Why Medicine Often Has Dangerous Side Effects for Women | Alyson McGregor | TED Talks

225,947 views

2015-11-05 ・ TED


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Why Medicine Often Has Dangerous Side Effects for Women | Alyson McGregor | TED Talks

225,947 views ・ 2015-11-05

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Ju Hye Lim κ²€ν† : Gemma Lee
00:12
We all go to doctors.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ 병원에 κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
And we do so with trust and blind faith
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μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄ λ°›μœΌλΌκ³  ν•˜λŠ” ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈμ™€
00:21
that the test they are ordering and the medications they're prescribing
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μ²˜λ°©ν•˜λŠ” 약이 우리λ₯Ό λ„μ™€μ€€λ‹€λŠ” 증거에
00:25
are based upon evidence --
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κΈ°λ°˜ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ”
00:28
evidence that's designed to help us.
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신뒰와 λ§Ήλͺ©μ μΈ λ―ΏμŒμ„ κ°€μ§€κ³ μš”.
00:32
However, the reality is that that hasn't always been the case for everyone.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν˜„μ‹€μ€ λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ μ–Έμ œλ‚˜ ν•΄λ‹Ήλ˜λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
What if I told you
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λ§Œμ•½ μ§€λ‚œ 100λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
00:40
that the medical science discovered over the past century
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μ˜ν•™ λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¨ λ°œκ²¬λ“€μ΄
00:44
has been based on only half the population?
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인ꡬ의 μ ˆλ°˜μ—λ§Œ κΈ°λ°˜ν•œ 것이라면 μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
00:48
I'm an emergency medicine doctor.
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μ €λŠ” μ‘κΈ‰μ˜ν•™κ³Ό μ˜μ‚¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
I was trained to be prepared in a medical emergency.
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응급 의료 상황에 μ€€λΉ„λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ„λ‘ ν›ˆλ ¨λ°›μ•˜μ£ .
00:54
It's about saving lives. How cool is that?
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생λͺ…을 μ‚΄λ¦¬λŠ” μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ©‹μ§„κ°€μš”?
01:00
OK, there's a lot of runny noses and stubbed toes,
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콧물감기도 많고 λΆ€λ”ͺ힌 λ°œκ°€λ½λ„ λ§Žμ§€λ§Œ
01:03
but no matter who walks through the door to the ER,
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λˆ„κ°€ μ‘κΈ‰μ‹€λ‘œ λ“€μ–΄μ˜€λ“ 
01:07
we order the same tests,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ˜‘κ°™μ€ ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό μ§„ν–‰ν•˜κ³ 
01:09
we prescribe the same medication,
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λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 약을 μ²˜λ°©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
without ever thinking about the sex or gender of our patients.
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ν™˜μžμ˜ 성별은 μ „ν˜€ κ³ λ €ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
Why would we?
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μ™œ κ·ΈλŸ΄κΉŒμš”?
01:19
We were never taught that there were any differences between men and women.
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λ‚¨λ…€μ˜ 차이가 μ—†λ‹€κ³  λ°°μ› κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
A recent Government Accountability study revealed that 80 percent of the drugs
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졜근 λ°œν‘œλœ λ―Έκ΅­ 감사원 연ꡬ결과에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
01:27
withdrawn from the market
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μ‹œμž₯μ—μ„œ 회수된 μ•½ν’ˆμ˜ 80%λŠ”
01:29
are due to side effects on women.
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μ—¬μ„±μ—κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ λΆ€μž‘μš© λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λΌκ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
So let's think about that for a minute.
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이것에 λŒ€ν•΄ μž μ‹œ μƒκ°ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
01:35
Why are we discovering side effects on women
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μ™œ μ•½ν’ˆμ΄ μ‹œμž₯에 μΆœμ‹œλœ 후에야
01:39
only after a drug has been released to the market?
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μ—¬μ„±μ—κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” λΆ€μž‘μš©μ„ λ°œκ²¬ν•˜λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
01:43
Do you know that it takes years for a drug to go from an idea
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 약이 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄μ—μ„œ μ‹œμž‘ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ 세포에 μ‹€ν—˜ν•˜κ³ 
01:49
to being tested on cells in a laboratory,
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λ™λ¬Όμ‹€ν—˜μ„ 거치고
01:52
to animal studies,
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μΈκ°„μ—κ²Œ μž„μƒμ‹€ν—˜λ˜κ³ 
01:54
to then clinical trials on humans,
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μ΅œμ’…μ μœΌλ‘œ κΈ°κ΄€μŠΉμΈμ„ λ°›κ³ 
01:56
finally to go through a regulatory approval process,
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μ˜μ‚¬κ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ μ²˜λ°©ν•  수 있게 λ˜κΈ°κΉŒμ§€
02:00
to be available for your doctor to prescribe to you?
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수 년이 κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ” κ±° μ•„μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
02:06
Not to mention the millions and billions of dollars of funding
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κ·Έ 과정을 거치렀면 λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ 수 백만, μˆ˜μ‹­ μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬μ˜
02:09
it takes to go through that process.
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μžκΈˆλ„ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
So why are we discovering unacceptable side effects
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ™œ 인ꡬ의 μ ˆλ°˜μ—κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ”
02:16
on half the population after that has gone through?
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치λͺ…적인 λΆ€μž‘μš©μ„ 과정을 λ‹€ 거친 후에야 λ°œκ²¬ν• κΉŒμš”?
02:23
What's happening?
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무슨 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
02:24
Well, it turns out that those cells used in that laboratory,
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μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 세포가
02:28
they're male cells,
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λ‚¨μ„±μ˜ 세포인 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
and the animals used in the animal studies were male animals,
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λ™λ¬Όμ‹€ν—˜μ— μ‚¬μš©λœ 동물도 μˆ˜μ»·μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
and the clinical trials have been performed almost exclusively on men.
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μž„μƒμ‹€ν—˜λ„ 거의 λ°°νƒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ 남성을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
How is it that the male model became our framework for medical research?
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μ™œ 남성 ν‘œλ³Έμ΄ μ˜ν•™ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λΌˆλŒ€κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
02:46
Let's look at an example that has been popularized in the media,
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언둠이 널리 퍼뜨린 μ˜ˆμ‹œλ₯Ό ν•œ 번 λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
02:50
and it has to do with the sleep aid Ambien.
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수면제인 μ•°λΉ„μ—”κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λœ μ˜ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
Ambien was released on the market over 20 years ago,
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앰비엔은 20λ…„ 전에 μ‹œμž₯에 μΆœμ‹œλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
and since then, hundreds of millions of prescriptions have been written,
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κ·Έ λ’€λ‘œ 수 μ–΅ λ²ˆμ΄λ‚˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ²˜λ°©λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
03:03
primarily to women, because women suffer more sleep disorders than men.
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여성이 남성보닀 수면μž₯μ• λ₯Ό 더 많이 κ²ͺμ–΄μ„œ 주둜 μ—¬μ„±μ—κ²Œ μ²˜λ°©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
But just this past year,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§€λ‚œ ν•΄
03:11
the Food and Drug Administration recommended cutting the dose in half
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μ‹ν’ˆμ˜μ•½κ΅­(FDA)λŠ” μ—¬μ„±μ—κ²Œλ§Œ λ³΅μš©λŸ‰μ„ 절반으둜 쀄일 것을
03:14
for women only,
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ꢌμž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
because they just realized that women metabolize the drug
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여성이 남성보닀 더 느린 μ†λ„λ‘œ 약을 λΆ„ν•΄ν•˜μ—¬
03:20
at a slower rate than men,
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λͺΈμ— μ•½ 성뢄이 더 많이 남은 μ±„λ‘œ
03:23
causing them to wake up in the morning
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아침에 μΌμ–΄λ‚œλ‹€λŠ” 것을
03:25
with more of the active drug in their system.
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μ΅œκ·Όμ— μ•Œμ•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
And then they're drowsy and they're getting behind the wheel of the car,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ‘Έλ¦° μ±„λ‘œ μš΄μ „μ„ ν•˜κ²Œ 되고
03:32
and they're at risk for motor vehicle accidents.
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ꡐ톡사고가 λ°œμƒν•  μœ„ν—˜μ΄ 생기죠.
03:36
And I can't help but think, as an emergency physician,
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μ €λŠ” μ‘κΈ‰μ˜ν•™κ³Ό μ˜μ‚¬λ‘œμ„œ 이런 생각이 λ“€ 수 밖에 μ—†λ„€μš”.
03:40
how many of my patients that I've cared for over the years
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이 약이 μΆœμ‹œλ˜μ—ˆμ„ λ•ŒμΈ
03:45
were involved in a motor vehicle accident
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20λ…„ 전에 이런 뢄석이 μ‹€ν–‰λ˜μ–΄ μ΄λ€„μ‘Œλ‹€λ©΄
03:48
that possibly could have been prevented
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λ‚΄κ°€ 수 λ…„κ°„ μΉ˜λ£Œν•œ ꡐ톡사고 ν™˜μžλ“€ 쀑에
03:52
if this type of analysis was performed and acted upon 20 years ago
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사고λ₯Ό 막을 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ„ ν™•λ₯ μ΄ μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄
03:57
when this drug was first released.
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μžˆμ„κΉŒ?
04:01
How many other things need to be analyzed by gender?
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 더 λ§Žμ€ 것듀이 성별에 따라 λΆ„μ„λ˜μ•Ό ν• κΉŒ?
04:05
What else are we missing?
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또 무엇을 λ†“μΉ˜κ³  μžˆμ„κΉŒ?
04:09
World War II changed a lot of things,
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제2μ°¨ μ„Έκ³„λŒ€μ „μ€ λ§Žμ€ κ±Έ λ°”κΏ”λ†“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
and one of them was this need to protect people
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κ·Έ μ€‘μ—λŠ” μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ μ •λ³΄μ œκ³΅ 없이 λ™μ˜λ°›μ•„ μ§„ν–‰λ˜λŠ” μ˜ν•™ μ‹€ν—˜μ˜
04:16
from becoming victims of medical research without informed consent.
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ν”Όν•΄μžκ°€ λ˜μ§€ μ•Šλ„λ‘ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜λŠ” 것도 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:21
So some much-needed guidelines or rules were set into place,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 맀우 ν•„μš”ν–ˆλ˜ 지침과 κ·œμ •μ΄ λ„μž…λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ°
04:25
and part of that was this desire to protect women of childbearing age
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λΆ€λΆ„μ μœΌλ‘œ κ°€μž„κΈ°μ˜ 여성이 μ–΄λ–€ μ˜ν•™ μ‹€ν—˜μ—λ„
04:30
from entering into any medical research studies.
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μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ²Œ λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜λ €λŠ” λ°”λžŒλ„ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
There was fear: what if something happened to the fetus during the study?
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연ꡬ 도쀑 νƒœμ•„μ—κ²Œ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 생기면 μ–΄λ–‘ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”μ§€, λˆ„κ°€ μ±…μž„μ„ μ§€λŠ”μ§€μ—
04:39
Who would be responsible?
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λŒ€ν•œ 두렀움이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
And so the scientists at this time actually thought
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ‹ΉλŒ€μ˜ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이것을
04:44
this was a blessing in disguise,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λœ»λ°–μ˜ 이득이라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:47
because let's face it -- men's bodies are pretty homogeneous.
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μ†”μ§νžˆ λ§ν•΄μ„œ λ‚¨μžμ˜ μ‹ μ²΄λŠ” 호λ₯΄λͺ¬ μˆ˜μΉ˜κ°€ 계속 λ³€ν•˜λŠ” 일 없이
04:52
They don't have the constantly fluctuating levels of hormones
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항상 μΌμ •ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λ‚¨μžλ“€λ§Œ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•˜λ©΄
04:56
that could disrupt clean data they could get if they had only men.
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ν˜Όλ™μ„ 주지 μ•ŠλŠ” κΉ”λ”ν•œ 데이터λ₯Ό 얻을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:01
It was easier. It was cheaper.
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더 쉽고 μ €λ ΄ν•˜μ£ .
05:05
Not to mention, at this time, there was a general assumption
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이 μ‹œλŒ€μ—λŠ” μ—¬μ„±κ³Ό 남성이
05:08
that men and women were alike in every way,
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생식기와 μ„±ν˜Έλ₯΄λͺ¬μ„ μ œμ™Έν•˜κ³ λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  λ©΄μ—μ„œ κ°™λ‹€λŠ”
05:12
apart from their reproductive organs and sex hormones.
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보편적인 가정이 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 건 말할 ν•„μš”λ„ μ—†κ³ μš”.
05:17
So it was decided:
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ •ν•΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:21
medical research was performed on men,
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μ˜ν•™ μ‹€ν—˜μ€ λ‚¨μ„±μ—κ²Œ μ‹€ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
05:24
and the results were later applied to women.
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κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” λ‚˜μ€‘μ— μ—¬μ„±μ—κ²Œ μ μš©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:29
What did this do to the notion of women's health?
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이것이 μ—¬μ„± 건강에 λŒ€ν•œ 인식에 μ–΄λ–€ 영ν–₯을 μ£Όμ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
05:32
Women's health became synonymous with reproduction:
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μ—¬μ„±μ˜ 건강이 생식과 λ™μΌμ‹œλ˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:37
breasts, ovaries, uterus, pregnancy.
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κ°€μŠ΄, λ‚œμ†Œ, 자ꢁ, μž„μ‹ κ³Ό 말이죠.
05:42
It's this term we now refer to as "bikini medicine."
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ν˜„μž¬ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ "λΉ„ν‚€λ‹ˆ μ˜ν•™"이라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:46
And this stayed this way until about the 1980s,
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이 κ°œλ…μ€ 1980λ…„λŒ€κΉŒμ§€ μœ μ§€λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ°,
05:49
when this concept was challenged by the medical community
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여성을 μ˜ν•™μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ λ°°μ œν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
05:52
and by the public health policymakers when they realized that
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생식에 κ΄€ν•œ 문제 μ΄μ™Έμ—λŠ”
05:56
by excluding women from all medical research studies
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μ—¬μ„± ν™˜μžμ˜ νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ ν•„μš”μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ•Œλ €μ§„ 게 거의 μ—†μ–΄μ„œ
06:01
we actually did them a disservice,
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μ—¬μ„±μ—κ²Œ 사싀상
06:04
in that apart from reproductive issues,
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ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό μ΄ˆλž˜ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 깨달은
06:06
virtually nothing was known about the unique needs
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μ˜ν•™κ³„μ™€ 곡쀑 보건 μ •μ±… μž…μ•ˆμžλ“€μ΄
06:09
of the female patient.
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이의λ₯Ό μ œκΈ°ν•˜κΈ° μ „κΉŒμ§€ μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:12
Since that time, an overwhelming amount of evidence has come to light
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κ·Έ λ•Œ μ΄ν›„λ‘œ, 남성과 여성이 λͺ¨λ“  λ©΄μ—μ„œ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έμ§€
06:18
that shows us just how different men and women are in every way.
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λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ–‘μ˜ 증거가 λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:29
You know, we have this saying in medicine:
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μ˜ν•™μ—λŠ” 이런 말이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:32
children are not just little adults.
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아이듀은 μž‘μ€ μ–΄λ₯Έμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:36
And we say that to remind ourselves
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 말을 아이듀이 보톡 μ–΄λ₯Έκ³Ό
06:38
that children actually have a different physiology than normal adults.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 생리 κΈ°λŠ₯을 κ°€μ§„λ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ λ– μ˜¬λ¦¬κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:44
And it's because of this that the medical specialty of pediatrics came to light.
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이 말 덕뢄에 μ†Œμ•„κ³Όμ˜ μ˜ν•™μ „λ¬Έμ„±μ΄ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
06:49
And we now conduct research on children in order to improve their lives.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이제 μ•„μ΄λ“€μ˜ 삢을 κ°œμ„ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 아이듀을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:57
And I know the same thing can be said about women.
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μ €λŠ” 이 말이 μ—¬μ„±μ—κ²Œλ„ λ˜‘κ°™μ΄ 적용될 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:59
Women are not just men with boobs and tubes.
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여성은 κ°€μŠ΄κ³Ό λ‚œμ†Œκ°€ 달린 남성이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:06
But they have their own anatomy and physiology
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λ˜‘κ°™μ€ μ€‘μš”λ„λ₯Ό 가지고 μ—°κ΅¬λ˜μ–΄ λ§ˆλ•…ν•œ
07:10
that deserves to be studied with the same intensity.
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여성을 μœ„ν•œ ν•΄λΆ€ν•™κ³Ό 생리학이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:15
Let's take the cardiovascular system, for example.
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μΌλ‘€λ‘œ 심μž₯ν˜ˆκ΄€κ³„λ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
07:18
This area in medicine has done the most to try to figure out
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μ˜ν•™κ³„μ—μ„œ 이 λΆ„μ•Όκ°€ μ—¬μ„±κ³Ό λ‚¨μ„±μ—κ²Œ μ™œ μ™„μ „νžˆ λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜•νƒœμ˜
07:22
why it seems men and women have completely different heart attacks.
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심μž₯λ§ˆλΉ„κ°€ μ˜€λŠ”μ§€ μ•ŒκΈ° μœ„ν•΄ κ°€μž₯ 많이 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:27
Heart disease is the number one killer for both men and women,
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심μž₯μ§ˆν™˜μ€ μ—¬μ„±κ³Ό 남성 λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ 사망원인 1μœ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:33
but more women die within the first year of having a heart attack than men.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 더 λ§Žμ€ 여성이 심μž₯λ§ˆλΉ„κ°€ 온 첫 해에 μ£½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:39
Men will complain of crushing chest pain --
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λ‚¨μžλ“€μ€ μœΌμŠ€λŸ¬μ§€λŠ” λ“―ν•œ κ°€μŠ΄ 톡증을 ν˜Έμ†Œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:43
an elephant is sitting on their chest.
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코끼리가 κ°€μŠ΄μ— μ•‰μ•„μžˆλŠ” 것 κ°™λ‹€κ³ μš”.
07:46
And we call this typical.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이걸 μ „ν˜•μ μ΄λΌκ³  λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:49
Women have chest pain, too.
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여성듀도 κ°€μŠ΄ 톡증이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:52
But more women than men will complain of "just not feeling right,"
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 λΆˆν‰μ„ 더 많이 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. "λ­”κ°€ μ΄μƒν•΄μš”."
08:00
"can't seem to get enough air in,"
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"μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ μˆ¨μ„ 듀이쉴 μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μ–΄μš”."
08:03
"just so tired lately."
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"빨리 ν”Όκ³€ν•΄μ Έμš”."
08:07
And for some reason we call this atypical,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이걸 이둀적이라고 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:09
even though, as I mentioned, women do make up half the population.
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μ œκ°€ λ§ν–ˆλ“―μ΄, 여성듀이 인ꡬ μ ˆλ°˜μ„ μ°¨μ§€ν•˜λŠ”λ° 말이죠.
08:15
And so what is some of the evidence to help explain some of these differences?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ 이 차이λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” μ¦κ±°λŠ” 무엇이 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
08:21
If we look at the anatomy,
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해뢀해보면,
08:24
the blood vessels that surround the heart are smaller in women compared to men,
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남성보닀 여성이 심μž₯을 λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό ν˜ˆκ΄€μ΄ μ–‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:30
and the way that those blood vessels develop disease is different
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이 ν˜ˆκ΄€λ“€μ΄ 병을 μ§„ν–‰μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 방식도
08:35
in women compared to men.
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μ—¬μ„±κ³Ό 남성이 λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:37
And the test that we use to determine if someone is at risk for a heart attack,
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심μž₯λ§ˆλΉ„ μœ„ν—˜μ΄ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλŠ”
08:43
well, they were initially designed and tested and perfected in men,
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μ• μ΄ˆμ— 남성에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•΄ μ„€κ³„λ˜κ³  μ‹€ν—˜λ˜κ³  μ™„μ„±λœ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:47
and so aren't as good at determining that in women.
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여성에겐 그만큼 νš¨κ³Όμ μ΄μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:52
And then if we think about the medications --
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” μ•„μŠ€ν”Όλ¦° 같은
08:55
common medications that we use, like aspirin.
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일반적인 μ˜μ•½ν’ˆμ„ 생각해 λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
08:59
We give aspirin to healthy men to help prevent them from having a heart attack,
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κ±΄κ°•ν•œ λ‚¨μ„±μ—κ²Œ 심μž₯λ§ˆλΉ„ μ˜ˆλ°©μ„ μœ„ν•΄ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•„μŠ€ν”Όλ¦°μ„ μ²˜λ°©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:04
but do you know that if you give aspirin to a healthy woman,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ±΄κ°•ν•œ μ—¬μ„±μ—κ²Œ μ•„μŠ€ν”Όλ¦°μ„ μ£Όλ©΄
09:08
it's actually harmful?
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μœ„ν—˜ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ•„μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
09:12
What this is doing is merely telling us
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이 사싀은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν‘œλ©΄λ§Œ 긁고 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ
09:14
that we are scratching the surface.
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μ•Œλ €μ£ΌλŠ” 것에 λΆˆκ³Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:19
Emergency medicine is a fast-paced business.
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μ‘κΈ‰μ˜ν•™μ€ 일이 κΈ΄λ°•ν•˜κ²Œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜λŠ” λΆ„μ•Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:23
In how many life-saving areas of medicine,
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μ•”μ΄λ‚˜ λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘μ²˜λŸΌ
09:26
like cancer and stroke,
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남성과 μ—¬μ„±μ˜ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 차이점을 ν™œμš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
09:30
are there important differences between men and women that we could be utilizing?
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생λͺ…을 κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” μ˜ν•™λΆ„μ•Όκ°€ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ§Žμ€κ°€μš”?
09:36
Or even, why is it that some people get those runny noses
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 심지어, μ™œ μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 남듀보닀 더 많이
09:41
more than others,
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콧물이 λ‚˜μ˜¬κΉŒμš”?
09:43
or why the pain medication that we give to those stubbed toes
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μ™œ λΆ€λ‹ΊνžŒ λ°œκ°€λ½μ— μ²˜λ°©ν•˜λŠ” μ§„ν†΅μ œκ°€ μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²ŒλŠ” νš¨κ³Όκ°€ 있고
09:46
work in some and not in others?
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μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ•ˆ ν†΅ν• κΉŒμš”?
09:53
The Institute of Medicine has said every cell has a sex.
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μ˜ν•™ν˜‘νšŒλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  세포에 성별이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:59
What does this mean?
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이게 무슨 λ§μΌκΉŒμš”?
10:02
Sex is DNA.
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성별은 DNAμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:04
Gender is how someone presents themselves in society.
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성은 μžμ‹ μ„ μ‚¬νšŒμ— λ“œλŸ¬λ‚΄λŠ” λ°©μ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:09
And these two may not always match up,
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이 두 κ°œλŠ” 항상 같지 μ•Šμ„ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:12
as we can see with our transgendered population.
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νŠΈλ ŒμŠ€μ  λ” 인ꡬλ₯Ό 보면 μ•Œ 수 있죠.
10:16
But it's important to realize that from the moment of conception,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ •μžμ™€ λ‚œμžκ°€ μˆ˜μ •λ˜λŠ” μˆœκ°„λΆ€ν„°
10:21
every cell in our bodies --
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ν”ΌλΆ€, 머리카락, 심μž₯κ³Ό 폐에 μžˆλŠ”
10:23
skin, hair, heart and lungs --
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μ‹ μ²΄μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  세포가 우리 고유의 DNAλ₯Ό
10:27
contains our own unique DNA,
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κ°€μ§„λ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ•„λŠ” 건 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:30
and that DNA contains the chromosomes that determine
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이 DNAλŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 남성, 여성이 될지 μ—¬μž, λ‚¨μžκ°€ 될지λ₯Ό
10:34
whether we become male or female, man or woman.
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κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” 염색체λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:40
It used to be thought
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μ—¬κΈ° λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μžˆλŠ”
10:42
that those sex-determining chromosomes pictured here --
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XYλ©΄ 남성이고 XXλ©΄ 여성이라고 성별을 κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” 염색체가
10:46
XY if you're male, XX if you're female --
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λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ λ‚œμ†Œλ₯Ό κ°–κ³  νƒœμ–΄λ‚ μ§€
10:49
merely determined whether you would be born with ovaries or testes,
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κ³ ν™˜μ„ κ°–κ³  νƒœμ–΄λ‚ μ§€λ§Œμ„ κ²°μ •ν•˜κ³ 
10:54
and it was the sex hormones that those organs produced
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생식기가 λΆ„λΉ„ν•˜λŠ” μ„±ν˜Έλ₯΄λͺ¬μ΄ 두 성별 사이에 λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ”
10:58
that were responsible for the differences we see in the opposite sex.
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차이λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Έλ‹€κ³  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ—¬κ²Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:04
But we now know that that theory was wrong --
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이제 이 이둠이 ν‹€λ Έλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:09
or it's at least a little incomplete.
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 적어도 μ•½κ°„ λ―Έμ™„μ΄κ±°λ‚˜μš”.
11:12
And thankfully, scientists like Dr. Page from the Whitehead Institute,
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κ°μ‚¬ν•˜κ²Œλ„ ν™”μ΄νŠΈν—€λ“œ μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ—μ„œ Y염색체λ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜μ‹œλŠ”
11:16
who works on the Y chromosome,
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νŽ˜μ΄μ§€ κ΅μˆ˜λ‹˜μ΄λ‚˜
11:18
and Doctor Yang from UCLA,
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UCLA의 μ–‘ κ΅μˆ˜λ‹˜κ°™μ€ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄
11:21
they have found evidence that tells us that those sex-determining chromosomes
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μ‹ μ²΄μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  세포에 λ“€μ–΄μžˆλŠ” 성별을 κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” 염색체듀이
11:26
that are in every cell in our bodies
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평생 λ™μ•ˆ ν™œμ„±ν™”λœ μƒνƒœλ‘œ μœ μ§€λ˜λ©°
11:29
continue to remain active for our entire lives
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μ•½μ˜ λ³΅μš©λŸ‰μ— 차이가 λ‚˜λŠ” 원인일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀과
11:36
and could be what's responsible for the differences we see
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남성과 μ—¬μ„± 쀑에 ν•œ 성별이 μ–΄μ§Έμ„œ
11:40
in the dosing of drugs,
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병에 더 μ‰½κ²Œ,
11:42
or why there are differences between men and women
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더 μ‹¬ν•˜κ²Œ κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ” 차이가 μƒκΈ°λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό
11:45
in the susceptibility and severity of diseases.
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증λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” 증거λ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:51
This new knowledge is the game-changer,
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이 사싀은 νŒλ„λ₯Ό λ’€λ°”κΎΈμ–΄ λ†“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:57
and it's up to those scientists that continue to find that evidence,
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이제 이런 증거λ₯Ό 계속 μ°ΎλŠ” 것은 이 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ λ‹¬λ €μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:00
but it's up to the clinicians to start translating this data
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ κ³μ—μ„œ 이 데이터λ₯Ό μ§€κΈˆλΆ€ν„° ν•΄μ„ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λŠ” 것은
12:05
at the bedside, today.
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μž„μƒμ˜μ—κ²Œ λ‹¬λ €μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:09
Right now.
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μ§€κΈˆ λ‹Ήμž₯λΆ€ν„°μš”.
12:13
And to help do this, I'm a co-founder of a national organization
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그리고 도움이 되기 μœ„ν•΄
12:16
called Sex and Gender Women's Health Collaborative,
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성별 μ—¬μ„± 건강 ν˜‘λ ₯μ΄λΌλŠ” κ΅­κ°€κΈ°κ΄€μ˜ κ³΅λ™μ°½λ¦½μžλ‘œμ„œ
12:19
and we collect all of this data so that it's available for teaching
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μˆ˜μ—…κ³Ό ν™˜μž μΉ˜λ£Œμ— μ“Έ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘
12:24
and for patient care.
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μžλ£Œλ“€μ„ μˆ˜μ§‘ν•˜κ³ 
12:26
And we're working to bring together the medical educators to the table.
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μ˜ν•™ λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ κ΅μœ‘μžλ“€μ„ λ…Όμ˜μ— μ°Έμ—¬μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ…Έλ ₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:31
That's a big job.
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λ§‰μ€‘ν•œ μž„λ¬΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:34
It's changing the way medical training has been done since its inception.
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μ˜ν•™ ꡐ윑이 처음 μ‹œμž‘λœ 이래둜 κ³„μ†λ˜μ˜€λ˜ 방식을 λ°”κΎΈκ³  있죠.
12:41
But I believe in them.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €λŠ” λ―ΏμŒμ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:43
I know they're going to see the value of incorporating the gender lens
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ν˜„μž¬ κ΅μœ‘κ³Όμ •μ— 성별에 차이λ₯Ό λ‘λŠ” μ‹œκ°μ„ κ²°ν•©μ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ²ƒμ˜ κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό
12:49
into the current curriculum.
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μ•Œκ²Œ 될 거라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:52
It's about training the future health care providers correctly.
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이건 미래 μ˜λ£ŒμΈλ“€μ„ μ˜¬λ°”λ₯΄κ²Œ κ΅μœ‘μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것에 κ΄€ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:00
And regionally,
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μ œκ°€ μ‚¬λŠ” μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ
13:01
I'm a co-creator of a division within the Department of Emergency Medicine
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μ €λŠ” 브라운 λŒ€μ˜ μ‘κΈ‰μ˜ν•™λΆ€ μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ”
13:05
here at Brown University,
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'μ‘κΈ‰μ˜ν•™ λ‚΄ μ„±κ³Ό 성별'μ΄λΌλŠ”
13:07
called Sex and Gender in Emergency Medicine,
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ν•™κ³Όμ˜ 곡동 μ°½λ¦½μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:09
and we conduct the research to determine the differences between men and women
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 심μž₯μ§ˆν™˜μ΄λ‚˜ λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘, 패혈증, μ•½λ¬Όλ‚¨μš©κ°™μ€
13:14
in emergent conditions,
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응급 μƒν™©μ—μ„œμ˜
13:16
like heart disease and stroke and sepsis and substance abuse,
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μ—¬μ„±κ³Ό λ‚¨μ„±μ˜ 차이λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:21
but we also believe that education is paramount.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ꡐ윑이 κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  λ―ΏκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
13:27
We've created a 360-degree model of education.
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360Β° λ‹€λ©΄ ꡐ윑 λͺ¨λΈμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:31
We have programs for the doctors, for the nurses, for the students
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μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ„ μœ„ν•œ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨λ„ 있고 κ°„ν˜Έμ‚¬λ‚˜ 학생, 그리고 ν™˜μžλ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ
13:37
and for the patients.
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ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:39
Because this cannot just be left up to the health care leaders.
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의료 λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ—κ²Œλ§Œ 이 일을 맑길 수 μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
13:44
We all have a role in making a difference.
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έμ˜€κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 각자의 역할이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:48
But I must warn you: this is not easy.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 미리 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬μžλ©΄ 쉽진 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:53
In fact, it's hard.
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사싀 νž˜λ“€μ£ .
13:57
It's essentially changing the way we think about medicine
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ˜ν•™κ³Ό 건강과 연ꡬ에 λŒ€ν•΄ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 방식을
14:01
and health and research.
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근본적으둜 λ°”κΎΈλŠ” κ±°λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
14:05
It's changing our relationship to the health care system.
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μš°λ¦¬μ™€ 의료 ν™˜κ²½μ˜ 관계λ₯Ό λ°”κΎΈλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:09
But there's no going back.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ˜λŒμ•„κ°ˆ 순 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:13
We now know just enough
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ—¬νƒœκΉŒμ§€ ν‹€λ¦¬κ²Œ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ
14:17
to know that we weren't doing it right.
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이제 μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ μ•ŒκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
14:21
Martin Luther King, Jr. has said,
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λ§ˆν‹΄ 루터 ν‚Ή μ£Όλ‹ˆμ–΄λŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:24
"Change does not roll in on the wheels of inevitability,
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"λ³€ν™”λŠ” λΆˆκ°€ν”Όν•¨μ˜ λ°”ν€΄λ‘œ κ΅΄λŸ¬μ˜€λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ,
14:28
but comes through continuous struggle."
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λ°˜λ³΅λ˜λŠ” 투쟁으둜 μ˜¨λ‹€."
14:32
And the first step towards change is awareness.
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λ³€ν™”λ‘œ κ°€λŠ” 첫 λ‹¨κ³„λŠ” μΈμ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:36
This is not just about improving medical care for women.
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λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ μ—¬μ„±μ˜ 의료 ν™˜κ²½μ„ κ°œμ„ ν•˜λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:40
This is about personalized, individualized health care for everyone.
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λͺ¨λ‘λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ κ°œλ³„ν™”λœ 맞좀 μ˜λ£Œμ„œλΉ„μŠ€μ— κ΄€ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:47
This awareness has the power to transform medical care for men and women.
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인식은 남녀 λͺ¨λ‘λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ 의료 ν™˜κ²½μ„ λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ” νž˜μ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:54
And from now on, I want you to ask your doctors
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μ΄μ œλΆ€ν„° μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λ°›κ³  μžˆλŠ” μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€
15:00
whether the treatments you are receiving are specific to your sex and gender.
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μ„±κ³Ό 성별에 νŠΉμ„±ν™”λœ 것인지 μ˜μ‚¬μ—κ²Œ 물어보기 λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:06
They may not know the answer --
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그뢄듀도 닡을 λͺ¨λ₯Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:08
yet.
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μ•„μ§μ€μš”.
15:11
But the conversation has begun, and together we can all learn.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λŒ€ν™”λŠ” μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆκ³  μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν•¨κ»˜ 배울 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:15
Remember, for me and my colleagues in this field,
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κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ„Έμš”. 이 뢄야에 μ’…μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” 저와 λ™λ£Œλ“€μ—κ²Œ
15:20
your sex and gender matter.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ„±κ³Ό 성별은 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:23
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:24
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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