Asha de Vos: Why you should care about whale poo

95,138 views ใƒป 2015-01-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shir Ben Asher Kestin
00:12
In the 1600s, there were so many right whales in Cape Cod Bay
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 17, ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืงื™ื™ืค ืงื•ื“
00:16
off the east coast of the U.S.
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ืœื™ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
00:18
that apparently you could walk across their backs
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ืฉืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื
00:22
from one end of the bay to the other.
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ืœืฉื ื™.
00:25
Today, they number in the hundreds, and they're endangered.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืกืคืจื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
00:28
Like them, many species of whales saw their numbers drastically reduced
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ื›ืžื•ื”ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืจืื• ืืช ืžืกืคืจื ืžื•ืคื—ืช ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ืช
00:33
by 200 years of whaling,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื“ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ืŸ 200 ืฉื ื”,
00:36
where they were hunted and killed for their whale meat, oil and whale bone.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื ื™ืฆื•ื“ื• ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื, ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
00:43
We only have whales in our waters today
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื
00:45
because of the Save the Whales movement of the '70s.
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 70.
00:49
It was instrumental in stopping commercial whaling,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™.
00:52
and was built on the idea that if we couldn't save whales,
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ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื,
00:56
what could we save?
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ืžื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ?
00:58
It was ultimately a test of our political ability
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
01:01
to halt environmental destruction.
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ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื”ืจืก ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™.
01:04
So in the early '80s, there was a ban on commercial whaling
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ืื– ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 80, ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™
01:08
that came into force as a result of this campaign.
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ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
01:11
Whales in our waters are still low in numbers, however,
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ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื, ืขื ื–ืืช,
01:14
because they do face a range of other human-induced threats.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
01:19
Unfortunately, many people still think that whale conservationists like myself
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืจื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™
01:27
do what we do only because these creatures are charismatic and beautiful.
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื›ืจื™ื–ืžืชื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืคื™ื.
01:33
This is actually a disservice,
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืจื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืข,
01:36
because whales are ecosystem engineers.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ื ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช.
01:40
They help maintain the stability and health of the oceans,
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ื”ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
01:44
and even provide services to human society.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
01:49
So let's talk about why saving whales is critical
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœืžื” ื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช
01:53
to the resiliency of the oceans.
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ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
01:56
It boils down to two main things:
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื:
02:01
whale poop and rotting carcasses.
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ืงืงื™ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื ืจืงื‘ื•ืช.
02:04
As whales dive to the depths to feed and come up to the surface to breathe,
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ื›ืฉืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ืœืžืขืžืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฉื•ื,
02:10
they actually release these enormous fecal plumes.
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืืชื™ื™ื ื”ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:13
This whale pump, as it's called,
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ืžืฉืื‘ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื–ื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช,
02:15
actually brings essential limiting nutrients from the depths
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืžืขืžืงื™ื
02:18
to the surface waters where they stimulate the growth of phytoplankton,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื ื”ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ,
02:22
which forms the base of all marine food chains.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื›ืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
02:26
So really, having more whales in the oceans pooping
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ืื– ื‘ืืžืช, ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืžื—ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื
02:29
is really beneficial to the entire ecosystem.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:33
Whales are also known to undertake some of the longest migrations of all mammals.
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ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื›ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื.
02:38
Gray whales off America migrate 16,000 kilometers
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ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื 16,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื
02:44
between productive feeding areas and less productive calving, or birthing, areas
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื–ื ื” ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื˜ื” ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœืœื“ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
02:50
and back every year.
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ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
02:53
As they do so, they transport fertilizer in the form of their feces
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืื” ืฉืœื”ื
02:58
from places that have it to places that need it.
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ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื•ืชื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื.
03:02
So clearly, whales are really important in nutrient cycling,
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ืื– ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื.
03:06
both horizontally and vertically, through the oceans.
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ื’ื ืื•ืคืงื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืื ื›ื™ืช, ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
03:09
But what's really cool is that they're also really important after they're dead.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ื’ื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืชื™ื.
03:16
Whale carcasses are some of the largest form of detritus
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ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืจืงื‘
03:20
to fall from the ocean's surface, and they're called whale fall.
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ืฉื ื•ืคืœื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ื ืคืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื.
03:25
As these carcasses sink,
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ืงืขื•ืช,
03:27
they provide a feast to some 400-odd species,
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ื”ืŸ ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืืจื•ื—ื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 400 ืžื™ื ื™ื,
03:30
including the eel-shaped, slime-producing hagfish.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื”ืื’ืคื™ืฉ ื“ืžื•ื™ ื”ืฆืœื•ืคื— ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจื™ืจ.
03:35
So over the 200 years of whaling,
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ืื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 200 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื“ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื,
03:37
when we were busy killing and removing these carcasses from the oceans,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
03:41
we likely altered the rate and geographic distribution of these whale falls
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ื ืคืœื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
03:47
that would descend into deep oceans,
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ืฉื ืคืœื• ืœืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
03:49
and as a result, probably led to a number of extinctions
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื•ื‘ืœื ื• ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช
03:53
of species that were most specialized
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืžื—ื•
03:55
and dependent on these carcasses for their survival.
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ื•ื ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
03:59
Whale carcasses are also known to transport about 190,000 tons of carbon,
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ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ 190,000 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ,
04:07
which is the equivalent of that produced
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื” ืฉืžื™ื™ื•ืฆืจ
04:10
by 80,000 cars per year
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ 80,000 ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”
04:13
from the atmosphere to the deep oceans,
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ืžื”ืื˜ื•ืžืกืคื™ืจื” ืœืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
04:16
and the deep oceans are what we call "carbon sinks,"
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ื•ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• "ืžืื’ืจื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ,"
04:19
because they trap and hold excess carbon from the atmosphere,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
04:23
and therefore help to delay global warming.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
04:27
Sometimes these carcasses also wash up on beaches
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื’ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื’ื ื ืกื—ืคื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืคื™ื
04:31
and provide a meal to a number of predatory species on land.
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ื•ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
04:36
The 200 years of whaling was clearly detrimental
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200 ืฉื ื•ืช ืฆื™ื“ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ
04:40
and caused a reduction in the populations of whales
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ื•ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ืคื—ืชื” ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื
04:43
between 60 to 90 percent.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 60 ืœ 90 ืื—ื•ื–.
04:46
Clearly, the Save the Whales movement
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ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืชื ื™ื
04:48
was instrumental in preventing commercial whaling from going on,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืžืฉืš ืฆื™ื“ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™,
04:52
but we need to revise this.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
04:55
We need to address the more modern, pressing problems that these whales face
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื•ื—ืฆื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
05:00
in our waters today.
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ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
05:02
Amongst other things, we need to stop them
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื
05:04
from getting plowed down by container ships when they're in their feeding areas,
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ืžืœื”ื“ืจืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื,
05:09
and stop them from getting entangled in fishing nets
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ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื ืžืœื”ืกืชื‘ืš ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื“ื™ื’
05:11
as they float around in the ocean.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืฆืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
05:14
We also need to learn to contextualize our conservation messages,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ืืช ืžืกืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
05:18
so people really understand the true ecosystem value of these creatures.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:25
So, let's save the whales again,
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ืื–, ื‘ื•ื ื ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘,
05:30
but this time, let's not just do it for their sake.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื, ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืžืขื ื.
05:34
Let's also do it for ours.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•.
05:36
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
05:39
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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