Why Brexit happened -- and what to do next | Alexander Betts

1,869,099 views ใƒป 2016-08-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: hila scherba ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:13
I am British.
0
13600
1936
ืื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™.
00:15
(Laughter)
1
15560
2136
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:17
(Applause)
2
17720
3136
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
00:20
Never before has the phrase "I am British" elicited so much pity.
3
20880
3776
ืืฃ ืคืขื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ - "ืื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™" ื”ืคื™ืง ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจื—ืžื™ื.
00:24
(Laughter)
4
24680
2096
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:26
I come from an island where many of us like to believe
5
26800
2736
ืื ื™ ื‘ื ืžืื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
00:29
there's been a lot of continuity over the last thousand years.
6
29560
3120
ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
00:33
We tend to have historically imposed change on others
7
33400
2736
ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืฆืœ ืื—ืจื™ื
00:36
but done much less of it ourselves.
8
36160
2320
ืื‘ืœ ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•.
00:39
So it came as an immense shock to me
9
39360
2456
ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ื ื›ื”ืœื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™
00:41
when I woke up on the morning of June 24
10
41840
2776
ื›ืฉื”ืชืขื•ืจืจืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”-24 ืœื™ื•ื ื™
00:44
to discover that my country had voted to leave the European Union,
11
44640
3856
ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™,
00:48
my Prime Minister had resigned,
12
48520
1856
ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ,
00:50
and Scotland was considering a referendum
13
50400
2576
ื•ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“ ืฉื•ืงืœืช ืžืฉืืœ ืขื
00:53
that could bring to an end the very existence of the United Kingdom.
14
53000
4840
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืกื•ืคื• ืืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช.
00:58
So that was an immense shock for me,
15
58920
2936
ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืœื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™,
01:01
and it was an immense shock for many people,
16
61880
2280
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืœื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื,
01:05
but it was also something that, over the following several days,
17
65080
3456
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืขืงื‘ื•
01:08
created a complete political meltdown
18
68560
2736
ื™ืฆืจ ืงืจื™ืกื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช
01:11
in my country.
19
71320
1456
ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™.
01:12
There were calls for a second referendum,
20
72800
2216
ื”ื™ื• ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืœืžืฉืืœ ืขื ืฉื ื™,
01:15
almost as if, following a sports match,
21
75040
2536
ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื•, ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืžืฉื—ืง ืกืคื•ืจื˜,
01:17
we could ask the opposition for a replay.
22
77600
2520
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืžืฉื—ืง ื—ื•ื–ืจ.
01:20
Everybody was blaming everybody else.
23
80880
2456
ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:23
People blamed the Prime Minister
24
83360
1576
ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืงืจื ืœืžืฉืืœ ืขื ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
01:24
for calling the referendum in the first place.
25
84960
2176
ื”ื ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื ืœื—ื ื‘ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง.
01:27
They blamed the leader of the opposition for not fighting it hard enough.
26
87160
3456
ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื.
01:30
The young accused the old.
27
90640
1256
01:31
The educated blamed the less well-educated.
28
91920
2880
ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:35
That complete meltdown was made even worse
29
95440
3096
ื”ืงืจื™ืกื” ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื ืขืฉืชื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:38
by the most tragic element of it:
30
98560
2096
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื”:
01:40
levels of xenophobia and racist abuse in the streets of Britain
31
100680
3856
ืจืžืช ืฉื ืืช ื”ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
01:44
at a level that I have never seen before
32
104560
2256
ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ
01:46
in my lifetime.
33
106840
1240
ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™.
01:49
People are now talking about whether my country is becoming a Little England,
34
109800
4376
ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื”,
01:54
or, as one of my colleagues put it,
35
114200
2096
ืื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื ื™ืกื— ืืช ื–ื”,
01:56
whether we're about to become a 1950s nostalgia theme park
36
116320
4176
ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืคืืจืง ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆืฃ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™.
02:00
floating in the Atlantic Ocean.
37
120520
2016
02:02
(Laughter)
38
122560
2080
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:05
But my question is really,
39
125840
2536
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช,
02:08
should we have the degree of shock that we've experienced since?
40
128400
4280
ื”ืื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ืจืžืช ื”ื”ืœื ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืžืื–?
02:13
Was it something that took place overnight?
41
133440
2376
ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืœื”?
02:15
Or are there deeper structural factors that have led us to where we are today?
42
135840
4496
ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื™ืคื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื?
02:20
So I want to take a step back and ask two very basic questions.
43
140360
4576
ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช.
02:24
First, what does Brexit represent,
44
144960
2896
ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืžื” ื‘ืจืงื–ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’,
02:27
not just for my country,
45
147880
1536
ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™,
02:29
but for all of us around the world?
46
149440
2736
ืืœื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื?
02:32
And second, what can we do about it?
47
152200
3176
ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื“ื•ืŸ?
02:35
How should we all respond?
48
155400
2336
ืื™ืš ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘?
02:37
So first, what does Brexit represent?
49
157760
2520
ืื– ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืžื” ื‘ืจืงื–ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’?
02:40
Hindsight is a wonderful thing.
50
160960
2240
ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืคืœื.
02:43
Brexit teaches us many things about our society
51
163840
4056
ื‘ืจืงื–ื™ื˜ ืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•
02:47
and about societies around the world.
52
167920
2360
ื•ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
02:51
It highlights in ways that we seem embarrassingly unaware of
53
171400
3216
ื–ื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ, ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืš ื ืจืื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื”ืŸ,
02:54
how divided our societies are.
54
174640
1720
ื›ืžื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืคื•ืœื’ื•ืช.
02:56
The vote split along lines of age, education, class and geography.
55
176840
6336
ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื ื—ืœืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื’ื™ืœ, ื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ืžืขืžื“ ื•ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.
03:03
Young people didn't turn out to vote in great numbers,
56
183200
2896
ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
03:06
but those that did wanted to remain.
57
186120
2216
ืื‘ืœ ืืœื• ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ.
03:08
Older people really wanted to leave the European Union.
58
188360
3736
ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฆื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™.
03:12
Geographically, it was London and Scotland that most strongly committed
59
192120
3496
ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช, ื–ื” ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“ ืฉืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:15
to being part of the European Union,
60
195640
2016
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™,
03:17
while in other parts of the country there was very strong ambivalence.
61
197680
4120
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ื•-ืขืจื›ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืื•ื“.
03:23
Those divisions are things we really need to recognize and take seriously.
62
203000
4376
ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
03:27
But more profoundly, the vote teaches us something
63
207400
2856
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืžืœืžื“ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืฉื”ื•
03:30
about the nature of politics today.
64
210280
2336
ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื•ื
03:32
Contemporary politics is no longer just about right and left.
65
212640
4256
ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืืœ.
03:36
It's no longer just about tax and spend.
66
216920
2736
ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ืžื™ืกื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช.
03:39
It's about globalization.
67
219680
1936
ื–ื” ืขืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
03:41
The fault line of contemporary politics is between those that embrace globalization
68
221640
4816
ืงื• ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื• ืฉืžื—ื‘ืงื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”
03:46
and those that fear globalization.
69
226480
3000
ื•ืืœื• ืฉืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
03:50
(Applause)
70
230320
2280
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
03:55
If we look at why those who wanted to leave --
71
235680
2656
ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืœืžื” ืืœื• ืฉืจืฆื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ --
03:58
we call them "Leavers," as opposed to "Remainers" --
72
238360
2536
ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื "ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื" ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœ"ื ืฉืืจื™ื" --
04:00
we see two factors in the opinion polls
73
240920
2216
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืกืงืจ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช
04:03
that really mattered.
74
243160
1376
ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
04:04
The first was immigration, and the second sovereignty,
75
244560
3336
ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช,
04:07
and these represent a desire for people to take back control of their own lives
76
247920
5456
ื•ืืœื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
04:13
and the feeling that they are unrepresented by politicians.
77
253400
3880
ื•ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื.
04:18
But those ideas are ones that signify fear and alienation.
78
258560
5376
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ื“ ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ.
04:23
They represent a retreat back towards nationalism and borders
79
263960
5016
ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช
04:29
in ways that many of us would reject.
80
269000
2079
ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื ื“ื—ื”.
04:31
What I want to suggest is the picture is more complicated than that,
81
271600
3216
ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื–ื” ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”,
04:34
that liberal internationalists,
82
274840
1536
ืฉืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
04:36
like myself, and I firmly include myself in that picture,
83
276400
3216
ื›ืžื•ื ื™, ื•ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
04:39
need to write ourselves back into the picture
84
279640
2536
ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืชืžื•ื ื”
04:42
in order to understand how we've got to where we are today.
85
282200
4080
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืื™ืคื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:47
When we look at the voting patterns across the United Kingdom,
86
287200
3096
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช,
04:50
we can visibly see the divisions.
87
290320
2200
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ื™ื•ืช.
04:53
The blue areas show Remain
88
293240
2336
ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกืžื ื™ื 'ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ'
04:55
and the red areas Leave.
89
295600
2096
ื•ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื 'ืœืขื–ื•ื‘'.
04:57
When I looked at this,
90
297720
1256
ื›ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
04:59
what personally struck me was the very little time in my life
91
299000
3856
ืžื” ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื™
05:02
I've actually spent in many of the red areas.
92
302880
3216
ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
05:06
I suddenly realized that, looking at the top 50 areas in the UK
93
306120
5136
ืื ื™ ืคืชืื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ,
ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ 50 ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” 'ืœืขื–ื•ื‘' ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:11
that have the strongest Leave vote,
94
311280
1856
05:13
I've spent a combined total of four days of my life in those areas.
95
313160
5400
ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
05:19
In some of those places,
96
319560
1496
ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
05:21
I didn't even know the names of the voting districts.
97
321080
3576
ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”.
05:24
It was a real shock to me,
98
324680
1856
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืœื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™,
05:26
and it suggested that people like me
99
326560
2056
ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื™ื“ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™
05:28
who think of ourselves as inclusive, open and tolerant,
100
328640
4096
ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืžืงื‘ืœื™ื, ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ื™ื,
05:32
perhaps don't know our own countries and societies
101
332760
2696
ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
05:35
nearly as well as we like to believe.
102
335480
2616
ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ.
05:38
(Applause)
103
338120
2880
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:48
And the challenge that comes from that is we need to find a new way
104
348200
3776
ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืขื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื”
05:52
to narrate globalization to those people,
105
352000
3096
ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
05:55
to recognize that for those people who have not necessarily been to university,
106
355120
4376
ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”,
05:59
who haven't necessarily grown up with the Internet,
107
359520
2416
ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื• ืขื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
06:01
that don't get opportunities to travel,
108
361960
2016
ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ,
06:04
they may be unpersuaded by the narrative that we find persuasive
109
364000
3856
ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ืžืฉื›ื ืข
06:07
in our often liberal bubbles.
110
367880
2200
ื‘ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”-ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
06:10
(Applause)
111
370520
2520
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
06:15
It means that we need to reach out more broadly and understand.
112
375880
3616
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.
06:19
In the Leave vote, a minority have peddled the politics of fear and hatred,
113
379520
6016
ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” 'ืœืขื–ื•ื‘', ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ื“ ื•ืฉื ืื”,
06:25
creating lies and mistrust
114
385560
2496
ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืฉืงืจื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ื ื”
06:28
around, for instance, the idea that the vote on Europe
115
388080
2936
ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืœื“ื’ื•ืžื, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
06:31
could reduce the number of refugees and asylum-seekers coming to Europe,
116
391040
4136
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ ื”ืžืงืœื˜ ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
06:35
when the vote on leaving had nothing to do with immigration
117
395200
3256
ื›ืฉื”ืงื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื™ื‘ื” ืœื ื ื’ืข ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืจื”
06:38
from outside the European Union.
118
398480
1960
ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™.
06:41
But for a significant majority of the Leave voters
119
401120
3536
ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ืขื–ื™ื‘ื”
06:44
the concern was disillusionment with the political establishment.
120
404680
3656
ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืคื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™.
06:48
This was a protest vote for many,
121
408360
2176
ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฆื‘ืขืช ืžื—ืื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืจื‘ื™ื,
06:50
a sense that nobody represented them,
122
410560
2456
ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื•ืชื,
06:53
that they couldn't find a political party that spoke for them,
123
413040
3416
ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืคืœื’ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืชื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื,
06:56
and so they rejected that political establishment.
124
416480
3240
ืื– ื”ื ื“ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
07:01
This replicates around Europe and much of the liberal democratic world.
125
421440
5056
ื–ื” ืžื•ืขืชืง ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™-ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™.
07:06
We see it with the rise in popularity of Donald Trump in the United States,
126
426520
4896
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
07:11
with the growing nationalism of Viktor Orbรกn in Hungary,
127
431440
4056
ืขื ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื’ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืจื‘ืืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”,
07:15
with the increase in popularity of Marine Le Pen in France.
128
435520
4696
ืžื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ืŸ ืœื”-ืคืŸ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช.
07:20
The specter of Brexit is in all of our societies.
129
440240
3880
ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืงื–ื™ื˜ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
07:25
So the question I think we need to ask is my second question,
130
445080
3016
ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื™,
07:28
which is how should we collectively respond?
131
448120
2520
ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™?
07:31
For all of us who care about creating liberal, open, tolerant societies,
132
451280
5976
ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื›ืคืช ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช, ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ื•ืช,
07:37
we urgently need a new vision,
133
457280
2656
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ,
07:39
a vision of a more tolerant, inclusive globalization,
134
459960
3696
ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ืช ื•ื›ื•ืœืœืช,
07:43
one that brings people with us rather than leaving them behind.
135
463680
3800
ืื—ืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืชื ื• ื•ืœื ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
07:48
That vision of globalization
136
468640
1936
ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”
07:50
is one that has to start by a recognition of the positive benefits of globalization.
137
470600
4816
ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
07:55
The consensus amongst economists
138
475440
2576
ื”ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื
07:58
is that free trade, the movement of capital,
139
478040
2776
ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืกื—ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืŸ,
08:00
the movement of people across borders
140
480840
1936
ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
08:02
benefit everyone on aggregate.
141
482800
2736
ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ.
08:05
The consensus amongst international relations scholars
142
485560
2696
ื”ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
08:08
is that globalization brings interdependence,
143
488280
2616
ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืชืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช,
08:10
which brings cooperation and peace.
144
490920
2936
ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืฉืœื•ื.
08:13
But globalization also has redistributive effects.
145
493880
4456
ืื‘ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
08:18
It creates winners and losers.
146
498360
2736
ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื•ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื.
08:21
To take the example of migration,
147
501120
2136
ื ื™ืงื— ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”,
08:23
we know that immigration is a net positive for the economy as a whole
148
503280
3656
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื ื˜ื• ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื”
08:26
under almost all circumstances.
149
506960
2520
ืชื—ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
08:30
But we also have to be very aware
150
510360
2776
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื
08:33
that there are redistributive consequences,
151
513160
3056
ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
08:36
that importantly, low-skilled immigration
152
516240
3456
ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืกืจื™ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื
08:39
can lead to a reduction in wages for the most impoverished in our societies
153
519720
4415
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
08:44
and also put pressure on house prices.
154
524159
2137
ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื.
08:46
That doesn't detract from the fact that it's positive,
155
526320
2536
ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™,
08:48
but it means more people have to share in those benefits
156
528880
2895
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ื‘ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
08:51
and recognize them.
157
531799
1281
ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ.
08:55
In 2002, the former Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan,
158
535200
4896
ื‘-2002, ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ืงื•ืคื™ ืขื ืืŸ,
09:00
gave a speech at Yale University,
159
540120
2896
ื ืฉื ื ืื•ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื™ื™ืœ,
09:03
and that speech was on the topic of inclusive globalization.
160
543040
3976
ื•ื”ื ืื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™ืช.
09:07
That was the speech in which he coined that term.
161
547040
3056
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ืื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’.
09:10
And he said, and I paraphrase,
162
550120
2776
ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืคืฉื˜,
09:12
"The glass house of globalization has to be open to all
163
552920
5336
"ื”ื—ืžืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœื›ืœ
09:18
if it is to remain secure.
164
558280
2560
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”.
09:21
Bigotry and ignorance
165
561280
3256
ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช
09:24
are the ugly face of exclusionary and antagonistic globalization."
166
564560
6576
ื”ื ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ื”ืžื›ื•ืขืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื“ืœื ื™ืช ื•ืขื•ื™ื ืช."
09:31
That idea of inclusive globalization was briefly revived in 2008
167
571160
5176
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™ืช ืงื ืœืชื—ื™ื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื‘-2008
09:36
in a conference on progressive governance
168
576360
2576
ื‘ื›ื ืก ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœ ืžืชืงื“ื
09:38
involving many of the leaders of European countries.
169
578960
3440
ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
09:43
But amid austerity and the financial crisis of 2008,
170
583160
3976
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื ืข ื•ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ 2008,
09:47
the concept disappeared almost without a trace.
171
587160
3096
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ืขืœื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœื™ ืขืงื‘ื•ืช.
09:50
Globalization has been taken to support a neoliberal agenda.
172
590280
4456
ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื ืชืคืกื” ื›ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืื’'ื ื“ื” ื ื™ืื•-ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช.
09:54
It's perceived to be part of an elite agenda
173
594760
2936
ื”ื™ื ื ืชืคืกื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืื’'ื ื“ื” ืืœื™ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช
09:57
rather than something that benefits all.
174
597720
2576
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•.
10:00
And it needs to be reclaimed on a far more inclusive basis
175
600320
3616
ื•ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:03
than it is today.
176
603960
1200
ืžืืฉืจ ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
10:05
So the question is, how can we achieve that goal?
177
605720
3736
ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื–ื•?
10:09
How can we balance on the one hand addressing fear and alienation
178
609480
4736
ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื–ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื“ ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ
10:14
while on the other hand refusing vehemently
179
614240
3416
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืœืกืจื‘ ื‘ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช
10:17
to give in to xenophobia and nationalism?
180
617680
3776
ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ืœืคื—ื“ ืžื–ืจื™ื ื•ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช?
10:21
That is the question for all of us.
181
621480
2136
ื–ื• ื”ืฉืืœื” ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•.
10:23
And I think, as a social scientist,
182
623640
1816
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉื›ืžื“ืขืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
10:25
that social science offers some places to start.
183
625480
2800
ืฉืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ื.
10:29
Our transformation has to be about both ideas and about material change,
184
629000
5216
ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™,
10:34
and I want to give you four ideas as a starting point.
185
634240
3616
ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
10:37
The first relates to the idea of civic education.
186
637880
4536
ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืื–ืจื—ื™.
10:42
What stands out from Brexit
187
642440
1776
ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืžื‘ืจืงื–ื™ื˜
10:44
is the gap between public perception and empirical reality.
188
644240
4056
ื–ื” ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืžืคื™ืจื™ืช.
10:48
It's been suggested that we've moved to a postfactual society,
189
648320
3696
ื”ื•ืฆืข ืฉืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืคื•ืกื˜-ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ืช,
10:52
where evidence and truth no longer matter,
190
652040
2656
ืฉื‘ื” ืจืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืžืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืฉื ื™ื,
10:54
and lies have equal status to the clarity of evidence.
191
654720
4096
ื•ืœืฉืงืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืขืžื“ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื•ืช.
10:58
So how can we --
192
658840
1256
ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื --
11:00
(Applause)
193
660120
2696
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:02
How can we rebuild respect for truth and evidence into our liberal democracies?
194
662840
5176
ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืืžืช ื•ืœืจืื™ื•ืช
ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•?
11:08
It has to begin with education,
195
668040
1936
ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
11:10
but it has to start with the recognition that there are huge gaps.
196
670000
3320
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืคืขืจื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื.
11:14
In 2014, the pollster Ipsos MORI
197
674440
4176
ื‘-2014, ื”ืกื•ืงืจ "ืื™ืคืกื•ืก ืžื•ืจื™"
11:18
published a survey on attitudes to immigration,
198
678640
3296
ืคื™ืจืกื ืกืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื ื›ื ืกืช,
11:21
and it showed that as numbers of immigrants increase,
199
681960
4016
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื” ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืขื•ืœื”,
11:26
so public concern with immigration also increases,
200
686000
3216
ื›ืš ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืขื•ืœื”,
11:29
although it obviously didn't unpack causality,
201
689240
2416
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื”ืจืื” ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช,
11:31
because this could equally be to do not so much with numbers
202
691680
3136
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœืžืกืคืจื™ื
11:34
but the political and media narrative around it.
203
694840
2400
ืืœื ืœื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื–ื”.
11:37
But the same survey also revealed
204
697800
3776
ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืกืงืจ ื’ื ื—ืฉืฃ
11:41
huge public misinformation
205
701600
2136
ื™ื“ืข ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ืขื ืงื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
11:43
and misunderstanding about the nature of immigration.
206
703760
3736
ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”.
11:47
For example, in these attitudes in the United Kingdom,
207
707520
3216
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
11:50
the public believed that levels of asylum
208
710760
2736
ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืจืžื•ืช ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ ื”ืžืงืœื˜
11:53
were a greater proportion of immigration than they were,
209
713520
3416
ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืช,
11:56
but they also believed the levels of educational migration
210
716960
3456
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืจืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื”
12:00
were far lower as a proportion of overall migration
211
720440
3096
ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช
12:03
than they actually are.
212
723560
1496
ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืช.
12:05
So we have to address this misinformation,
213
725080
2656
ืื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ื”ื–ื”,
12:07
the gap between perception and reality on key aspects of globalization.
214
727760
4496
ื‘ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
12:12
And that can't just be something that's left to our schools,
215
732280
2816
ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
12:15
although that's important to begin at an early age.
216
735120
2416
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื.
12:17
It has to be about lifelong civic participation
217
737560
3056
ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
12:20
and public engagement that we all encourage as societies.
218
740640
4160
ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื›ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
12:26
The second thing that I think is an opportunity
219
746000
2776
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
12:28
is the idea to encourage more interaction across diverse communities.
220
748800
4616
ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช.
12:33
(Applause)
221
753440
2600
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:37
One of the things that stands out for me very strikingly,
222
757760
2976
ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ,
12:40
looking at immigration attitudes in the United Kingdom,
223
760760
2856
ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
12:43
is that ironically, the regions of my country
224
763640
2776
ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™, ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™
12:46
that are the most tolerant of immigrants
225
766440
1905
ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื
12:48
have the highest numbers of immigrants.
226
768369
2767
ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื.
12:51
So for instance, London and the Southeast have the highest numbers of immigrants,
227
771160
4336
ืื– ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื“ืจื•ื ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:55
and they are also by far the most tolerant areas.
228
775520
3136
ื•ื”ื ื’ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ื™ื.
12:58
It's those areas of the country that have the lowest levels of immigration
229
778680
3616
ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืืช ื”ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจื”
13:02
that actually are the most exclusionary and intolerant towards migrants.
230
782320
4520
ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ืœื ื™ื ื•ืœื ื•ืกื‘ืœื ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื.
13:07
So we need to encourage exchange programs.
231
787400
2336
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื.
13:09
We need to ensure that older generations who maybe can't travel
232
789760
3456
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ
13:13
get access to the Internet.
233
793240
2136
ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
13:15
We need to encourage, even on a local and national level,
234
795400
2696
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ื“, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืจืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
13:18
more movement, more participation,
235
798120
1856
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช,
13:20
more interaction with people who we don't know
236
800000
2696
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื
13:22
and whose views we might not necessarily agree with.
237
802720
2920
ื•ืฉืขื ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื.
13:26
The third thing that I think is crucial, though,
238
806880
2336
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™,
13:29
and this is really fundamental,
239
809240
1776
ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™,
13:31
is we have to ensure that everybody shares
240
811040
2296
ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื
13:33
in the benefits of globalization.
241
813360
2240
ื‘ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
13:36
This illustration from the Financial Times post-Brexit is really striking.
242
816520
4736
ื”ืื™ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”"ืคื™ื™ื ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก" ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืจืงื–ื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
13:41
It shows tragically that those people who voted to leave the European Union
243
821280
3736
ื”ื•ื ืžืจืื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™
13:45
were those who actually benefited the most materially
244
825040
2816
ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช
13:47
from trade with the European Union.
245
827880
2520
ืžืžืกื—ืจ ืขื ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™.
13:51
But the problem is that those people in those areas
246
831080
2536
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•
13:53
didn't perceive themselves to be beneficiaries.
247
833640
2656
ืœื ืชืคืกื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื.
13:56
They didn't believe that they were actually getting access
248
836320
2776
ื”ื ืœื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื’ื™ืฉื”
13:59
to material benefits of increased trade and increased mobility around the world.
249
839120
5720
ืœื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ืžืžืกื—ืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
14:05
I work on questions predominantly to do with refugees,
250
845800
3776
ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื,
14:09
and one of the ideas I spent a lot of my time preaching,
251
849600
2656
ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ,
14:12
mainly to developing countries around the world,
252
852280
2776
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
14:15
is that in order to encourage the integration of refugees,
253
855080
3576
ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื,
14:18
we can't just benefit the refugee populations,
254
858680
2336
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืจืง ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื,
14:21
we also have to address the concerns of the host communities in local areas.
255
861040
5040
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืืจื—ื•ืช.
14:27
But in looking at that,
256
867480
1336
ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื”,
14:28
one of the policy prescriptions is that we have to provide
257
868840
3016
ืื—ื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช
14:31
disproportionately better education facilities, health facilities,
258
871880
3616
ืžืชืงื ื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืžืชืงื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืจื•ื•ื—ื”,
14:35
access to social services
259
875520
1776
14:37
in those regions of high immigration
260
877320
2256
ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
14:39
to address the concerns of those local populations.
261
879600
2816
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
14:42
But while we encourage that around the developing world,
262
882440
2656
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—,
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”
14:45
we don't take those lessons home
263
885120
1576
14:46
and incorporate them in our own societies.
264
886720
2840
ื•ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืฆืžื ื•.
14:50
Furthermore, if we're going to really take seriously
265
890520
3016
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช
14:53
the need to ensure people share in the economic benefits,
266
893560
3336
ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช,
14:56
our businesses and corporations need a model of globalization
267
896920
3656
ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”
15:00
that recognizes that they, too, have to take people with them.
268
900600
3600
ืฉืžื–ื”ื” ืฉื’ื ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืชื.
15:05
The fourth and final idea I want to put forward
269
905440
3056
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื“ื
15:08
is an idea that we need more responsible politics.
270
908520
2880
ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืื—ืจืื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:12
There's very little social science evidence
271
912080
3136
ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”
15:15
that compares attitudes on globalization.
272
915240
2816
ืฉืžืฉื•ื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ื”.
15:18
But from the surveys that do exist,
273
918080
2536
ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ืกืงืจื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื,
15:20
what we can see is there's huge variation across different countries
274
920640
4736
ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขื ืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
15:25
and time periods in those countries
275
925400
2296
ื•ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
15:27
for attitudes and tolerance
276
927720
1376
ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช
15:29
of questions like migration and mobility on the one hand
277
929120
3696
ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื•ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“
15:32
and free trade on the other.
278
932840
2056
ื•ืžืกื—ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™.
15:34
But one hypothesis that I think emerges from a cursory look at that data
279
934920
5256
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืื—ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžืžื‘ื˜ ื—ืคื•ื– ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
15:40
is the idea that polarized societies are far less tolerant of globalization.
280
940200
6096
ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืงื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
15:46
It's the societies like Sweden in the past,
281
946320
2816
ื–ื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
15:49
like Canada today,
282
949160
1416
ื›ืžื• ืงื ื“ื” ื”ื™ื•ื,
15:50
where there is a centrist politics,
283
950600
1816
ืื™ืคื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืชื•ื ื”,
15:52
where right and left work together,
284
952440
2056
ืื™ืคื” ืฉื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
15:54
that we encourage supportive attitudes towards globalization.
285
954520
4016
ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
15:58
And what we see around the world today is a tragic polarization,
286
958560
3816
ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื˜ืจื’ื™,
16:02
a failure to have dialogue between the extremes in politics,
287
962400
3016
ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
16:05
and a gap in terms of that liberal center ground
288
965440
2776
ื•ืคืขืจ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™
16:08
that can encourage communication and a shared understanding.
289
968240
3816
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื,
16:12
We might not achieve that today,
290
972080
1616
16:13
but at the very least we have to call upon our politicians and our media
291
973720
3816
ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœื ื•
16:17
to drop a language of fear and be far more tolerant of one another.
292
977560
3776
ืœื–ื ื•ื— ืืช ืฉืคืช ื”ืคื—ื“ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™.
16:21
(Applause)
293
981360
2880
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:29
These ideas are very tentative,
294
989800
2776
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื,
16:32
and that's in part because this needs to be an inclusive and shared project.
295
992600
4400
ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืงื™ืฃ ื•ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
16:38
I am still British.
296
998000
2400
ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™.
16:40
I am still European.
297
1000920
2160
ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™.
16:43
I am still a global citizen.
298
1003640
3000
ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ืจื— ื”ืขื•ืœื.
16:47
For those of us who believe
299
1007200
2016
ืœืืœื• ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืžื•ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
16:49
that our identities are not mutually exclusive,
300
1009240
4096
16:53
we have to all work together
301
1013360
3016
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“
16:56
to ensure that globalization takes everyone with us
302
1016400
3696
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืชื™ืงื— ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ืื™ืชื ื•
17:00
and doesn't leave people behind.
303
1020120
2216
ื•ืœื ืชืฉืื™ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
17:02
Only then will we truly reconcile democracy and globalization.
304
1022360
5576
ืจืง ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
17:07
Thank you.
305
1027960
1216
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
17:09
(Applause)
306
1029200
12280
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7