Joshua Klein: The intelligence of crows

404,348 views ใƒป 2008-05-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yifat Adler ืžื‘ืงืจ: Noam Nelke
00:18
How many of you have seen the Alfred Hitchcock film "The Birds"?
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืจืื• ืืช "ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื" ืฉืœ ืืœืคืจื“ ื”ื™ืฆ'ืงื•ืง?
ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืชื—ืจืคืŸ ืžื”ืกืจื˜?
00:22
Any of you get really freaked out by that?
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00:24
You might want to leave now.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
00:26
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
00:27
So this is a vending machine for crows.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.
00:29
Over the past few days, many of you have been asking,
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื™
00:31
"How did you come to this? How did you get started doing this?"
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"ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขืช ืœื–ื”? ืื™ืš ื”ืชื—ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?"
00:34
It started, as with many great ideas,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ, ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
00:36
or many ideas you can't get rid of, anyway,
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ืื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื
00:38
at a cocktail party.
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ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ.
00:39
About 10 years ago, I was at a cocktail party with a friend of mine.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›-10 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืฉืชืชืคืชื™ ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจ.
ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ืœื ื• ืฉื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื
00:43
We were sitting there, and he was complaining about the crows
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ืฉื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื•ืขืฉื• ืฉื ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ.
00:46
that were all over his yard and making a big mess.
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00:48
And he was telling me we ought to eradicate these things,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื ื›ื™ ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ.
00:51
kill them, because they're making a mess.
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ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื˜ืคืฉื™.
00:53
I said that was stupid,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืืœืฃ ืื•ืชื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœ.
00:54
maybe we should just train them to do something useful.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
00:56
And he said that was impossible.
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00:58
And I'm sure I'm in good company in finding that tremendously annoying,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืขืฆื‘ืŸ
01:01
when someone tells you it's impossible.
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ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช 10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืขืœ ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ืคื ื•ื™.
01:03
So I spent the next 10 years reading about crows in my spare time.
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01:06
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
01:09
And after 10 years of this, my wife said,
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ืื—ืจื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื, ืืฉืชื™ ืืžืจื”,
01:11
"You've got to do this thing you've been talking about,
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"ืชืฉืžืข, ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”
ืฉืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช."
01:14
and build the vending machine."
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ืื– ื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื”.
01:16
So I did.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉื
01:17
But part of the reason I found this interesting is,
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ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•
01:19
I started noticing that we're very aware of all the species
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ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื
01:22
that are going extinct on the planet
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ืœื”ืขืœื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
01:24
as a result of human habitation expansion,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืฉื ืœื‘
01:26
and no one seems to be paying attention to all the species
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื.
01:29
that are actually living; they're surviving.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืกื™ื ืื ืชืจื•ืคื™ื™ื,
01:31
And I'm talking specifically about synanthropic species,
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ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืกืชื’ืœื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
01:34
which have adapted specifically for human ecologies,
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืงืงื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.
01:37
species like rats and cockroaches and crows.
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01:40
And as I started looking at them, I was finding that they had hyper-adapted.
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื”ื, ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ืคืจ-ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•.
ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืชื ื•.
01:44
They'd become extremely adept at living with us.
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01:46
And in return, we just tried to kill them all the time.
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ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
01:49
(Laughter)
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01:50
And in doing so, we were breeding them for parasitism.
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ื•ื›ืš, ื’ืจืžื ื• ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื.
01:52
We were giving them all sorts of reasons to adapt new ways.
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ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืกื’ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
01:56
So, for example, rats are incredibly responsive breeders.
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ื›ืš, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื™ื™ื.
01:59
And cockroaches, as anyone who's tried to get rid of them knows,
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ื•ืžืงืงื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืข,
02:02
have become really immune to the poisons that we're using.
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ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืœืจืขืœื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
02:05
So I thought, let's build something that's mutually beneficial;
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ื ื‘ื ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช.
ื ื‘ื ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ืžืžื ื•.
02:09
something that we can both benefit from,
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ื ืžืฆื ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:11
and find some way to make a new relationship with these species.
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ืืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช.
02:14
So I built the vending machine.
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02:16
But the story of the vending machine is a little more interesting
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
ืื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.
02:19
if you know more about crows.
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02:20
It turns out, crows aren't just surviving with human beings;
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื.
02:23
they're actually thriving.
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02:24
They're found everywhere on the planet except for the Arctic
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ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™
ื•ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
02:27
and the southern tip of South America.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื–ื”, ืจืง ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื
02:29
And in all that area, they're only rarely found breeding
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ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืž-5 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
02:32
more than five kilometers away from human beings.
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ืื– ื’ื ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื
02:34
So we may not think about them, but they're always around.
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ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
02:37
And not surprisingly, given the human population growth,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข, ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื›ื•ืœืกื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช -
02:39
more than half of the human population is living in cities now.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืื•ื›ื•ืœืกื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
02:42
And out of those, nine-tenths of the human growth population
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ื•ืžืชื•ื›ื, ืชืฉืข ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื•ืช
ืžื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืขืจื™ื.
02:45
is occurring in cities.
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02:46
We're seeing a population boom with crows.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.
02:49
So bird counts are indicating
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ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ืจืื”
02:51
that we might be seeing up to exponential growth in their numbers.
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ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
ืื– ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ืคืชืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
02:54
So that's no great surprise.
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02:56
But what was really interesting to me was to find out
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื–ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช
02:58
that the birds were adapting in a pretty unusual way.
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืกืชื’ืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœืžื“ื™.
ืืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื›ืš.
03:02
And I'll give you an example of that.
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ื–ืืช ื‘ื˜ื™. ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืจื‘ ื ื™ื•-ืงืœื“ื•ื ื™.
03:05
This is Betty. She's a New Caledonian crow.
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03:07
And these crows use sticks in the wild
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ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืžืงืœื•ืช
03:09
to get insects and whatnot out of pieces of wood.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื—ืจืงื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืขืฅ.
03:12
Here, she's trying to get a piece of meat out of a tube.
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื’ืœื™ืœ.
ืื‘ืœ ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื”.
03:15
But the researchers had a problem.
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03:16
They messed up and left just a stick of wire in there.
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ื”ื ืคื™ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืจืง ื—ื•ื˜ ืžืชื›ืช.
ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
03:19
And she hadn't had the opportunity to do this before.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฆืœื™ื—.
03:22
You see, it wasn't working very well.
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03:24
So she adapted.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช.
ืœื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื ื•. ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืืชื” ืืช ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ
03:27
Now, this is completely unprompted; she had never seen this done before.
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03:30
No one taught her to bend this into a hook
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื” ืœื›ื•ืคืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ืœื•ื•.
03:32
or had shown her how it could happen.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ืจืื” ืœื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื”.
03:34
But she did it all on her own.
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03:35
So keep in mind -- she's never seen this done.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืจืืชื” ืืช ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื”.
03:38
(Laughter)
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03:39
Right.
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ื›ืŸ.
03:41
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
03:47
Yeah. All right.
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ื›ืŸ.
03:49
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
03:53
So that's the part where the researchers freak out.
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื‘ื• ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืจืคื ื™ื.
03:56
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
03:58
It turns out,
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืฆืื™ื
03:59
we've been finding more and more that crows are really intelligent.
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ืฉื”ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื
04:02
Their brains are in the same proportion as chimpanzee brains are.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื—ืก ื›ืžื• ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื.
ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ื›ืžืชื.
04:06
There's all kinds of anecdotes
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04:08
for the different kinds of intelligence they have.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื‘ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื”
04:10
For example, in Sweden, crows will wait for fishermen
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ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ื—ื›ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื—.
04:13
to drop lines through holes in the ice.
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ื›ืฉื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืžืกืชืœืงื™ื,
04:15
And when the fishermen move off,
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ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื›ื•ืช, ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืื• ืืช ื”ืคืชื™ื•ืŸ.
04:16
the crows fly down, reel up the lines, and eat the fish or the bait.
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ื–ื” ืขืกืง ื“ื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื.
04:20
It's pretty annoying for the fishermen.
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04:22
On an entirely different tack,
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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™
04:23
at University of Washington a few years ago,
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
ืขืจื›ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื• ืชืคืกื• ื›ืžื” ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืก.
04:26
they were doing an experiment where they captured some crows on campus.
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ื›ืžื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืชืคืกื• ื‘ืจืฉืช ื›ืžื” ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื,
04:29
Some students went out, netted some crows, brought them in,
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ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื, ืฉืงืœื• ืื•ืชื, ืžื“ื“ื• ืื•ืชื,
04:32
weighed and measured them, and let them back out again.
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ื•ืื– ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืื•ืชื.
04:34
And they were entertained to discover that for the rest of the week,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ืขืฉืขื™ื ื›ืฉื’ื™ืœื•
ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข
ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื• ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืก,
04:38
whenever these particular students walked around campus,
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ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฆื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื
04:40
these crows would caw at them and run around,
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ื•ืจืฆื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœื™ื.
04:42
and make their life kind of miserable.
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04:44
(Laughter)
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืขืฉืขื™ื ื›ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื
04:45
They were significantly less entertained
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04:47
when this went on for the next week.
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื. ื•ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ.
04:49
And the next month.
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04:50
And after summer break.
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04:52
Until they finally graduated and left campus,
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ืขื“ ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืงืžืคื•ืก.
04:54
and -- glad to get away, I'm sure --
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืžื—ื• ืœื”ืกืชืœืง ืžืฉื.
04:56
came back sometime later, and found the crows still remembered them.
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ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ, ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื.
04:59
(Laughter)
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ื•ื”ืœืงื— ื”ื•ื - ืœื ืœืขืฆื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.
05:00
So, the moral being: don't piss off crows.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ
05:03
So now, students at the University of Washington
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05:06
that are studying these crows, do so with a giant wig and a big mask.
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ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
ื—ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืคื™ืื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ื•ืžืกื™ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
05:09
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
05:11
It's fairly interesting.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
05:13
(Laughter)
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05:14
So we know these crows are really smart,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
05:16
but the more I dug into this, the more I found
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
05:19
that they actually have an even more significant adaptation.
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05:23
Video: Crows have become highly skilled at making a living
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ื•ื™ื“ื™ืื•: ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ืžื—ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
05:26
in these new urban environments.
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05:29
In this Japanese city, they have devised a way of eating a food
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช, ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ื“ืจืš
ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืื™ืชื•.
05:33
that normally they can't manage:
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05:37
drop it among the traffic.
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ื”ื ืžืคื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
05:43
The problem now is collecting the bits, without getting run over.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช
ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื“ืจืก.
05:48
Wait for the light to stop the traffic.
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ื—ื›ื” ืฉื”ืจืžื–ื•ืจ ื™ืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”,
06:02
Then, collect your cracked nut in safety.
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ื•ืื– ืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื’ื•ื– ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื”.
06:10
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
06:11
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
06:12
Joshua Klein: Yeah, pretty interesting.
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ื›ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
06:14
What's significant about this isn't that crows are using cars
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืฆื— ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื.
06:17
to crack nuts.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ื’ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.
06:18
In fact, that's old hat for crows.
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ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื›-10 ืฉื ื™ื
06:20
This happened about 10 years ago
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06:21
in a place called Sendai City, at a driving school
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ื‘ืกื ื“ืื™ื™, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื”
06:24
in the suburbs of Tokyo.
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ื‘ืคืจื‘ืจื™ ื˜ื•ืงื™ื•.
06:26
And since that time,
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ื•ืžืื–,
06:27
all the crows in the neighborhood are picking up this behavior.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช.
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืœ ืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— 5 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื”
06:30
Now every crow within five kilometers is standing by a sidewalk,
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ื•ืžื—ื›ื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
06:33
waiting to collect its lunch.
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06:35
So they're learning from each other. And research bears this out.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™. ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื–ืืช.
ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ.
06:38
Parents seem to be teaching their young.
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ื”ื ืœืžื“ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื; ื”ื ืœืžื“ื• ืžืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื.
06:40
They learn from their peers, they learn from their enemies.
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06:43
If I have a little extra time,
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ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื–ืžืŸ, ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื
06:45
I'll tell you about a case of crow infidelity
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ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืคื”.
06:47
that illustrates that nicely.
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช.
06:49
The point being, they've developed cultural adaptation.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ืืชืžื•ืœ,
06:52
And as we heard yesterday,
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06:53
that's the Pandora's box that's getting human beings in trouble,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืคื ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื,
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื.
06:56
and we're starting to see it with them.
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ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
06:58
They're able to very quickly and very flexibly adapt
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07:00
to new challenges and new resources in their environment,
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ื•ืœืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื,
07:03
which is really useful if you live in a city.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืื ืืชื” ื—ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ.
ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.
07:07
So we know that there's lots of crows.
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืฉื”ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
07:09
We found out they're really smart and they can teach each other.
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ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ื”ืจ ืœื™,
07:12
When all this became clear,
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07:13
I realized the only obvious thing to do is build a vending machine.
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช.
07:16
So that's what we did.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•.
07:17
This is a vending machine for crows.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.
07:19
And it uses Skinnerian training to shape their behavior over four stages.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืกืงื™ื ืจื™ืื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื‘-4 ืฉืœื‘ื™ื
ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
07:23
It's pretty simple.
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07:24
Basically, what happens is that we put this out in a field
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื“ื”,
07:27
or someplace where there's lots of crows.
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ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื,
07:29
We put coins and peanuts all around the base of the machine.
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ื•ืžืคื–ืจื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”,
ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ื
07:32
Crows eventually come by, eat the peanuts,
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ื•ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ืฉื.
07:34
and get used to the machine being there.
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ื”ื ืžื—ืกืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ื.
07:36
Eventually, they eat all the peanuts.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื’ืฉ ื”ื”ืื›ืœื”
07:38
Then they see peanuts here on the feeder tray,
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07:40
and hop up and help themselves.
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ื”ื ืžื ืชืจื™ื ื•ืžืชื›ื‘ื“ื™ื.
07:42
Then they leave, the machine spits up more coins and peanuts,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืจืงืช ืขื•ื“ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ื
ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืคืœืื™ื ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ืจื‘.
07:45
and life is dandy if you're a crow --
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืœืขืฆืžืš ื‘ื•ื˜ืŸ ื›ืจืฆื•ื ืš.
07:47
you can come back anytime and get yourself a peanut.
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07:49
So when they get really used to that, we move on to the crows coming back.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืœืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื.
ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืขืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”, ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ
07:53
Now they're used to the sound of the machine;
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07:55
they keep coming back and digging out peanuts
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ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืขืจื™ืžืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช.
07:57
from the pile of coins that's there.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
07:59
When they get really happy about this, we stymie them.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ืœื”ื.
08:01
We move to the third stage, where we only give them a coin.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืจืง ืžื˜ื‘ืข.
08:04
Now, like most of us who have gotten used to a good thing,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘,
ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืขืฆื‘ืŸ ืื•ืชื.
08:07
this really pisses them off.
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ืื– ื”ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• -
08:08
So they do what they do in nature when they're looking for something:
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ื”ื ืžื˜ืื˜ืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ืขื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
08:12
sweep things out of the way with their beak.
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ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืคืœื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืจื™ืฅ
08:14
They do that here, and that knocks the coins down the slot.
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08:16
When that happens, they get a peanut.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื•ื˜ืŸ.
08:18
This goes on for some time.
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ.
ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข,
08:20
The crows learn that all they have to do is show up,
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ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื™ืฆื, ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืจื™ืฅ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
08:22
wait for the coin to come out, put it in the slot,
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08:24
then get their peanut.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื ื•ื— ืขื ื–ื”
08:26
When they're good and comfortable with that,
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ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกื•ืคื™, ื‘ื• ื”ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื•ืœื ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืœื•ื.
08:28
we move to the final stage, where they show up and nothing happens.
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08:31
This is where we see the difference between crows and other animals.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
ืกื ืื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื™ื•ืคื™ืขื•, ื™ื—ืคืฉื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ืŸ, ื™ืกืชืœืงื•.
08:34
Squirrels, for example, would show up, look for the peanut, go away.
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ื™ื—ื–ืจื•, ื™ื—ืคืฉื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ืŸ, ื™ืกืชืœืงื•.
08:38
Come back, look for the peanut, go away.
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08:40
They do this maybe half a dozen times before they get bored,
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ื”ื ื™ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืฆื™ ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืชืขืžืžื•
08:43
and then they go off and play in traffic.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืกืชืœืงื• ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
08:45
Crows, on the other hand, show up and they try and figure it out.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
08:49
They know this machine has been messing with them
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ืชืขืกืงื” ืื™ืชื
08:51
through three different stages of behavior.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
08:53
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
08:54
They figure there must be more to it.
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ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ ื›ืืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื•.
08:56
So they poke at it and peck at it.
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ืื– ื”ื ืžื ืงืจื™ื ืคื” ื•ืžื—ื˜ื˜ื™ื ืฉื.
08:58
And eventually some crow gets a bright idea:
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืขื•ืจื‘ ืื—ื“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง:
09:00
"Hey, there's lots of coins lying around from the first stage,
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"ื”ื™, ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ".
ื”ื•ื ืžื ืชืจ ืœืžื˜ื”, ืžืจื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืžืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืจื™ืฅ.
09:04
hops down, picks it up, drops it in the slot, and we're off to the races.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ืฆืื ื• ืœื“ืจืš.
09:08
That crow enjoys a temporary monopoly on peanuts,
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ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ ื”ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื ื” ืžืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื–ืžื ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ื
ืขื“ ืฉื’ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื•ื‘ื–ืืช ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืžืฉื™ืžืชื ื•.
09:11
until his friends figure out how to do it, and then there we go.
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09:14
So, what's significant about this to me
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™
09:17
isn't that we can train crows to pick up peanuts.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืžืŸ ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ื.
09:19
Mind you, there's 216 million dollars' worth of change lost every year,
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ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 216 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
09:23
but I'm not sure I can depend on that ROI from crows.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ืื” ืœื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžื”ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.
09:26
(Laughter)
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09:27
Instead, I think we should look a little bit larger.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืง.
09:30
I think crows can be trained to do other things.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืืžืŸ ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
09:32
For example, why not train them to pick up garbage after stadium events?
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ื ืืžืŸ ืื•ืชื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื–ื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืื™ืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื?
09:36
Or find expensive components from discarded electronics?
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ืื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ืฉื ื–ืจืงื•?
ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืฆืœื”?
09:39
Or maybe do search and rescue?
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื
09:41
The main point of all this for me is,
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09:44
we can find mutually beneficial systems for these species.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืื™ืชื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช
09:47
We can find ways to interact with these other species
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื,
09:49
that doesn't involve exterminating them,
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ืืœื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ืื™ืชื ืฉืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ.
09:51
but involves finding an equilibrium with them that's a useful balance.
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09:54
Thanks very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
09:56
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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