Nizar Ibrahim: How we unearthed the spinosaurus

120,399 views ใƒป 2015-04-24

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:12
These dragons from deep time are incredible creatures.
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ื”ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
00:17
They're bizzarre,
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ื”ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื,
00:19
they're beautiful,
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ื”ื ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื™ื,
00:20
and there's very little we know about them.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“.
00:23
These thoughts were going through my head
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™
00:26
when I looked at the pages of my first dinosaur book.
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ื“ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
00:30
I was about five years old at the time,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
00:33
and I decided there and then
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืื–
00:35
that I would become a paleontologist.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ืคืœื™ืื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’.
00:37
Paleontology allowed me to combine my love for animals
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ืคืœื™ืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื™ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช
00:41
with my desire to travel to far-flung corners of the world.
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ืขื ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืคื™ื ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:45
And now, a few years later, I've led several expeditions
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช
00:48
to the ultimate far-flung corner on this planet, the Sahara.
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ืœืคื™ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”, ื”ืกื”ืจื”.
00:54
I've worked in the Sahara because I've been on a quest
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ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืกื”ืจื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืกืข
00:58
to uncover new remains of a bizarre, giant predatory dinosaur
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ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืขื ืง ื•ื˜ื•ืจืฃ
01:03
called Spinosaurus.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืกืคื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื•ืก.
01:06
A few bones of this animal have been found
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ื›ืžื” ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ืชื’ืœื•
01:09
in the deserts of Egypt
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ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื
01:11
and were described about 100 years ago by a German paleontologist.
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ื•ืชื•ืืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ืื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ ื’ืจืžื ื™.
01:16
Unfortunately, all his Spinosaurus bones were destroyed in World War II.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื›ืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื•ืก ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
01:21
So all we're left with are just a few drawings and notes.
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ืื– ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช.
01:25
From these drawings,
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ืžื”ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:27
we know that this creature, which lived about 100 million years ago,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื—ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”,
01:30
was very big,
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
01:32
it had tall spines on its back, forming a magnificent sail,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืงื•ืฆื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘, ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืžืคืจืฉ ืžืจืฉื™ื,
01:35
and it had long, slender jaws, a bit like a crocodile,
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืœืกืชื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืงืจื•ืงื•ื“ื™ืœ,
01:41
with conical teeth,
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ืขื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
01:43
that may have been used to catch slippery prey, like fish.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ื˜ืจืฃ ื—ืœืงืœืง, ื›ืžื• ื“ื’ื™ื.
01:48
But that was pretty much all we knew
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ืขื ื•
01:50
about this animal for the next 100 years.
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ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš 100 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
01:58
My fieldwork took me to the border region between Morocco and Algeria,
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืงื—ื” ืื•ืชื™ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื•ืงื• ื•ืืœื’'ื™ืจื™ื”,
02:03
a place called the Kem Kem.
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ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืฉื ืงื ืงื.
02:05
It's a difficult place to work in.
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ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืงืฉื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื•.
02:08
You have to deal with sandstorms and snakes and scorpions,
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื•ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื,
02:11
and it's very difficult to find good fossils there.
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื.
02:15
But our hard work paid off.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืฉืชืœืžื”.
02:17
We discovered many incredible specimens.
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
02:20
There's the largest dinosaur bone
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ื”ื ื” ืขืฆื ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:21
that had ever been found in this part of the Sahara.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื” ืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื”ืจื”.
02:25
We found remains of giant predatory dinosaurs,
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื,
02:28
medium-sized predatory dinosaurs,
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ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™,
02:31
and seven or eight different kinds of crocodile-like hunters.
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ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื• ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืงืจื•ืงื•ื“ื™ืœ.
02:37
These fossils were deposited in a river system.
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ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื”ืจ.
02:40
The river system was also home to a giant, car-sized coelacanth,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืกื™ืœื™ืงื ืช' ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช,
02:44
a monster sawfish,
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ื“ื’ ืžืกื•ืจ ืžืคืœืฆืชื™,
02:47
and the skies over the river system were filled with pterosaurs,
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ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื™ื ืคื˜ืจื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื,
02:51
flying reptiles.
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ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื.
02:53
It was a pretty dangerous place,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ,
02:55
not the kind of place where you'd want to travel to if you had a time machine.
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ืœื ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื›ื ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื–ืžืŸ.
03:00
So we're finding all these incredible fossils of animals
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช
03:03
that lived alongside Spinosaurus,
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ืฉื—ื™ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื•ืก,
03:05
but Spinosaurus itself proved to be very elusive.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื•ืก ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื›ื— ื›ื“ื™ ื—ืžืงืžืง.
03:08
We were just finding bits and pieces
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืจืง ืคื™ืกื•ืช
03:10
and I was hoping that we'd find a partial skeleton at some point.
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ื•ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืฉืœื“ ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
03:15
Finally, very recently,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžืžืฉ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
03:17
we were able to track down a dig site
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืชืจ ื—ืคื™ืจื”
03:20
where a local fossil hunter found several bones of Spinosaurus.
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ื‘ื• ืฆื™ื™ื“ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืžืฆื ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื•ืก.
03:25
We returned to the site, we collected more bones.
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ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœืžืงื•ื, ืืกืคื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื•ืช.
03:28
And so after 100 years we finally had another partial skeleton
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ื•ื›ืš ืื—ืจื™ 100 ืฉื ื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืฉืœื“ ื—ืœืงื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ
03:32
of this bizarre creature.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
03:34
And we were able to reconstruct it.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
03:36
We now know that Spinosaurus had a head
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืœืกืคื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ
03:38
a little bit like a crocodile,
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ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืขื˜ ืœืงืจื•ืงื•ื“ื™ืœ,
03:39
very different from other predatory dinosaurs,
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ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:42
very different from the T. rex.
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ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื” T ืจืงืก.
03:44
But the really interesting information came from the rest of the skeleton.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืฉืœื“.
03:49
We had long spines,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืงื•ืฆื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื,
03:51
the spines forming the big sail.
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ื”ืงื•ืฆื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืคืจืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:53
We had leg bones, we had skull bones,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืขืฆื ืจื’ืœ, ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช,
03:55
we had paddle-shaped feet, wide feet --
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืจื’ืœื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื˜, ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช --
03:59
again, very unusual, no other dinosaur has feet like this --
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ืœืืฃ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื” --
04:02
and we think they may have been used to walk on soft sediment,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืจื›ื™ื,
04:05
or maybe for paddling in the water.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื—ืชื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื.
04:07
We also looked at the fine microstructure of the bone,
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ื”ื‘ื˜ื ื• ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื• ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื,
04:11
the inside structure of Spinosaurus bones,
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื•ืก,
04:13
and it turns out that they're very dense and compact.
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื—ื•ืกื•ืช ื•ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช.
04:16
Again, this is something we see in animals that spend a lot of time in the water,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื,
04:19
it's useful for buoyancy control in the water.
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืฆื™ืคื” ื‘ืžื™ื.
04:23
We C.T.-scanned all of our bones and built a digital Spinosaurus skeleton.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืกืจื™ืงืช CT ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื“ื’ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื•ืก.
04:28
And when we looked at the digital skeleton,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื“ ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™,
04:30
we realized that yes, this was a dinosaur unlike any other.
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ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:35
It's bigger than a T. rex,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž T ืจืงืก,
04:36
and yes, the head has "fish-eating" written all over it,
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ื•ื›ืŸ, ืœืจืืฉ ื™ืฉ "ืื•ื›ืœ ื“ื’ื™ื" ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื•,
04:39
but really the entire skeleton has "water-loving" written all over it --
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ืื•ื”ื‘ ืžื™ื" --
04:43
dense bone, paddle-like feet, and the hind limbs are reduced in size,
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ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ืกื•ืช, ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืžืฉื•ื˜, ื•ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžื•ืคื—ืช,
04:48
and again, this is something we see in animals
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช
04:50
that spend a substantial amount of time in the water.
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ืฉืžื‘ืœื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื.
04:54
So, as we fleshed out our Spinosaurus --
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ืื–, ื›ืฉื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ื‘ืฉืจ ืœืกืคื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื•ืก --
04:58
I'm looking at muscle attachments and wrapping our dinosaur in skin --
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ืขื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ื–ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืจ --
05:02
we realize that we're dealing with a river monster,
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ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืžืคืœืฆืช ื ื”ืจ,
05:06
a predatory dinosaur, bigger than T. rex,
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ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ, ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž T ืจืงืก,
05:08
the ruler of this ancient river of giants,
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ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื ื”ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขื ืงื™ื,
05:11
feeding on the many aquatic animals I showed you earlier on.
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ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืืชื™ ืœื›ื ืงื•ื“ื.
05:14
So that's really what makes this an incredible discovery.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
05:17
It's a dinosaur like no other.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ืฉืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:18
And some people told me, "Wow, this is a once-in-a-lifetime discovery.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื• ืœื™, "ื•ื•ืื•, ื–ื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืขื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
05:22
There are not many things left to discover in the world."
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ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•."
05:26
Well, I think nothing could be further from the truth.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืืžืช.
05:29
I think the Sahara's still full of treasures,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืกื”ืจื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœื ื‘ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช,
05:32
and when people tell me there are no places left to explore,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ,
05:35
I like to quote a famous dinosaur hunter, Roy Chapman Andrews,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืจื•ื“ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกื, ืจื•ื™ ืฆ'ืคืžืŸ ืื ื“ืจื•ื–,
05:39
and he said, "Always, there has been an adventure just around the corner --
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืชืžื™ื“, ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืคืชืงื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ื ื” --
05:45
and the world is still full of corners."
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœื ืคื™ื ื•ืช."
05:47
That was true many decades ago
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื
05:49
when Roy Chapman Andrews wrote these lines.
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ื›ืฉืจื•ื™ ืฆ'ืคืžืŸ ืื ื“ืจื•ื– ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
05:51
And it is still true today.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื.
05:53
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
05:54
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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