back to see Bill Gates.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื, ืื– ื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก.
05:11
And the 12 publishers
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ื•12 ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืœืื•ืจ
05:13
who turned down J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter, I guess.
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ืฉื“ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ J.K. Rowling, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—.
05:16
On the other hand, there's Marc Andreessen
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžืืจืง ืื ื“ืจื™ืกืŸ
05:18
who wrote the world's first browser for the World Wide Web.
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ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
05:20
And according to Fortune magazine,
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ื•ืœืคื™ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจื˜ืฉืŸ,
05:22
he's worth 700 million dollars.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื” 700 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
05:24
But is he happy?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื—?
05:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:28
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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