Marla Spivak: Why bees are disappearing

595,971 views ・ 2013-09-17

TED


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Prevoditelj: Maja Covic Recezent: Ivan Stamenković
00:12
This is our life with bees,
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Ovo je naš život s pčelama,
00:16
and this is our life without bees.
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a ovo je naš život bez njih.
00:20
Bees are the most important pollinators
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Pčele su najvažniji oprašivači
00:23
of our fruits and vegetables and flowers
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našeg voća, povrća i cvijeća
00:25
and crops like alfalfa hay that feed our farm animals.
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i usjeva poput alfalfa (lucerna) sijena koja hrane naše domaće životinje.
00:29
More than one third of the world's crop production
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Više od trećine svjetske proizvodnje usjeva
00:32
is dependent on bee pollination.
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ovisi o oprašivanju pomoću pčela.
00:34
But the ironic thing is that bees are not out there
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No, ironično je to da pčele nisu ovdje
00:37
pollinating our food intentionally.
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da bi namjerno oprašivale našu hranu.
00:40
They're out there because they need to eat.
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One su ovdje jer moraju jesti.
00:43
Bees get all of the protein they need in their diet
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Pčele dobivaju sve potrebne bjelančevine u njihovoj prehrani
00:46
from pollen
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iz peludi
00:47
and all of the carbohydrates they need from nectar.
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i sve potrebe ugljikohidrate iz nektara.
00:50
They're flower-feeders,
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One se hrane cvijećem,
00:52
and as they move from flower to flower,
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i kako lete s cvijeta na cvijet,
00:54
basically on a shopping trip at the local floral mart,
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kao da odlaze u kupovinu u obližnju cvjećarnicu
00:57
they end up providing this valuable pollination service.
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na kraju nam pružaju dragocjeno oprašivanje.
01:02
In parts of the world where there are no bees,
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U dijelovima svijeta gdje nema pčela
01:04
or where they plant varieties that are not attractive to bees,
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ili gdje se sade vrste bilja koje pčelama nisu privlačne,
01:07
people are paid to do the business of pollination by hand.
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ljudima se plaća da obavljaju oprašivanje rukama.
01:11
These people are moving pollen from flower to flower
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Ti ljudi raspršuju pelud s cvijeta na cvijet
01:15
with a paintbrush.
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pomoću kista.
01:17
Now this business of hand pollination
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Ovakav posao ručnog oprašivanja
01:19
is actually not that uncommon.
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zapravo i nije tako neuobičajen.
01:21
Tomato growers often pollinate their tomato flowers
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Uzgajivači rajčice često oprašuju svoje cvjetove rajčica
01:25
with a hand-held vibrator.
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ručnim vibratorom.
01:27
Now this one's the tomato tickler. (Laughter)
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Ovo je škakljač rajčica. (Smijeh)
01:31
Now this is because the pollen within a tomato flower
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To je zbog razloga što je pelud u cvijetu rajčice
01:37
is held very securely within
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jako dobro zaštićena
01:38
the male part of the flower, the anther,
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u muškom dijelu cvijeta, prašniku,
01:41
and the only way to release this pollen is to vibrate it.
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i jedini način da se pelud oslobodi je da ga se protrese.
01:44
So bumblebees are one of the few kinds of bees in the world
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Bumbari su jedni od rijetkih vrsta pčela na svijetu
01:48
that are able to hold onto the flower and vibrate it,
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koji se mogu primiti na cvijet i vibrirati ga,
01:51
and they do this by shaking their flight muscles
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a to čine tako da tresu svoje mišiće za letenje
01:54
at a frequency similar to the musical note C.
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frekvencijom koja je slična glazbenoj noti C.
01:58
So they vibrate the flower, they sonicate it,
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Tako oni tresu cvijet, soniciraju ga,
02:01
and that releases the pollen in this efficient swoosh,
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što oslobađa pelud u učinkovitom zamahu,
02:04
and the pollen gathers all over the fuzzy bee's body,
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a pelud se skuplja po cijelom pahuljastom tijelu pčele,
02:07
and she takes it home as food.
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koju pčela nosi doma kao hranu.
02:09
Tomato growers now put bumblebee colonies
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Uzgajivači rajčica sada smještaju kolonije bumbara
02:12
inside the greenhouse to pollinate the tomatoes
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unutar plastenika kako bi oprašivali rajčice,
02:15
because they get much more efficient pollination
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jer dobivaju puno učinkovitije oprašivanje
02:17
when it's done naturally
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kada se to obavlja prirodim putem,
02:18
and they get better quality tomatoes.
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a dobivaju i kvalitetnije rajčice.
02:22
So there's other, maybe more personal reasons,
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Postoje i drugi, možda osobniji razlozi
02:26
to care about bees.
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zašto bismo trebali brinuti o pčelama.
02:27
There's over 20,000 species of bees in the world,
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Na svijetu je preko 20.000 vrsta pčela
02:31
and they're absolutely gorgeous.
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i jednostavno su prekrasne.
02:34
These bees spend the majority of their life cycle
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Te pčele provedu većinu svog životnog ciklusa
02:37
hidden in the ground or within a hollow stem
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skrivene u zemlji ili u šupljem deblu
02:40
and very few of these beautiful species
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i jako malo pripadnika ovih prekrasnih vrsta
02:42
have evolved highly social behavior like honeybees.
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su razvile visoko društveno ponašanje poput pčela medarica.
02:46
Now honeybees tend to be the charismatic representative
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Pčele medarice nerijetko su karizmatične predstavnice
02:49
for the other 19,900-plus species
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svih ostalih 19.900 i više vrsta pčela,
02:53
because there's something about honeybees
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jer ima nešto kod tih pčela medarica
02:55
that draws people into their world.
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što privlači ljude u njihov svijet.
02:58
Humans have been drawn to honeybees
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Pčele medarice privlače ljude
03:00
since early recorded history,
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od najranijih vremena,
03:02
mostly to harvest their honey,
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uglavnom kako bi pobrali njihov med,
03:04
which is an amazing natural sweetener.
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koji je nevjerojatni prirodni zaslađivač.
03:07
I got drawn into the honeybee world
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Svijet pčela medarica privukao me
03:09
completely by a fluke.
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sasvim slučajno.
03:11
I was 18 years old and bored,
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Imala sam 18 godina i bilo mi je dosadno,
03:13
and I picked up a book in the library on bees
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i u knjižnici sam posudila knjigu o pčelama,
03:16
and I spent the night reading it.
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te provela noć čitajući je.
03:18
I had never thought about insects
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Nikad do tad nisam razmišljala o tome kako insekti
03:20
living in complex societies.
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žive u složenim društvima.
03:22
It was like the best of science fiction come true.
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Bilo je kao da se ono najbolje od znanstvene fantastike ostvarilo.
03:25
And even stranger, there were these people,
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Čak i neobičnije. Tu su bili neki ljudi,
03:28
these beekeepers, that loved their bees like they were family,
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pčelari, koji vole svoje pčele kao da su dio obitelji,
03:32
and when I put down the book, I knew I had to see this for myself.
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i kad sam odložila knjigu, znala sam da se moram sama u to uvjeriti.
03:36
So I went to work for a commercial beekeeper,
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Tako da sam počela raditi za komercijalnog pčelara,
03:38
a family that owned 2,000 hives of bees in New Mexico.
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jednu obitelj koja je posjedovala 2.000 košnica u Novom Meksiku.
03:42
And I was permanently hooked.
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I trajno sam se "navukla".
03:46
Honeybees can be considered a super-organism,
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Pčele medarice možemo smatrati super organizmom,
03:49
where the colony is the organism
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gdje je kolonija organizam
03:51
and it's comprised of 40,000 to 50,000
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koji se sastoji od 40.000 do 50.000
03:54
individual bee organisms.
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pojedinačnih pčelinjih organizama.
03:57
Now this society has no central authority.
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Ovo društvo nema središnju upravu.
04:00
Nobody's in charge.
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Nitko ne vodi.
04:02
So how they come to collective decisions,
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Tako da način na koji dolaze do zajedničkih odluka,
04:04
and how they allocate their tasks and divide their labor,
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i način na koji dodjeljuju zadatke i dijele svoj posao,
04:07
how they communicate where the flowers are,
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i kako priopćuju gdje se nalazi cvijeće,
04:10
all of their collective social behaviors are mindblowing.
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kompletno njihovo zajedničko društveno ponašanje je zapanjujuće.
04:14
My personal favorite, and one that I've studied for many years,
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Meni osobno najdraži, koji sam mnogo godina proučavala,
04:18
is their system of healthcare.
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je njihov sustav zdravstvene skrbi.
04:19
So bees have social healthcare.
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I pčele imaju socijalnu zdravstvenu skrb.
04:23
So in my lab, we study how bees keep themselves healthy.
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Tako u mom laboratoriju proučavamo kako pčele čuvaju svoje zdravlje.
04:27
For example, we study hygiene,
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Na primjer, proučavamo higijenu,
04:30
where some bees are able to locate and weed out
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kako neke pčele mogu pronaći i odstraniti
04:32
sick individuals from the nest, from the colony,
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bolesne jedinke iz gnijezda, iz kolonije,
04:36
and it keeps the colony healthy.
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i to održava koloniju zdravom.
04:38
And more recently, we've been studying resins
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U novije vrijeme proučavamo smolu
04:42
that bees collect from plants.
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koju pčele skupljaju iz biljaka.
04:44
So bees fly to some plants and they scrape
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Tako pčele lete do nekih biljaka i strugaju
04:47
these very, very sticky resins off the leaves,
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tu vrlo ljepljivu smolu s lišća,
04:49
and they take them back to the nest
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i nose je nazad u gnijezdo
04:51
where they cement them into the nest architecture
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gdje je učvršćuju u arhitekturu gnijezda,
04:54
where we call it propolis.
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što mi nazivamo propolis.
04:56
We've found that propolis is a natural disinfectant.
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Otkrili smo da je propolis prirodno sredstvo za dezinfekciju.
05:01
It's a natural antibiotic.
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To je prirodni antibiotik.
05:03
It kills off bacteria and molds and other germs
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Ubija bakterije i plijesni i druge bacile
05:06
within the colony,
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unutar kolonije,
05:08
and so it bolsters the colony health and their social immunity.
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i tako održavaju zdravlje kolonije i njihov društveni imunitet.
05:12
Humans have known about the power of propolis
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Ljudi su upoznati sa djelotvornostima propolisa
05:15
since biblical times.
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još od biblijskih vremena.
05:17
We've been harvesting propolis out of bee colonies
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Prikupljamo propolis iz pčelinjih kolonija
05:20
for human medicine,
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za ljudsku medicinu,
05:22
but we didn't know how good it was for the bees.
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ali nismo znali koliko je on dobar za pčele.
05:26
So honeybees have these remarkable natural defenses
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Pčele medarice tako imaju čudesnu prirodnu obranu
05:30
that have kept them healthy and thriving
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koja ih je održavala zdravima i uspješnima
05:32
for over 50 million years.
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preko 50 milijuna godina.
05:37
So seven years ago, when honeybee colonies
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I tako prije sedam godina, kada je bilo objavljeno
05:40
were reported to be dying en masse,
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da kolonije pčela medarica masovno izumiru,
05:42
first in the United States,
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prvo u SAD-u,
05:44
it was clear that there was something really, really wrong.
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bilo je jasno da nešto nikako nije u redu.
05:48
In our collective conscience, in a really primal way,
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U našoj kolektivnoj svijesti, na posve iskonski način,
05:51
we know we can't afford to lose bees.
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znamo da si ne možemo priuštiti gubitak pčela.
05:54
So what's going on?
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Pa što se onda događa?
05:57
Bees are dying from multiple and interacting causes,
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Pčele umiru iz višestrukih i uzajamnih uzroka,
06:02
and I'll go through each of these.
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i proći ću kroz svaki od njih.
06:04
The bottom line is,
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Zaključak je taj da
06:06
bees dying reflects a flowerless landscape
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umiranje pčela odražava krajolik bez cvijeća,
06:10
and a dysfunctional food system.
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i disfunkcionalni sustav hrane.
06:13
Now we have the best data on honeybees,
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Imamo najbolje podatke o pčelama medaricama,
06:15
so I'll use them as an example.
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pa ću ih iskoristiti kao primjer.
06:17
In the United States, bees in fact have been
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U SAD-u broj pčela je zapravo
06:21
in decline since World War II.
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u opadanju od Drugog svjetskog rata.
06:24
We have half the number of managed hives
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Danas u SAD-u imamo 50% manje košnica
06:26
in the United States now compared to 1945.
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nego što smo imali 1945. godine.
06:29
We're down to about two million hives of bees, we think.
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Pretpostavljamo da je broj košnica pao na oko 2 milijuna.
06:33
And the reason is, after World War II,
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Razlog tome je taj što smo, poslije Drugog svjetskog rata,
06:35
we changed our farming practices.
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promijenili poljoprivrednu praksu.
06:39
We stopped planting cover crops.
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Prestali smo saditi pokrovne usjeve.
06:41
We stopped planting clover and alfalfa,
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Prestali smo saditi djetelinu i lucernu,
06:44
which are natural fertilizers that fix nitrogen in the soil,
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koji su prirodna gnojiva koja unose dušik u tlo,
06:48
and instead we started using synthetic fertilizers.
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a umjesto toga smo počeli koristiti umjetna gnojiva.
06:52
Clover and alfalfa are highly nutritious food plants for bees.
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Djetelina i lucerna su visoko hranjiva biljna hrana za pčele.
06:57
And after World War II, we started using herbicides
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Poslije Drugog svjetskog rata, počeli smo koristiti herbicide
07:01
to kill off the weeds in our farms.
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kako bismo iskorijenili korov s naših farmi.
07:03
Many of these weeds are flowering plants
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Mnogi od tih korova su kritosjemenjače
07:06
that bees require for their survival.
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koje su pčelama potrebne da bi preživjele.
07:09
And we started growing larger and larger crop monocultures.
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I počeli smo uzgajati sve veće monokulturne usjeve.
07:14
Now we talk about food deserts,
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Danas govorimo o područjima pogođenima nestašicom hrane,
07:17
places in our cities, neighborhoods that have no grocery stores.
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mjestima u našim gradovima, susjedstvima gdje nema dućana mješovite robe.
07:21
The very farms that used to sustain bees
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Iste farme koje su nekoć uzdržavale pčele,
07:25
are now agricultural food deserts,
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danas su poljoprivredne pustinje hrane
07:28
dominated by one or two plant species
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u kojima prevladavaju jedna ili dvije biljne vrste
07:31
like corn and soybeans.
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poput kukuruza ili sojinog graha.
07:33
Since World War II, we have been systematically
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Od Drugog svjetskog rata, sustavno
07:36
eliminating many of the flowering plants
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odstranjujemo mnoge kritosjemenjače
07:39
that bees need for their survival.
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koje pčele trebaju kako bi preživjele.
07:42
And these monocultures extend even to crops
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Te monokulture se šire čak i na usjeve
07:45
that are good for bees, like almonds.
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koji su dobri za pčele, poput badema.
07:48
Fifty years ago, beekeepers would take a few colonies,
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Prije pedeset godina, pčelari bi uzeli par kolonija,
07:52
hives of bees into the almond orchards, for pollination,
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pčelinjih košnica u voćnjake badema, radi oprašivanja
07:55
and also because the pollen in an almond blossom
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all i zato što je pelud iz bademova cvijeta
07:59
is really high in protein. It's really good for bees.
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jako bogata bjelančevinama. Jako je dobra za pčele.
08:03
Now, the scale of almond monoculture
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Sad, razmjer monokulture badema
08:07
demands that most of our nation's bees,
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zahtijeva da većina pčela u našoj zemlji,
08:10
over 1.5 million hives of bees,
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preko 1.5 milijuna pčelinjih košnica,
08:12
be transported across the nation
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bude prenesena preko cijele zemlje
08:15
to pollinate this one crop.
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kako bi se oprašio ovaj jedan usjev.
08:18
And they're trucked in in semi-loads,
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Utovaruju se na šlepere,
08:20
and they must be trucked out,
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i mora ih se i istovariti,
08:23
because after bloom, the almond orchards
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budući da nakon cvjetanja, voćnjaci badema
08:25
are a vast and flowerless landscape.
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postaju golema područja bez cvijeća.
08:31
Bees have been dying over the last 50 years,
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Pčele izumiru u zadnjih 50 godina,
08:33
and we're planting more crops that need them.
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a mi sadimo više usjeva za koje su pčele potrebne.
08:37
There has been a 300 percent increase in crop production
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Proizvodnja usjeva koji zahtijevaju oprašivanje
08:41
that requires bee pollination.
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pomoću pčela porasla je za 300 posto.
08:45
And then there's pesticides.
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A tu su i pesticidi.
08:48
After World War II, we started using pesticides
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Nakon Drugog svjetskog rata, počeli smo koristiti pesticide
08:51
on a large scale, and this became necessary
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u velikim količinama, a to je postalo potrebno
08:54
because of the monocultures that put out a feast
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zbog monokultura koje su privlačile
08:58
for crop pests.
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nametnike usjeva.
09:00
Recently, researchers from Penn State University
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U posljednje vrijeme, istraživači sa sveučilišta Penn State
09:03
have started looking at the pesticide residue
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počeli su promatrati zaostatak pesticida
09:06
in the loads of pollen that bees carry home as food,
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u hrpama peludi koje pčele donose kući kao hranu,
09:10
and they've found that every batch of pollen
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i otkrili su da svaka mjerica peludi
09:13
that a honeybee collects
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koju pčela medarica skupi
09:15
has at least six detectable pesticides in it,
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sadrži bar šest prepoznatljivih pesticida,
09:19
and this includes every class of insecticides,
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što uključuje svaku vrstu insekticida,
09:23
herbicides, fungicides,
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herbicida, fungicida,
09:26
and even inert and unlabeled ingredients
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pa čak i inertnih neimenovanih sastojaka,
09:29
that are part of the pesticide formulation
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koji su dio formulacije pesticida,
09:32
that can be more toxic than the active ingredient.
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koji mogu biti otrovniji od aktivnog sastojka.
09:36
This small bee is holding up a large mirror.
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Ova malena pčela drži veliko zrcalo.
09:42
How much is it going to take to contaminate humans?
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Koliko će biti potrebno da zarazi ljude?
09:46
One of these class of insecticides,
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Jedna od ovih vrsta insekticida,
09:49
the neonicontinoids,
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neonikotinoidi,
09:51
is making headlines around the world right now.
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danas je česta tema novina diljem svijeta.
09:53
You've probably heard about it.
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Vjerojatno ste čuli za to.
09:54
This is a new class of insecticides.
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To je nova vrsta insekticida.
09:56
It moves through the plant so that a crop pest,
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Prolazi kroz biljku tako da nametnik usjeva,
10:00
a leaf-eating insect,
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insekt koji jede listove,
10:01
would take a bite of the plant
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zagrize u biljku
10:02
and get a lethal dose and die.
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dobije smrtonosnu dozu i umre.
10:06
If one of these neonics, we call them,
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Ako se jedan od ovih neonikotinoida
10:08
is applied in a high concentration,
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upotrijebi u visokoj koncentraciji,
10:11
such as in this ground application,
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kao u ovoj animaciji,
10:13
enough of the compound moves through the plant
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dovoljno spojeva prolazi kroz biljku
10:16
and gets into the pollen and the nectar,
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u ulazi u pelud i nektar
10:18
where a bee can consume, in this case,
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gdje pčela, u ovom slučaju, može pojesti
10:20
a high dose of this neurotoxin
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visoku dozu ovog neurotoksina
10:23
that makes the bee twitch and die.
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od čega se počne grčiti i ugine.
10:27
In most agricultural settings, on most of our farms,
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Na većini poljoprivrednih zemljišta, na većini naših farmi,
10:30
it's only the seed that's coated with the insecticide,
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jedino je sjeme obloženo insekticidom,
10:34
and so a smaller concentration moves through the plant
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tako da manja koncentracija prolazi proz biljku
10:37
and gets into the pollen and nectar,
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i ulazi u pelud i nektar,
10:39
and if a bee consumes this lower dose,
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i ako pčela pojede ovu manju dozu,
10:42
either nothing happens
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ili se ne dogodi ništa,
10:43
or the bee becomes intoxicated and disoriented
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ili je pčela opijena i dezorijentirana
10:47
and she may not find her way home.
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i možda se neće znati vratiti kući.
10:50
And on top of everything else, bees have
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A povrh svega, pčele imaju
10:53
their own set of diseases and parasites.
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i vlastite bolesti i nametnike.
10:55
Public enemy number one for bees is this thing.
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Glavni neprijatelj pčela je ovo.
10:58
It's called varroa destructor.
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Zove se varroa destructor.
11:00
It's aptly named.
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Naziv joj je prikladan.
11:01
It's this big, blood-sucking parasite
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To je veliki nametnik koji siše krv,
11:04
that compromises the bee's immune system
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ugrožava pčelinji imuno sustav
11:06
and circulates viruses.
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i širi viruse.
11:09
Let me put this all together for you.
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Dopustite mi da vam to predočim.
11:12
I don't know what it feels like to a bee
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Ne znam kako je to biti pčela,
11:14
to have a big, bloodsucking parasite running around on it,
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imati na sebi velikog nametnika koji siše krv,
11:17
and I don't know what it feels like to a bee to have a virus,
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i ne znam kako je pčeli kada ima virus,
11:20
but I do know what it feels like when I have a virus, the flu,
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ali znam kako se ja osjećam kada imam virus, gripu,
11:25
and I know how difficult it is for me to get
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i znam koliko mi je teško otići
11:29
to the grocery store to get good nutrition.
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u dućan mješovite robe po dobru hranu.
11:31
But what if I lived in a food desert?
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No, što bi bilo da živim u predjelu bez hrane?
11:34
And what if I had to travel a long distance
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I što bi bilo da moram prijeći veliku udaljenost
11:37
to get to the grocery store,
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kako bih došla do dućana,
11:39
and I finally got my weak body out there
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i kad bih konačno dovukla svoje slabo tijelo do tamo,
11:42
and I consumed, in my food,
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i kroz svoju hranu unijela
11:44
enough of a pesticide, a neurotoxin,
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dovoljno pesticida, neurotoksina,
11:47
that I couldn't find my way home?
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da se ne bih znala vratiti kući?
11:49
And this is what we mean by multiple
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Upravo na to mislimo kada govorimo o višestrukim
11:53
and interacting causes of death.
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i uzajamnim uzrocima ugibanja.
11:56
And it's not just our honeybees.
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I ne radi se samo o našim pčelama medaricama.
11:58
All of our beautiful wild species of bees
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Sve naše predivne divlje vrste pčela
12:01
are at risk, including those tomato-pollinating bumblebees.
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su ugrožene, uključujući i one bumbare koji oprašuju rajčice.
12:06
These bees are providing backup for our honeybees.
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Te pčele su rezerva našim pčelama medaricama.
12:09
They're providing the pollination insurance
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One osiguravaju oprašivanje
12:11
alongside our honeybees.
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pored naših pčela medarica.
12:13
We need all of our bees.
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Potrebne su nam sve naše pčele.
12:15
So what are we going to do?
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I što ćemo onda učiniti?
12:18
What are we going to do about this big bee bummer
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Što ćemo učiniti u vezi ove velike pčelinje frke
12:20
that we've created?
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koju smo stvorili?
12:22
It turns out, it's hopeful. It's hopeful.
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Ispada da ipak ima nade. Ima nade.
12:26
Every one of you out there can help bees
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Svaki od vas ovdje može pomoći pčelama
12:30
in two very direct and easy ways.
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na dva vrlo izravna i laka načina.
12:34
Plant bee-friendly flowers,
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Sadite cvijeće koje vole pčele,
12:37
and don't contaminate these flowers,
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i nemojte kontaminirati to cvijeće,
12:39
this bee food, with pesticides.
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tu hranu za pčele, pesticidima.
12:42
So go online and search for flowers
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Otiđite na Internet i potražite cvijeće
12:45
that are native to your area and plant them.
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koje je iz vaše sredine i posadite ga.
12:49
Plant them in a pot on your doorstep.
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Posadite ga u lončanici ispred vašeg ulaza u kuću.
12:51
Plant them in your front yard, in your lawns,
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Posadite ga u vašem vrtu, na vašem travnjaku,
12:53
in your boulevards.
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u vašim bulevarima.
12:55
Campaign to have them planted in public gardens,
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Pokrenite kampanju da se ono posadi u javnim vrtovima,
12:59
community spaces, meadows.
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komunalnim prostorima, livadama,
13:01
Set aside farmland.
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izdvojenim poljoprivrednim površinama.
13:03
We need a beautiful diversity of flowers
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Trebamo predivnu raznolikost cvijeća
13:06
that blooms over the entire growing season,
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koje cvate tijekom cijelog vegetacijskog razdoblja,
13:08
from spring to fall.
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od proljeća do jeseni.
13:10
We need roadsides seeded in flowers for our bees,
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Trebamo cvijeće za naše pčele posađeno uz cestu,
13:13
but also for migrating butterflies and birds
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ali i za migrirajuće leptire i ptice
13:17
and other wildlife.
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i druge životinje.
13:19
And we need to think carefully about putting back in
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Trebamo pažljivo razmisliti o tome da vratimo
13:22
cover crops to nourish our soil
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pokrovne usjeve kako bismo nahranili našu zemlju
13:25
and nourish our bees.
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i naše pčele.
13:28
And we need to diversify our farms.
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I trebamo učiniti naše farme raznolikijima.
13:32
We need to plant flowering crop borders and hedge rows
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Trebamo saditi granice od cvjetnih usjeva i živicu
13:36
to disrupt the agricultural food desert
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kako bismo onemogućili razvijanje poljoprivredno siromašnih područja
13:39
and begin to correct the dysfunctional food system
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i počeli ispravljati disfunkcionalni sustav hrane
13:43
that we've created.
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koji smo stvorili.
13:45
So maybe it seems like a really small countermeasure
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Možda se to čini kao jako malena protumjera
13:48
to a big, huge problem -- just go plant flowers --
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velikom, golemom problemu -- samo sadite cvijeće --
13:51
but when bees have access to good nutrition,
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ali kada pčele imaju pristup dobroj hrani,
13:54
we have access to good nutrition
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i mi imamo pristup dobroj hrani
13:56
through their pollination services.
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kroz njihovo oprašivanje.
13:59
And when bees have access to good nutrition,
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A kada pčele imaju pristup dobroj hrani,
14:01
they're better able to engage their own natural defenses,
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mogu bolje upravljati svojom prirodnom zaštitom,
14:05
their healthcare,
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svojom zdravstvenom skrbi,
14:06
that they have relied on for millions of years.
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na koju su se oslanjali milijunima godina.
14:11
So the beauty of helping bees this way, for me,
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Tako da je ljepota pomaganju pčela na ovaj način, za mene,
14:15
is that every one of us needs to behave
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u tome da se svatko od nas treba malo više
14:20
a little bit more like a bee society, an insect society,
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ponašati kao pčelinje društvo, društvo insekata,
14:25
where each of our individual actions
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gdje svako naše pojedinačno djelo
14:28
can contribute to a grand solution,
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može doprinijeti velikom rješenju,
14:31
an emergent property,
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emergentnom svojstvu
14:32
that's much greater than the mere sum
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koje je mnogo veće od pukog zbroja
14:34
of our individual actions.
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naših pojedinačnih djela.
14:37
So let the small act of planting flowers
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Tako neka maleno djelo sadnje cvijeća
14:42
and keeping them free of pesticides
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i čuvanja ih od pesticida
14:46
be the driver of large-scale change.
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bude pokretač velike promjene.
14:50
On behalf of the bees, thank you.
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U ime pčela, hvala vam.
14:53
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
14:57
Chris Anderson: Thank you. Just a quick question.
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Chris Anderson: Hvala Vam. Samo brzo pitanje.
15:01
The latest numbers on the die-off of bees,
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Što se tiče najnovijih podataka o izumiranju pčela,
15:04
is there any sign of things bottoming out?
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ima li naznake da će broj pčela dosegnuti dno i početi opet rasti?
15:06
What's your hope/depression level on this?
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Koja je mjera vaše nade i brige vezane uz ovo?
15:09
Maria Spivak: Yeah.
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Maria Spivak: Da.
15:10
At least in the United States,
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Barem u SAD-u,
15:12
an average of 30 percent of all bee hives
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prosječno 30 posto svih pčelinjih košnica
15:14
are lost every winter.
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je izgubljeno svake zime.
15:16
About 20 years ago,
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Prije otprilike 20 godina,
15:18
we were at a 15-percent loss.
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gubitak je iznosio 15 posto.
15:20
So it's getting precarious.
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Tako da postaje neizvjesno.
15:22
CA: That's not 30 percent a year, that's -- MS: Yes, thirty percent a year.
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CA: To nije 30 posto na godinu, to je -- MS: Da, 30 posto na godinu.
15:25
CA: Thirty percent a year. MS: But then beekeepers are able to divide their colonies
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CA: 30 posto na godinu. MS: No, pčelari onda mogu podijeliti svoje kolonije
15:29
and so they can maintain the same number,
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i tako održati isti broj,
15:31
they can recuperate some of their loss.
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mogu nadoknaditi dio gubitka.
15:34
We're kind of at a tipping point.
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Mi smo jedna vrsta prekretnice.
15:35
We can't really afford to lose that many more.
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Ne možemo si priuštiti još veći gubitak pčela.
15:38
We need to be really appreciative
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Trebamo biti zaista zahvalni
15:40
of all the beekeepers out there. Plant flowers.
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svim pčelarima. Sadite cvijeće.
15:43
CA: Thank you.
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CA: Hvala Vam.
15:44
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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