Marla Spivak: Why bees are disappearing

607,334 views ใƒป 2013-09-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
This is our life with bees,
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ื›ืš ื ืจืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื,
00:16
and this is our life without bees.
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ื•ื›ืš ื ืจืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืœื ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
00:20
Bees are the most important pollinators
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ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:23
of our fruits and vegetables and flowers
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
00:25
and crops like alfalfa hay that feed our farm animals.
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ื•ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืกืคืกืช ืฉืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืง ืฉืœื ื•.
00:29
More than one third of the world's crop production
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
00:32
is dependent on bee pollination.
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืื‘ืงื” ืข"ื™ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
00:34
But the ironic thing is that bees are not out there
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ืืš ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื”, ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช
00:37
pollinating our food intentionally.
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ื‘ื”ืื‘ืงืช ืžื–ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
00:40
They're out there because they need to eat.
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ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืื›ื•ืœ.
00:43
Bees get all of the protein they need in their diet
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ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ
00:46
from pollen
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ืžืื‘ืงืช ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื
00:47
and all of the carbohydrates they need from nectar.
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ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืฃ.
00:50
They're flower-feeders,
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ื”ืŸ ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืจื—ื™ื,
00:52
and as they move from flower to flower,
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืขืคื•ืช ืžืคืจื— ืœืคืจื—,
00:54
basically on a shopping trip at the local floral mart,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืกืข ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™,
00:57
they end up providing this valuable pollination service.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืื’ื‘ ื›ืš ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืื‘ืงื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
01:02
In parts of the world where there are no bees,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื,
01:04
or where they plant varieties that are not attractive to bees,
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ืื• ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉื•ืชืœื™ื ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื,
01:07
people are paid to do the business of pollination by hand.
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ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื”ืื‘ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื“ื ื™.
01:11
These people are moving pollen from flower to flower
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื‘ืงื” ืžืคืจื— ืœืคืจื—
01:15
with a paintbrush.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื›ื—ื•ืœ.
01:17
Now this business of hand pollination
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ื”ืขืกืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ืงื” ื™ื“ื ื™ืช
01:19
is actually not that uncommon.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื›ื” ื ื“ื™ืจ.
01:21
Tomato growers often pollinate their tomato flowers
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ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืคืจื—ื™ ื”ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื
01:25
with a hand-held vibrator.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื•ื™ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืจ ื™ื“ื ื™.
01:27
Now this one's the tomato tickler. (Laughter)
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื“ื’ื“ื’ ื”ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช. [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
01:31
Now this is because the pollen within a tomato flower
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืื‘ืงื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ืคืจื— ื”ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื”
01:37
is held very securely within
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ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•
01:38
the male part of the flower, the anther,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื—, ื”ืžืื‘ืง,
01:41
and the only way to release this pollen is to vibrate it.
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืื‘ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจื™ื˜ื•ื˜.
01:44
So bumblebees are one of the few kinds of bees in the world
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ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
01:48
that are able to hold onto the flower and vibrate it,
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ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“ ืœืคืจื— ื•ืœื”ืจืขื™ื“ ืื•ืชื•,
01:51
and they do this by shaking their flight muscles
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืจืขื“ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ
01:54
at a frequency similar to the musical note C.
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ื‘ืชื“ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชื• ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ ื“ื•.
01:58
So they vibrate the flower, they sonicate it,
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ืื– ื”ืŸ ืžืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจื—, ื”ืŸ ืžืคื™ืงื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืฆืœื™ืœ,
02:01
and that releases the pollen in this efficient swoosh,
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ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื‘ืงื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
02:04
and the pollen gathers all over the fuzzy bee's body,
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ื•ื”ืื‘ืงื” ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืคื” ื”ืฉืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”,
02:07
and she takes it home as food.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
02:09
Tomato growers now put bumblebee colonies
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืงืžื™ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
02:12
inside the greenhouse to pollinate the tomatoes
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืžืžื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื‘ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช,
02:15
because they get much more efficient pollination
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืื‘ืงื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
02:17
when it's done naturally
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
02:18
and they get better quality tomatoes.
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:22
So there's other, maybe more personal reasons,
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:26
to care about bees.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
02:27
There's over 20,000 species of bees in the world,
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขืœ 20,000 ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
02:31
and they're absolutely gorgeous.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช.
02:34
These bees spend the majority of their life cycle
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ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ื—ืœืง ื”ืืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ
02:37
hidden in the ground or within a hollow stem
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืกืชืชืจื•ืช ื‘ืื“ืžื” ืื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื–ืข ืขืฅ ื—ืœื•ืœ
02:40
and very few of these beautiful species
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ื•ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:42
have evolved highly social behavior like honeybees.
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ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืœืขื™ืœื ื›ืžื• ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ.
02:46
Now honeybees tend to be the charismatic representative
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ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช
02:49
for the other 19,900-plus species
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ืฉืœ ื™ืชืจ 19,900-ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื
02:53
because there's something about honeybees
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื•
02:55
that draws people into their world.
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ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืืœ ืขื•ืœืžืŸ.
02:58
Humans have been drawn to honeybees
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ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื ืžืฉื›ื• ืืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ
03:00
since early recorded history,
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ืžืื– ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช,
03:02
mostly to harvest their honey,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
03:04
which is an amazing natural sweetener.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžืชื™ืง ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื ืคืœื.
03:07
I got drawn into the honeybee world
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ืื ื™ ื ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืืœ ืขื•ืœืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ
03:09
completely by a fluke.
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ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื”.
03:11
I was 18 years old and bored,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืช-18 ืžืฉื•ืขืžืžืช,
03:13
and I picked up a book in the library on bees
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื
03:16
and I spent the night reading it.
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ื•ืงืจืืชื™ ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
03:18
I had never thought about insects
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื™ืืจืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื—ืจืงื™ื
03:20
living in complex societies.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
03:22
It was like the best of science fiction come true.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื’ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื“ืข-ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—.
03:25
And even stranger, there were these people,
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ื•ืžื•ื–ืจ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:28
these beekeepers, that loved their bees like they were family,
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ื”ื›ื•ื•ืจื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™-ืžืฉืคื—ื”,
03:32
and when I put down the book, I knew I had to see this for myself.
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื—ืชื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื•-ืขื™ื ื™.
03:36
So I went to work for a commercial beekeeper,
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ืื– ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืฆืœ ื›ื•ื•ืจืŸ ืžืกื—ืจื™,
03:38
a family that owned 2,000 hives of bees in New Mexico.
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ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ื™ื• 2,000 ื›ื•ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื•-ืžืงืกื™ืงื•.
03:42
And I was permanently hooked.
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ื•ื”ืชืžื›ืจืชื™ ืœื ืฆื—.
03:46
Honeybees can be considered a super-organism,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ื›ืขืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื-ืขืœ,
03:49
where the colony is the organism
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื
03:51
and it's comprised of 40,000 to 50,000
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช 40 ืขื“ 50 ืืœืฃ
03:54
individual bee organisms.
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ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
03:57
Now this society has no central authority.
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ืช.
04:00
Nobody's in charge.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื—ืจืื™.
04:02
So how they come to collective decisions,
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื•ืช?
04:04
and how they allocate their tasks and divide their labor,
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ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”?
04:07
how they communicate where the flowers are,
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื?
04:10
all of their collective social behaviors are mindblowing.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื’ืขืช.
04:14
My personal favorite, and one that I've studied for many years,
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™, ื•ื–ื” ืฉื—ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช,
04:18
is their system of healthcare.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
04:19
So bees have social healthcare.
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ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
04:23
So in my lab, we study how bees keep themselves healthy.
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชืŸ.
04:27
For example, we study hygiene,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื”,
04:30
where some bees are able to locate and weed out
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ื•ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืืชืจ ื•ืœืกืœืง
04:32
sick individuals from the nest, from the colony,
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ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืงืŸ, ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”,
04:36
and it keeps the colony healthy.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”.
04:38
And more recently, we've been studying resins
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื—ืงืจื ื• ืกื•ื’ื™ ืฉืจืฃ
04:42
that bees collect from plants.
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ืฉื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžืฆืžื—ื™ื.
04:44
So bees fly to some plants and they scrape
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ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืคื•ืช ืžืคืจื— ืœืคืจื— ื•ืžื’ืจื“ื•ืช
04:47
these very, very sticky resins off the leaves,
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ืฉืจืคื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื,
04:49
and they take them back to the nest
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ื”ืŸ ืœื•ืงื—ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืงืŸ,
04:51
where they cement them into the nest architecture
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžืœื˜ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืงืŸ,
04:54
where we call it propolis.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• "ื“ื•ื ื’ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื".
04:56
We've found that propolis is a natural disinfectant.
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื“ื•ื ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
05:01
It's a natural antibiotic.
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ื–ื”ื• ืงื•ื˜ืœ-ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
05:03
It kills off bacteria and molds and other germs
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ื–ื” ืงื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ืขื•ื‘ืฉ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
05:06
within the colony,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”,
05:08
and so it bolsters the colony health and their social immunity.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœื”.
05:12
Humans have known about the power of propolis
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื
05:15
since biblical times.
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ืžืื– ื™ืžื™ ื”ืชื "ืš.
05:17
We've been harvesting propolis out of bee colonies
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ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืืกืคื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžืชื•ืš ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื
05:20
for human medicine,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื,
05:22
but we didn't know how good it was for the bees.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
05:26
So honeybees have these remarkable natural defenses
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ืฉืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื•ืช
05:30
that have kept them healthy and thriving
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ืฉืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ืŸ ืœืฉื’ืฉื’
05:32
for over 50 million years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื.
05:37
So seven years ago, when honeybee colonies
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ืœืคื ื™ 7 ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืฉื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™-ื“ื‘ืฉ
05:40
were reported to be dying en masse,
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ืฉืงื•ืจืกื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื”ืŸ,
05:42
first in the United States,
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ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
05:44
it was clear that there was something really, really wrong.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ ืขื“ ืžืื“.
05:48
In our collective conscience, in a really primal way,
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ื‘ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืื“,
05:51
we know we can't afford to lose bees.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
05:54
So what's going on?
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ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”?
05:57
Bees are dying from multiple and interacting causes,
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ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืช ืžืžืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื•ืœื‘,
06:02
and I'll go through each of these.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื.
06:04
The bottom line is,
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ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”,
06:06
bees dying reflects a flowerless landscape
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ืžื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฃ ื ื˜ื•ืœ-ืคืจื—ื™ื
06:10
and a dysfunctional food system.
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ื™ื™ืช-ืชืคืงื•ื“.
06:13
Now we have the best data on honeybees,
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ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื”ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ,
06:15
so I'll use them as an example.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
06:17
In the United States, bees in fact have been
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื”
06:21
in decline since World War II.
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ื‘ืžื’ืžืช ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืื– ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
06:24
We have half the number of managed hives
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื ื•ื”ืœื•ืช
06:26
in the United States now compared to 1945.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœ-1945.
06:29
We're down to about two million hives of bees, we think.
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ืœื“ืขืชื ื•, ื™ืจื“ื ื• ืœื›-2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื,
06:33
And the reason is, after World War II,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
06:35
we changed our farming practices.
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ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
06:39
We stopped planting cover crops.
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ื”ืคืกืงื ื• ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™.
06:41
We stopped planting clover and alfalfa,
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ื”ืคืกืงื ื• ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืชืœืชืŸ ื•ืืกืคืกืช,
06:44
which are natural fertilizers that fix nitrogen in the soil,
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ืฉื”ื ื“ืฉื ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืงืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ืฉื‘ืื“ืžื”,
06:48
and instead we started using synthetic fertilizers.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ืฉื ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
06:52
Clover and alfalfa are highly nutritious food plants for bees.
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ื”ืชืœืชืŸ ื•ื”ืืกืคืกืช ื”ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
06:57
And after World War II, we started using herbicides
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—"ืข ื”-2, ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืœื™-ืขืฉื‘ื™ื
07:01
to kill off the weeds in our farms.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ืขืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
07:03
Many of these weeds are flowering plants
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขืฉื‘ื™-ื‘ืจ ืืœื” ื”ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคืจื™ื—ื”,
07:06
that bees require for their survival.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื,
07:09
And we started growing larger and larger crop monocultures.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“-ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื.
07:14
Now we talk about food deserts,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ:
07:17
places in our cities, neighborhoods that have no grocery stores.
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ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืœืช.
07:21
The very farms that used to sustain bees
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชืŸ ื—ื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื,
07:25
are now agricultural food deserts,
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ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช,
07:28
dominated by one or two plant species
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ืขื ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืžื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื,
07:31
like corn and soybeans.
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ื›ืžื• ืชื™ืจืก ื•ืกื•ื™ื”.
07:33
Since World War II, we have been systematically
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ืžืื– ืžืœื—"ืข ื”-2, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™,
07:36
eliminating many of the flowering plants
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื
07:39
that bees need for their survival.
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ืฉื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœื”ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ.
07:42
And these monocultures extend even to crops
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ื•ืื•ืชืŸ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“-ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื
07:45
that are good for bees, like almonds.
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ืฉืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืงื“ื™ื.
07:48
Fifty years ago, beekeepers would take a few colonies,
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ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื”, ื”ื›ื•ื•ืจื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช,
07:52
hives of bees into the almond orchards, for pollination,
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ื›ื•ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืœืชื•ืš ืžื˜ืขื™ ื”ืฉืงื“ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืื‘ืงื”,
07:55
and also because the pollen in an almond blossom
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ื•ื’ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื‘ืงืช ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ื—ืช ื”ืฉืงื“
07:59
is really high in protein. It's really good for bees.
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ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ืžืื“ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
08:03
Now, the scale of almond monoculture
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืงื“ ื”ื—ื“-ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื
08:07
demands that most of our nation's bees,
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ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืžืจื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ,
08:10
over 1.5 million hives of bees,
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ืžืขืœ 1.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื,
08:12
be transported across the nation
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ื™ื•ื‘ืœื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื•ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ
08:15
to pollinate this one crop.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื‘ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื–ื”.
08:18
And they're trucked in in semi-loads,
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ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ืกืžื™-ื˜ืจื™ื™ืœืจ,
08:20
and they must be trucked out,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื ืข ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืฉื,
08:23
because after bloom, the almond orchards
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ื›ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื™ื—ื”, ืžื˜ืขื™ ื”ืฉืงื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื
08:25
are a vast and flowerless landscape.
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ืœื ื•ืฃ ืขืฆื•ื ื•ื ื˜ื•ืœ-ืคืจื—ื™ื.
08:31
Bees have been dying over the last 50 years,
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ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืช ื‘-50 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
08:33
and we're planting more crops that need them.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืขื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืŸ.
08:37
There has been a 300 percent increase in crop production
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›-300% ื‘ืชื•ืฆืจืช
08:41
that requires bee pollination.
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ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘ืงื” ืข"ื™ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
08:45
And then there's pesticides.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืจื”.
08:48
After World War II, we started using pesticides
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—"ืข ื”-2 ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™-ื”ื“ื‘ืจื”
08:51
on a large scale, and this became necessary
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ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื›ื•ืจื—,
08:54
because of the monocultures that put out a feast
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื“-ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืืจื•ื—ืช-ืžืœื›ื™ื
08:58
for crop pests.
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ืœืžื–ื™ืงื™ ืื•ืชื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
09:00
Recently, researchers from Penn State University
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”
09:03
have started looking at the pesticide residue
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืจื”
09:06
in the loads of pollen that bees carry home as food,
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ื‘ืžื˜ืขื ื™ ืื‘ืงืช ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืžืŸ ืœื›ื•ื•ืจืช, ื›ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
09:10
and they've found that every batch of pollen
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื›ืœ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืื‘ืงื”
09:13
that a honeybee collects
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ืฉื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืกืคื•ืช
09:15
has at least six detectable pesticides in it,
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ืžื›ื™ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 6 ื—ื•ืžืจื™-ื”ื“ื‘ืจื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช,
09:19
and this includes every class of insecticides,
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื‘ื™ืจื™-ื—ืจืงื™ื,
09:23
herbicides, fungicides,
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ืงื•ื˜ืœื™-ืขืฉื‘ื™ื, ืงื•ื˜ืœื™-ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
09:26
and even inert and unlabeled ingredients
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ื•ืืฃ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื-ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ื—ืกืจื™-ืชื•ื•ื™ืช,
09:29
that are part of the pesticide formulation
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ืฉื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื ื•ืกื—ืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืจื”,
09:32
that can be more toxic than the active ingredient.
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ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื.
09:36
This small bee is holding up a large mirror.
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ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืจืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
09:42
How much is it going to take to contaminate humans?
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ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื?
09:46
One of these class of insecticides,
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ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื˜ืœื™-ื—ืจืงื™ื,
09:49
the neonicontinoids,
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ื”ื ื™ืื•-ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื,
09:51
is making headlines around the world right now.
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ืขื•ืœื” ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
09:53
You've probably heard about it.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
09:54
This is a new class of insecticides.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื‘ื™ืจื™-ื—ืจืงื™ื.
09:56
It moves through the plant so that a crop pest,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฆืžื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžื–ื™ืง,
10:00
a leaf-eating insect,
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ื—ืจืง ืื•ื›ืœ-ืขืœื™ื,
10:01
would take a bite of the plant
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ื™ื ื’ื•ืก ื‘ืฆืžื—,
10:02
and get a lethal dose and die.
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ื™ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
10:06
If one of these neonics, we call them,
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ืื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืื•ื ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื,
10:08
is applied in a high concentration,
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ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
10:11
such as in this ground application,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงืจืงืขื™ ื”ื–ื”,
10:13
enough of the compound moves through the plant
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ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฆืžื—
10:16
and gets into the pollen and the nectar,
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ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœ ืื‘ืงืช ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื•ืืœ ื”ืฆื•ืฃ,
10:18
where a bee can consume, in this case,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”,
10:20
a high dose of this neurotoxin
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ืฆื•ืจื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื”ืจืขืœืŸ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื”
10:23
that makes the bee twitch and die.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชืขื•ื•ืชืช ื•ืžืชื”.
10:27
In most agricultural settings, on most of our farms,
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืชืจื™ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
10:30
it's only the seed that's coated with the insecticide,
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ืจืง ื”ื–ืจืข ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื,
10:34
and so a smaller concentration moves through the plant
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ื›ืš ืฉืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฆืžื—
10:37
and gets into the pollen and nectar,
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ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืื‘ืงื” ื•ืืœ ื”ืฆื•ืฃ,
10:39
and if a bee consumes this lower dose,
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ื•ืื ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื•ืจื›ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื”ื–ื”,
10:42
either nothing happens
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืงืจื” ื“ื‘ืจ,
10:43
or the bee becomes intoxicated and disoriented
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ืื• ืฉื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจืขืœื” ื•ืชืื‘ื“ ืืช ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”
10:47
and she may not find her way home.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืฉืœื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
10:50
And on top of everything else, bees have
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ
10:53
their own set of diseases and parasites.
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ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ.
10:55
Public enemy number one for bees is this thing.
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ืื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืก' 1 ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”:
10:58
It's called varroa destructor.
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื™ "ืืงืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื•ืจื•ืื”".
11:00
It's aptly named.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ื”ื•ืœื.
11:01
It's this big, blood-sucking parasite
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ื–ื”ื• ื˜ืคื™ืœ ืžื•ืฆืฅ-ื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ
11:04
that compromises the bee's immune system
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ืฉืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”
11:06
and circulates viruses.
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ื•ืžืคื™ืฅ ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื.
11:09
Let me put this all together for you.
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ื›ืขืช ืื—ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
11:12
I don't know what it feels like to a bee
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื”ื™ ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”
11:14
to have a big, bloodsucking parasite running around on it,
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ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ืคื™ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžื•ืฆืฅ-ื“ื ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืขืœื™,
11:17
and I don't know what it feels like to a bee to have a virus,
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ื•ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื ืคื’ืขื” ืžื ื’ื™ืฃ,
11:20
but I do know what it feels like when I have a virus, the flu,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื ื“ื‘ืงืช ื‘ื ื’ื™ืฃ, ื‘ืฉืคืขืช,
11:25
and I know how difficult it is for me to get
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ืงืฉื” ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
11:29
to the grocery store to get good nutrition.
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ืืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืœืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
11:31
But what if I lived in a food desert?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ-ืžื–ื•ืŸ?
11:34
And what if I had to travel a long distance
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืจื—ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ
11:37
to get to the grocery store,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืœืช
11:39
and I finally got my weak body out there
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ื•ื›ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืœืฉื ืืช ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ื—ืœืฉ,
11:42
and I consumed, in my food,
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ืื ื™ ืฆื•ืจื›ืช ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื™
11:44
enough of a pesticide, a neurotoxin,
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ื—ื•ืžืจ-ื”ื“ื‘ืจื”, ืจืขืœืŸ ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช
11:47
that I couldn't find my way home?
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ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”?
11:49
And this is what we mean by multiple
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ื•ื–ื• ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื—,
11:53
and interacting causes of death.
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"ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื".
11:56
And it's not just our honeybees.
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ื•ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™-ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
11:58
All of our beautiful wild species of bees
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
12:01
are at risk, including those tomato-pollinating bumblebees.
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ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช
12:06
These bees are providing backup for our honeybees.
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ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™-ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
12:09
They're providing the pollination insurance
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ื”ืŸ ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ื•ื-ื”ืื‘ืงื”
12:11
alongside our honeybees.
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ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื™-ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
12:13
We need all of our bees.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
12:15
So what are we going to do?
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ืื– ืžื” ื ืขืฉื”?
12:18
What are we going to do about this big bee bummer
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ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืขื ืงื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
12:20
that we've created?
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ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื•?
12:22
It turns out, it's hopeful. It's hopeful.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
12:26
Every one of you out there can help bees
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ืช ืžื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื
12:30
in two very direct and easy ways.
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ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืงืœื•ืช ืžืื“:
12:34
Plant bee-friendly flowers,
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ืฉื™ืชืœื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื,
12:37
and don't contaminate these flowers,
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ื•ืืœ ืชื–ื”ืžื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
12:39
this bee food, with pesticides.
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ืืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ืžื“ื‘ื™ืจื™-ื—ืจืงื™ื.
12:42
So go online and search for flowers
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ื”ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืจืฉืช ื•ื—ืคืฉื• ืคืจื—ื™ื
12:45
that are native to your area and plant them.
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ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื›ื ื•ืฉื™ืชืœื• ืื•ืชื.
12:49
Plant them in a pot on your doorstep.
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ืฉื™ืชืœื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขืฆื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืžืคืชืŸ ื”ื“ืœืช.
12:51
Plant them in your front yard, in your lawns,
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ืฉื™ืชืœื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช, ื‘ืžื“ืฉืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
12:53
in your boulevards.
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ื‘ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
12:55
Campaign to have them planted in public gardens,
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ืคืขืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืฉืชื™ืœืชื ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื,
12:59
community spaces, meadows.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืื“ืžื•ืช ืžืจืขื”,
13:01
Set aside farmland.
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ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ื”.
13:03
We need a beautiful diversity of flowers
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืคืจื—ื™ื
13:06
that blooms over the entire growing season,
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ืฉื™ืคืจื—ื• ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ืขื•ื ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ,
13:08
from spring to fall.
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ืžืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืขื“ ืœืกืชื™ื•.
13:10
We need roadsides seeded in flowers for our bees,
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืฆื™ื“ื™-ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื–ืจื•ืขื™ ืคืจื—ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
13:13
but also for migrating butterflies and birds
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืจืคืจื™ื ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
13:17
and other wildlife.
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ื•ื—ื™ื™-ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
13:19
And we need to think carefully about putting back in
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื—ื–ื™ืจ
13:22
cover crops to nourish our soil
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ืืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื“ืžืชื ื•
13:25
and nourish our bees.
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ื•ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•.
13:28
And we need to diversify our farms.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
13:32
We need to plant flowering crop borders and hedge rows
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืชื—ื•ื ื—ืœืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื
13:36
to disrupt the agricultural food desert
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ืฉืžืžืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ-ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™
13:39
and begin to correct the dysfunctional food system
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ื™ื™ืช-ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“
13:43
that we've created.
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ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื•.
13:45
So maybe it seems like a really small countermeasure
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืืžืฆืขื™-ื ื’ื“ ื–ืขื™ืจ
13:48
to a big, huge problem -- just go plant flowers --
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ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืขืฆื•ืžื” - ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืคืจื—ื™ื -
13:51
but when bees have access to good nutrition,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
13:54
we have access to good nutrition
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ื’ื ืื ื• ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
13:56
through their pollination services.
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื”ืื‘ืงื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
13:59
And when bees have access to good nutrition,
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ื•ื›ืฉืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
14:01
they're better able to engage their own natural defenses,
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ื”ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
14:05
their healthcare,
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ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
14:06
that they have relied on for millions of years.
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ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืกืชืžื›ื• ืžื–ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
14:11
So the beauty of helping bees this way, for me,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ื ื™,
14:15
is that every one of us needs to behave
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ืช ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’
14:20
a little bit more like a bee society, an insect society,
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ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืจืงื™ื,
14:25
where each of our individual actions
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ื›ืฉืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜
14:28
can contribute to a grand solution,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ,
14:31
an emergent property,
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ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก,
14:32
that's much greater than the mere sum
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ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืกื›ื•ื
14:34
of our individual actions.
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ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช.
14:37
So let the small act of planting flowers
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ืžื™ ื™ื™ืชืŸ ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ืœืช ืคืจื—ื™ื
14:42
and keeping them free of pesticides
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ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืชื ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™-ื”ื“ื‘ืจื”
14:46
be the driver of large-scale change.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ-ื”ื™ืงืฃ.
14:50
On behalf of the bees, thank you.
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ื‘ืฉื ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
14:53
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
14:57
Chris Anderson: Thank you. Just a quick question.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš. ืจืง ืฉืืœื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”:
15:01
The latest numbers on the die-off of bees,
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืชืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื,
15:04
is there any sign of things bottoming out?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื’ืžื” ืžืชื”ืคื›ืช?
15:06
What's your hope/depression level on this?
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ืžื” ืจืžืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”/ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš?
15:09
Maria Spivak: Yeah.
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ืžืจื™ื” ืกืคื™ื‘ืง: ื›ืŸ,
15:10
At least in the United States,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
15:12
an average of 30 percent of all bee hives
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข 30% ืžื›ืœ ื›ื•ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื
15:14
are lost every winter.
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ืื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
15:16
About 20 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›-20 ืฉื ื”,
15:18
we were at a 15-percent loss.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืžืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ 15%.
15:20
So it's getting precarious.
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ื›ืš ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื ืขืฉื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.
15:22
CA: That's not 30 percent a year, that's -- MS: Yes, thirty percent a year.
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ื›"ื: ืืœื” ืœื 30% ื‘ืฉื ื”, ื–ื”-- ืž"ืก: ื›ืŸ. 30% ื‘ืฉื ื”.
15:25
CA: Thirty percent a year. MS: But then beekeepers are able to divide their colonies
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ื›"ื: 30% ื‘ืฉื ื”! ืž"ืก: ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ืจื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช
15:29
and so they can maintain the same number,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืกืคืจ,
15:31
they can recuperate some of their loss.
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ื•ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ.
15:34
We're kind of at a tipping point.
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ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืš.
15:35
We can't really afford to lose that many more.
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ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:38
We need to be really appreciative
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื• ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืจื‘ื”
15:40
of all the beekeepers out there. Plant flowers.
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ืจื ื™ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื. ืฉื™ืชืœื• ืคืจื—ื™ื!
15:43
CA: Thank you.
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ื›"ื: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš.
15:44
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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