Why Medicine Often Has Dangerous Side Effects for Women | Alyson McGregor | TED Talks

237,969 views ใƒป 2015-11-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Michael Coslovsky ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
We all go to doctors.
0
12816
2572
ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืจื•ืคืื™ื.
00:16
And we do so with trust and blind faith
1
16944
4338
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช
00:21
that the test they are ordering and the medications they're prescribing
2
21306
3858
ืฉื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืืœื™ื” ื”ื ืžืคื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฉืžื™ื ืœื ื•
00:25
are based upon evidence --
3
25188
3175
ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืื™ื•ืช --
00:28
evidence that's designed to help us.
4
28387
2927
ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื•.
00:32
However, the reality is that that hasn't always been the case for everyone.
5
32338
5843
ืื‘ืœ, ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš ืœื›ื•ืœื.
00:39
What if I told you
6
39086
1295
ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื›ื
00:40
that the medical science discovered over the past century
7
40405
3946
ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉื ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
00:44
has been based on only half the population?
8
44375
3667
ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจืง ืขืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”?
00:48
I'm an emergency medicine doctor.
9
48066
2294
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืคืืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื.
00:50
I was trained to be prepared in a medical emergency.
10
50749
3651
ืื™ืžื ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื.
00:54
It's about saving lives. How cool is that?
11
54940
4449
ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื. ืœื ืžื“ืœื™ืง?
01:00
OK, there's a lot of runny noses and stubbed toes,
12
60492
3160
ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื– ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
01:03
but no matter who walks through the door to the ER,
13
63676
3665
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื™ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ื“ืจืš ื“ืœืช ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ,
01:07
we order the same tests,
14
67365
2452
ืื ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช,
01:09
we prescribe the same medication,
15
69841
2134
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
01:11
without ever thinking about the sex or gender of our patients.
16
71999
4402
ื‘ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’ ืื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
01:17
Why would we?
17
77370
1254
ืœืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”?
01:19
We were never taught that there were any differences between men and women.
18
79053
3741
ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื.
01:22
A recent Government Accountability study revealed that 80 percent of the drugs
19
82818
4559
ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื›-80 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
01:27
withdrawn from the market
20
87401
2151
ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื• ืžื”ืฉื•ืง,
01:29
are due to side effects on women.
21
89576
2393
ื”ื•ืฆืื• ื‘ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื.
01:33
So let's think about that for a minute.
22
93080
2311
ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืœืจื’ืข.
01:35
Why are we discovering side effects on women
23
95415
3874
ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื
01:39
only after a drug has been released to the market?
24
99313
3286
ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืชืจื•ืคื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืงื”?
01:43
Do you know that it takes years for a drug to go from an idea
25
103496
5660
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืฉื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืจื•ืคื”, ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
01:49
to being tested on cells in a laboratory,
26
109180
3157
ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
01:52
to animal studies,
27
112361
1968
ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
01:54
to then clinical trials on humans,
28
114353
2127
ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื,
01:56
finally to go through a regulatory approval process,
29
116504
3871
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™,
02:00
to be available for your doctor to prescribe to you?
30
120399
4336
ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืœืจื•ืคื ืฉืœื›ื ืœืจืฉื•ื ืœื›ื?
02:06
Not to mention the millions and billions of dollars of funding
31
126170
3370
ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
02:09
it takes to go through that process.
32
129564
2382
ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
02:13
So why are we discovering unacceptable side effects
33
133597
2952
ืื– ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช
02:16
on half the population after that has gone through?
34
136573
4451
ืืฆืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื–ื” ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื–ื”?
02:23
What's happening?
35
143163
1264
ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืคื”?
02:24
Well, it turns out that those cells used in that laboratory,
36
144777
4104
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
02:28
they're male cells,
37
148905
1930
ื”ื ืชืื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื™ื,
02:30
and the animals used in the animal studies were male animals,
38
150859
3402
ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื•, ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืข"ื—, ื”ื™ื• ื–ื›ืจื™ื,
02:34
and the clinical trials have been performed almost exclusively on men.
39
154285
5090
ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:41
How is it that the male model became our framework for medical research?
40
161176
5354
ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืจืคื•ืื™?
02:46
Let's look at an example that has been popularized in the media,
41
166554
4071
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
02:50
and it has to do with the sleep aid Ambien.
42
170649
3206
ื•ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ืœื•ืœืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืืžื‘ื™ืืŸ.
02:53
Ambien was released on the market over 20 years ago,
43
173879
4764
ืืžื‘ื™ืืŸ ื™ืฆืื” ืœืฉื•ืง ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-20 ืฉื ื”,
02:58
and since then, hundreds of millions of prescriptions have been written,
44
178667
4813
ื•ืžืื– ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืจืฉืžื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื•,
03:03
primarily to women, because women suffer more sleep disorders than men.
45
183504
4448
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื, ื›ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”.
03:09
But just this past year,
46
189047
2176
ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื”ืฉื ื”,
03:11
the Food and Drug Administration recommended cutting the dose in half
47
191247
3424
ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื ื” ื‘ื—ืฆื™
03:14
for women only,
48
194695
2887
ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
03:17
because they just realized that women metabolize the drug
49
197606
2837
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืชื” ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ
03:20
at a slower rate than men,
50
200467
2913
ืงื•ืจื” ืœืื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ืืฆืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื,
03:23
causing them to wake up in the morning
51
203404
2039
ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ
03:25
with more of the active drug in their system.
52
205467
3194
ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคืŸ.
03:28
And then they're drowsy and they're getting behind the wheel of the car,
53
208685
3930
ื•ืื– ื”ืŸ ืžื ื•ืžื ืžื•ืช, ื•ืื– ื”ืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช,
03:32
and they're at risk for motor vehicle accidents.
54
212639
2967
ื•ืื– ื”ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
03:36
And I can't help but think, as an emergency physician,
55
216955
3944
ื•ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืจื•ืคืืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื,
03:40
how many of my patients that I've cared for over the years
56
220923
4793
ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืœืชื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื
03:45
were involved in a motor vehicle accident
57
225740
2806
ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื
03:48
that possibly could have been prevented
58
228570
3452
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข
03:52
if this type of analysis was performed and acted upon 20 years ago
59
232046
5115
ืื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื•ืžื•ื˜ืžืข ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”
03:57
when this drug was first released.
60
237185
2008
ื›ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ืฆืื” ืœืฉื•ืง ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
04:01
How many other things need to be analyzed by gender?
61
241089
3195
ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืชื— ืœืคื™ ืžื™ืŸ?
04:05
What else are we missing?
62
245197
1682
ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืกืคืกื™ื?
04:09
World War II changed a lot of things,
63
249555
3676
ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื™ื ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
04:13
and one of them was this need to protect people
64
253255
2881
ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
04:16
from becoming victims of medical research without informed consent.
65
256160
4340
ืžื”ืคื™ื›ืชื ืœืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขืช.
04:21
So some much-needed guidelines or rules were set into place,
66
261467
3676
ืื– ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื•,
04:25
and part of that was this desire to protect women of childbearing age
67
265167
5022
ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช
04:30
from entering into any medical research studies.
68
270213
2951
ืžืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
04:34
There was fear: what if something happened to the fetus during the study?
69
274016
4563
ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื“: ืžื” ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื™ืงืจื” ืœืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ?
04:39
Who would be responsible?
70
279366
1549
ืžื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™?
04:41
And so the scientists at this time actually thought
71
281999
2489
ืื– ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ืฉื‘ื•
04:44
this was a blessing in disguise,
72
284512
2616
ืฉืžืขื– ื™ืฆื ืžืชื•ืง,
04:47
because let's face it -- men's bodies are pretty homogeneous.
73
287152
5213
ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื•ื“ื” -- ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื™ื.
04:52
They don't have the constantly fluctuating levels of hormones
74
292867
3446
ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืชื“ื™ืจ
04:56
that could disrupt clean data they could get if they had only men.
75
296337
3744
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื ืงื™ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืจืง ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:01
It was easier. It was cheaper.
76
301210
2710
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:05
Not to mention, at this time, there was a general assumption
77
305651
2833
ืฉืœื ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื ื—ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช
05:08
that men and women were alike in every way,
78
308508
4225
ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš,
05:12
apart from their reproductive organs and sex hormones.
79
312757
3443
ืœืžืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ.
05:17
So it was decided:
80
317211
2817
ืื– ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜:
05:21
medical research was performed on men,
81
321117
3516
ืžื—ืงืจ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื,
05:24
and the results were later applied to women.
82
324657
2757
ื•ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉืžื• ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื.
05:29
What did this do to the notion of women's health?
83
329203
3541
ืžื” ื–ื” ืขืฉื” ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื?
05:32
Women's health became synonymous with reproduction:
84
332768
4256
ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื ืจื“ืคืช ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช:
05:37
breasts, ovaries, uterus, pregnancy.
85
337048
4545
ืฉื“ื™ื™ื, ืฉื—ืœื•ืช, ืจื—ื, ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ.
05:42
It's this term we now refer to as "bikini medicine."
86
342355
3032
ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืœื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื "ืจืคื•ืืช ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™".
05:46
And this stayed this way until about the 1980s,
87
346461
2644
ื•ื–ื” ื ืฉืืจ ื›ื›ื” ืขื“ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80,
05:49
when this concept was challenged by the medical community
88
349129
3485
ื›ืฉื”ืงื•ื ืฆืคื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืื•ืชื’ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช
05:52
and by the public health policymakers when they realized that
89
352638
4141
ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ืฉื”ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื• ืœื“ืขืช
05:56
by excluding women from all medical research studies
90
356803
4303
ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื
06:01
we actually did them a disservice,
91
361130
3489
ื‘ืขืฆื ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ื‘,
06:04
in that apart from reproductive issues,
92
364643
2332
ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœืžืขื˜ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
06:06
virtually nothing was known about the unique needs
93
366999
2564
ืžืžืฉ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื
06:09
of the female patient.
94
369587
1718
ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื—ื•ืœื”.
06:12
Since that time, an overwhelming amount of evidence has come to light
95
372999
5514
ืžืื– ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื, ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉืคื•
06:18
that shows us just how different men and women are in every way.
96
378537
5511
ืฉืžืจืื•ืช ืœื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื.
06:29
You know, we have this saying in medicine:
97
389297
2753
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืžืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”:
06:32
children are not just little adults.
98
392074
2948
ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
06:36
And we say that to remind ourselves
99
396810
1937
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื•
06:38
that children actually have a different physiology than normal adults.
100
398771
4677
ืฉืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืฆื ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื.
06:44
And it's because of this that the medical specialty of pediatrics came to light.
101
404678
4957
ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจืคื•ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื”.
06:49
And we now conduct research on children in order to improve their lives.
102
409659
6246
ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
06:57
And I know the same thing can be said about women.
103
417039
2897
ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื.
06:59
Women are not just men with boobs and tubes.
104
419960
5061
ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืŸ ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ืฉื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช.
07:06
But they have their own anatomy and physiology
105
426561
3556
ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ
07:10
that deserves to be studied with the same intensity.
106
430141
3530
ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
07:15
Let's take the cardiovascular system, for example.
107
435381
2931
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื”ื“ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื.
07:18
This area in medicine has done the most to try to figure out
108
438999
3707
ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
07:22
why it seems men and women have completely different heart attacks.
109
442730
4149
ืœืžื” ื ื“ืžื” ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืชืงืคื™ ืœื‘ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
07:27
Heart disease is the number one killer for both men and women,
110
447999
5090
ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื”ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื›ืื—ื“,
07:33
but more women die within the first year of having a heart attack than men.
111
453113
4436
ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘ ืžืืฉืจ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
07:39
Men will complain of crushing chest pain --
112
459049
4014
ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืชืœื•ื ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืื‘ ืžื•ื—ืฅ ื‘ื—ื–ื” --
07:43
an elephant is sitting on their chest.
113
463087
2482
ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœื”ื ืคื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ื”.
07:46
And we call this typical.
114
466455
1540
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™.
07:49
Women have chest pain, too.
115
469622
3090
ื’ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื”.
07:52
But more women than men will complain of "just not feeling right,"
116
472736
6697
ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืชืœื•ื ื ื• ืฉื”ืŸ "ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ",
08:00
"can't seem to get enough air in,"
117
480898
2869
"ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื•ื•ื™ืจ",
08:03
"just so tired lately."
118
483791
1974
"ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ".
08:07
And for some reason we call this atypical,
119
487000
2903
ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืœื-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™,
08:09
even though, as I mentioned, women do make up half the population.
120
489927
3927
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™, ื ืฉื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
08:15
And so what is some of the evidence to help explain some of these differences?
121
495537
5771
ืื– ืื ื›ืš, ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•?
08:21
If we look at the anatomy,
122
501999
2531
ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”,
08:24
the blood vessels that surround the heart are smaller in women compared to men,
123
504554
6015
ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื,
08:30
and the way that those blood vessels develop disease is different
124
510593
4480
ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื”
08:35
in women compared to men.
125
515097
2055
ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
08:37
And the test that we use to determine if someone is at risk for a heart attack,
126
517875
5152
ื•ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘,
08:43
well, they were initially designed and tested and perfected in men,
127
523051
4572
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืฉืœืžื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื,
08:47
and so aren't as good at determining that in women.
128
527647
3134
ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื–ืืช ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื.
08:52
And then if we think about the medications --
129
532305
2937
ื•ืื– ืื ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช --
08:55
common medications that we use, like aspirin.
130
535266
3247
ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ.
08:59
We give aspirin to healthy men to help prevent them from having a heart attack,
131
539767
4527
ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘,
09:04
but do you know that if you give aspirin to a healthy woman,
132
544318
4234
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ืชื™ืชื ื• ืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ ืœืืฉื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”,
09:08
it's actually harmful?
133
548576
1586
ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื–ืง?
09:12
What this is doing is merely telling us
134
552376
2382
ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื ื•
09:14
that we are scratching the surface.
135
554782
2752
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืžื’ืจื“ื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
09:19
Emergency medicine is a fast-paced business.
136
559145
3426
ืจืคื•ืืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื”ื™ื ืขืกืง ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจ.
09:23
In how many life-saving areas of medicine,
137
563563
3353
ื‘ื›ืžื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืจืคื•ืื” ืžืฆื™ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
09:26
like cancer and stroke,
138
566940
3976
ื›ืžื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื•ืฉื‘ืฅ,
09:30
are there important differences between men and women that we could be utilizing?
139
570940
4133
ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ?
09:36
Or even, why is it that some people get those runny noses
140
576252
4804
ืื• ืืคื™ืœื•, ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื–ืœืช ื”ื–ืืช
09:41
more than others,
141
581080
2185
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื,
09:43
or why the pain medication that we give to those stubbed toes
142
583289
3327
ืื• ืœืžื” ืžืฉื›ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
09:46
work in some and not in others?
143
586640
3205
ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื—ืœืง ืื‘ืœ ืืฆืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื?
09:53
The Institute of Medicine has said every cell has a sex.
144
593288
5230
ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืืžืจ ืฉืœื›ืœ ืชื ื™ืฉ ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’.
09:59
What does this mean?
145
599820
1413
ืžื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”?
10:02
Sex is DNA.
146
602532
2398
ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื–ื” DNA.
10:04
Gender is how someone presents themselves in society.
147
604954
4341
ืžื’ื“ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ืš ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.
10:09
And these two may not always match up,
148
609883
2540
ื•ืฉื ื™ ืืœื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื•ืืžื™ื,
10:12
as we can see with our transgendered population.
149
612447
3166
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื˜ืจื ืกื’'ื ื“ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
10:16
But it's important to realize that from the moment of conception,
150
616740
4915
ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืจื’ืข ื”ื”ืชืขื‘ืจื•ืช,
10:21
every cell in our bodies --
151
621679
2122
ื›ืœ ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• --
10:23
skin, hair, heart and lungs --
152
623825
3301
ืขื•ืจ, ืฉื™ืขืจ, ืœื‘ ื•ืจื™ืื•ืช --
10:27
contains our own unique DNA,
153
627150
3287
ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”-DNA ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืฆืžื ื•,
10:30
and that DNA contains the chromosomes that determine
154
630461
3751
ื•ื”-DNA ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื
10:34
whether we become male or female, man or woman.
155
634236
5061
ืื ื ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ืจ ืื• ื ืงื‘ื”, ื’ื‘ืจ ืื• ืื™ืฉื”.
10:40
It used to be thought
156
640400
1588
ื ื”ื•ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
10:42
that those sex-determining chromosomes pictured here --
157
642012
4328
ืฉื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื”, ืฉืžืฆื•ืœืžื™ื ื›ืืŸ --
10:46
XY if you're male, XX if you're female --
158
646364
3373
XY ืื ืืชื” ื–ื›ืจ, XX ืื ืืช ื ืงื‘ื” --
10:49
merely determined whether you would be born with ovaries or testes,
159
649761
5214
ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืื ืชื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื• ืขื ืฉื—ืœื•ืช ืื• ืืฉื›ื™ื,
10:54
and it was the sex hormones that those organs produced
160
654999
3741
ื•ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฆืจื•
10:58
that were responsible for the differences we see in the opposite sex.
161
658764
4565
ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื”ืื—ืจ.
11:04
But we now know that that theory was wrong --
162
664757
4834
ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” --
11:09
or it's at least a little incomplete.
163
669615
2445
ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืœืžื”.
11:12
And thankfully, scientists like Dr. Page from the Whitehead Institute,
164
672084
4778
ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“"ืจ ืคื™ื™ื’' ืžืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื”ื“
11:16
who works on the Y chromosome,
165
676886
1974
ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื ื”-Y,
11:18
and Doctor Yang from UCLA,
166
678884
2167
ื•ื“"ืจ ื™ืื ื’ ืž-UCLA,
11:21
they have found evidence that tells us that those sex-determining chromosomes
167
681075
5659
ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื”ื”ื
11:26
that are in every cell in our bodies
168
686758
2597
ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•
11:29
continue to remain active for our entire lives
169
689379
5359
ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
11:36
and could be what's responsible for the differences we see
170
696517
3575
ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
11:40
in the dosing of drugs,
171
700116
2215
ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
11:42
or why there are differences between men and women
172
702355
2966
ืื• ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื
11:45
in the susceptibility and severity of diseases.
173
705345
3516
ื‘ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
11:51
This new knowledge is the game-changer,
174
711032
2920
ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืืช ื”ืงืœืคื™ื,
11:57
and it's up to those scientists that continue to find that evidence,
175
717425
3374
ื•ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื”ื ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืŸ,
12:00
but it's up to the clinicians to start translating this data
176
720823
4153
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”
12:05
at the bedside, today.
177
725000
2999
ืœืฆื“ ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ื™ื•ื.
12:09
Right now.
178
729168
1156
ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื”.
12:13
And to help do this, I'm a co-founder of a national organization
179
733450
3024
ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ืช ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™
12:16
called Sex and Gender Women's Health Collaborative,
180
736498
2983
ืฉื ืงืจื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’,
12:19
and we collect all of this data so that it's available for teaching
181
739505
4620
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจืื”
12:24
and for patient care.
182
744149
1405
ื•ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
12:26
And we're working to bring together the medical educators to the table.
183
746380
4368
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืืช ืžื—ื ื›ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”.
12:31
That's a big job.
184
751756
1468
ื–ื• ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
12:34
It's changing the way medical training has been done since its inception.
185
754162
5139
ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื ืขืฉื” ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื.
12:41
But I believe in them.
186
761039
1843
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ื.
12:43
I know they're going to see the value of incorporating the gender lens
187
763882
5597
ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื ื™ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื“ืฉืช ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’
12:49
into the current curriculum.
188
769503
1722
ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™.
12:52
It's about training the future health care providers correctly.
189
772598
4618
ื–ื” ืขืœ ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
13:00
And regionally,
190
780437
1151
ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™,
13:01
I'm a co-creator of a division within the Department of Emergency Medicine
191
781612
3861
ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืชืคื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื—ืœืงืช ืจืคื•ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื
13:05
here at Brown University,
192
785497
1720
ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ,
13:07
called Sex and Gender in Emergency Medicine,
193
787241
2610
ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืจืคื•ืืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื,
13:09
and we conduct the research to determine the differences between men and women
194
789875
4626
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื
13:14
in emergent conditions,
195
794525
2158
ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื,
13:16
like heart disease and stroke and sepsis and substance abuse,
196
796707
5268
ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ืฉื‘ืฅ ื•ืื™ืœื•ื— ื“ื ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื™ื,
13:21
but we also believe that education is paramount.
197
801999
4377
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™.
13:27
We've created a 360-degree model of education.
198
807304
4001
ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ 360 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
13:31
We have programs for the doctors, for the nurses, for the students
199
811329
5958
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื
13:37
and for the patients.
200
817311
1706
ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
13:39
Because this cannot just be left up to the health care leaders.
201
819511
4058
ื›ื™ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™.
13:44
We all have a role in making a difference.
202
824315
3477
ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
13:48
But I must warn you: this is not easy.
203
828650
3857
ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื™ ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืชื›ื: ื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ.
13:53
In fact, it's hard.
204
833840
1592
ื‘ืขืฆื, ื–ื” ืงืฉื”.
13:57
It's essentially changing the way we think about medicine
205
837146
4392
ื–ื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™, ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืคื•ืื”
14:01
and health and research.
206
841562
2997
ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจ.
14:05
It's changing our relationship to the health care system.
207
845711
3136
ื–ื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
14:09
But there's no going back.
208
849760
2888
ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื”.
14:13
We now know just enough
209
853339
3699
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืขืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง
14:17
to know that we weren't doing it right.
210
857062
2356
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืœื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
14:21
Martin Luther King, Jr. has said,
211
861672
2318
ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืช'ืจ ืงื™ื ื’ ื’'ื•ื ื™ื•ืจ ืืžืจ,
14:24
"Change does not roll in on the wheels of inevitability,
212
864014
4649
"ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืคื ื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื’ืœื’ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข,
14:28
but comes through continuous struggle."
213
868687
2174
ืืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ื“ืจืš ืžืื‘ืง ืžืชืžืฉืš".
14:32
And the first step towards change is awareness.
214
872314
2730
ื•ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืงืจืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
14:36
This is not just about improving medical care for women.
215
876116
4078
ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืœื ืฉื™ื.
14:40
This is about personalized, individualized health care for everyone.
216
880702
4959
ื–ื” ืขืœ ืจืคื•ืื” ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื›ื•ืœื.
14:47
This awareness has the power to transform medical care for men and women.
217
887090
6102
ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื.
14:54
And from now on, I want you to ask your doctors
218
894827
5688
ื•ืžืขืชื” ื•ื”ืœืื”, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืฉืืœื• ืืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
15:00
whether the treatments you are receiving are specific to your sex and gender.
219
900539
4277
ืื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœืžื™ืŸ ื•ืœืžื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœื›ื.
15:06
They may not know the answer --
220
906246
2689
ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” --
15:08
yet.
221
908959
1166
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
15:11
But the conversation has begun, and together we can all learn.
222
911101
3862
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื—ืœ, ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“.
15:15
Remember, for me and my colleagues in this field,
223
915797
4377
ื–ื™ื›ืจื•, ืœื™ ื•ืœืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
15:20
your sex and gender matter.
224
920198
2277
ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
15:23
Thank you.
225
923379
1152
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
15:24
(Applause)
226
924555
4444
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7