Joshua Klein: The intelligence of crows

403,966 views ใƒป 2008-05-19

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Miryoung Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Young-ho Park
00:18
How many of you have seen the Alfred Hitchcock film "The Birds"?
0
18798
3349
์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ํžˆ์น˜์ฝ•์˜ "์ƒˆ"๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„ ๊ณ„์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
๊ทธ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์„œ์› ๋˜ ๋ถ„ ๊ณ„์„ธ์š”?
00:22
Any of you get really freaked out by that?
1
22171
2016
00:24
You might want to leave now.
2
24868
1383
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ„์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์…”๋„ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
(Laughter)
3
26275
1031
(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:27
So this is a vending machine for crows.
4
27330
2003
์ด๊ฑด ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€ ์šฉ ์žํŒ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
Over the past few days, many of you have been asking,
5
29357
2493
์ง€๋‚œ ๋ฉฐ์น  ๊ฐ„ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„์ด ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์œผ์…จ์–ด์š”.
00:31
"How did you come to this? How did you get started doing this?"
6
31874
2990
"์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”? ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?"
00:34
It started, as with many great ideas,
7
34888
1769
ํ•œ ์นตํ…Œ์ผ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ผ์„œ
00:36
or many ideas you can't get rid of, anyway,
8
36681
2036
์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ž๊พธ๋งŒ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด
00:38
at a cocktail party.
9
38741
1155
๋‚˜๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
00:39
About 10 years ago, I was at a cocktail party with a friend of mine.
10
39920
3210
10๋…„ ์ „์ฏค ์นตํ…Œ์ผ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์— ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ„ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋“ค์ด ์ž”๋œฉ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ง‘์— ๋ชฐ๋ ค์™€์„œ
00:43
We were sitting there, and he was complaining about the crows
11
43154
2889
๋งˆ๋‹น์„ ๋”๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ถˆํ‰์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
00:46
that were all over his yard and making a big mess.
12
46067
2371
00:48
And he was telling me we ought to eradicate these things,
13
48462
2702
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋”๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ง์Šน๋“ค์€
์ฃฝ์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ด๋ณ€์„ ํ† ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
00:51
kill them, because they're making a mess.
14
51188
1972
์ €๋Š” ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
00:53
I said that was stupid,
15
53184
1151
์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ซ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:54
maybe we should just train them to do something useful.
16
54359
2573
์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:56
And he said that was impossible.
17
56956
1531
00:58
And I'm sure I'm in good company in finding that tremendously annoying,
18
58511
3372
๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์šฐ๊ธธ ๋•Œ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์งœ์ฆ,
01:01
when someone tells you it's impossible.
19
61907
1880
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์ž˜ ์•„์‹œ์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ํ›„ 10๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
So I spent the next 10 years reading about crows in my spare time.
20
63811
3130
01:06
(Laughter)
21
66965
2776
(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:09
And after 10 years of this, my wife said,
22
69765
2197
10๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์ž ์ œ ์•„๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋””์–ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
"You've got to do this thing you've been talking about,
23
71986
2620
"๋งŒ๋‚  ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์žํŒ๊ธฐ
๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์–ด?"
01:14
and build the vending machine."
24
74630
1495
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:16
So I did.
25
76149
1151
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ด์œ ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
01:17
But part of the reason I found this interesting is,
26
77324
2445
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋„“์–ด์ง„ ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์—
01:19
I started noticing that we're very aware of all the species
27
79793
2832
๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋“ค์ด ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด
01:22
that are going extinct on the planet
28
82649
1795
๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
01:24
as a result of human habitation expansion,
29
84468
2069
์ƒ์กด์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ๊ตฐ๋ถ„ํˆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
01:26
and no one seems to be paying attention to all the species
30
86561
2945
์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์“ฐ๋Š”๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
that are actually living; they're surviving.
31
89530
2068
ํŠนํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข…๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
And I'm talking specifically about synanthropic species,
32
91622
2725
์ธ๊ฐ„ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์ ์‘ํ•œ
01:34
which have adapted specifically for human ecologies,
33
94371
2678
์ฅ, ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ, ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ข…๋“ค ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
species like rats and cockroaches and crows.
34
97073
3363
01:40
And as I started looking at them, I was finding that they had hyper-adapted.
35
100460
3614
์ด๋“ค์„ ์ž˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ถ์—
๊ฑฐ์˜ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ์‘ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
They'd become extremely adept at living with us.
36
104098
2392
01:46
And in return, we just tried to kill them all the time.
37
106514
2673
๊ทธ ๋ณด๋‹ต์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ค๊ณ ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
01:49
(Laughter)
38
109211
1095
01:50
And in doing so, we were breeding them for parasitism.
39
110330
2573
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ธฐ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ ,
01:52
We were giving them all sorts of reasons to adapt new ways.
40
112927
3961
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ์กด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
So, for example, rats are incredibly responsive breeders.
41
116912
2758
์ฅ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์˜ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ฒˆ์‹๋ ฅ์ด ๊ทธ ์ผ๋ก€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
And cockroaches, as anyone who's tried to get rid of them knows,
42
119694
3019
๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ•๋ฉธํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ณด์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ž˜ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
02:02
have become really immune to the poisons that we're using.
43
122737
3002
๊ธˆ์„ธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ž–์•„์š”.
02:05
So I thought, let's build something that's mutually beneficial;
44
125763
3634
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ด๋“์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์–‘์ธก์ด ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ต์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ
02:09
something that we can both benefit from,
45
129421
1980
๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์ž๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
and find some way to make a new relationship with these species.
46
131425
3019
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์žํŒ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
So I built the vending machine.
47
134468
1642
02:16
But the story of the vending machine is a little more interesting
48
136134
3070
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ž˜ ์•„์‹œ๋ฉด
์ด ์žํŒ๊ธฐ ์–˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
if you know more about crows.
49
139228
1387
02:20
It turns out, crows aren't just surviving with human beings;
50
140639
2842
์•Œ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ž˜ ์ ์‘ํ•  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
02:23
they're actually thriving.
51
143505
1241
02:24
They're found everywhere on the planet except for the Arctic
52
144770
2837
๋ถ๊ทน๊ณผ ๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋‚จ๋‹จ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ
์ „ ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
02:27
and the southern tip of South America.
53
147631
1812
์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ 5km ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ๋งŒ
02:29
And in all that area, they're only rarely found breeding
54
149467
2691
์ด๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
more than five kilometers away from human beings.
55
152182
2319
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์“ฐ๋“  ์•ˆ ์“ฐ๋“ 
02:34
So we may not think about them, but they're always around.
56
154525
2750
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
02:37
And not surprisingly, given the human population growth,
57
157299
2644
๋†€๋ผ์šธ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์ „์ฒด ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜
02:39
more than half of the human population is living in cities now.
58
159967
2976
์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋„์‹œ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
02:42
And out of those, nine-tenths of the human growth population
59
162967
2815
์ „์ฒด ์ธ๊ตฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ 90%๊ฐ€
๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
is occurring in cities.
60
165806
1158
02:46
We're seeing a population boom with crows.
61
166988
2173
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
02:49
So bird counts are indicating
62
169185
2045
์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ
02:51
that we might be seeing up to exponential growth in their numbers.
63
171254
3148
๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜์ง€์š”.
02:54
So that's no great surprise.
64
174426
1647
02:56
But what was really interesting to me was to find out
65
176097
2493
๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง„์งœ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
02:58
that the birds were adapting in a pretty unusual way.
66
178614
2823
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์ ์‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”.
03:02
And I'll give you an example of that.
67
182611
1987
์–˜๋Š” ๋ฒ ํ‹ฐ์—์š”. ๋‰ด์นผ๋ ˆ๋„๋‹ˆ์•„ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
This is Betty. She's a New Caledonian crow.
68
185170
2270
03:07
And these crows use sticks in the wild
69
187464
2406
์ด ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋Š” ์•ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„
03:09
to get insects and whatnot out of pieces of wood.
70
189894
2634
์žก์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜๋ญ‡๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€์š”.
03:12
Here, she's trying to get a piece of meat out of a tube.
71
192552
2666
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๊นƒ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ ๊บผ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
But the researchers had a problem.
72
195242
1643
03:16
They messed up and left just a stick of wire in there.
73
196909
2548
๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ฒ ์‚ฌ ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฒ ํ‹ฐ๋Š” ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
03:19
And she hadn't had the opportunity to do this before.
74
199481
2523
๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์ž˜ ์•ˆ ๋˜์ฃ .
03:22
You see, it wasn't working very well.
75
202028
1890
03:24
So she adapted.
76
204520
1453
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ ์‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฑด ์ „ํ˜€ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
03:27
Now, this is completely unprompted; she had never seen this done before.
77
207117
3403
03:30
No one taught her to bend this into a hook
78
210544
2012
์ฒ ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:32
or had shown her how it could happen.
79
212580
1781
๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ•ด๋‚ธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
But she did it all on her own.
80
214385
1453
03:35
So keep in mind -- she's never seen this done.
81
215862
2461
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ ๋ณธ ์ ๋„ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
03:38
(Laughter)
82
218347
1591
03:39
Right.
83
219962
1183
์ด๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
03:41
(Laughter)
84
221169
6528
(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:47
Yeah. All right.
85
227828
1424
๋„ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
(Applause)
86
229276
4645
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
03:53
So that's the part where the researchers freak out.
87
233945
2481
๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊นŒ๋ฌด๋ผ์ณค์–ด์š”.
03:56
(Laughter)
88
236450
1769
(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:58
It turns out,
89
238243
1167
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ
03:59
we've been finding more and more that crows are really intelligent.
90
239434
3240
์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€์˜ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ์นจํŒฌ์ง€์˜ ๋‡Œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
04:02
Their brains are in the same proportion as chimpanzee brains are.
91
242698
3582
์ž˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์žกํ˜€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€์˜ ์ง€๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ผํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
There's all kinds of anecdotes
92
246954
1442
04:08
for the different kinds of intelligence they have.
93
248420
2362
ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋“ค์€
04:10
For example, in Sweden, crows will wait for fishermen
94
250806
2500
๋‚š์‹œ๊พผ์ด ์–ผ์Œ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์— ๋‚š์‹œ์ค„์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์šธ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
04:13
to drop lines through holes in the ice.
95
253330
1893
๋‚š์‹œ๊พผ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„์šฐ๋ฉด ๋‚ ์•„์™€์„œ
04:15
And when the fishermen move off,
96
255247
1540
์ค„์„ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ ค์„œ ์žกํžŒ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
the crows fly down, reel up the lines, and eat the fish or the bait.
97
256811
3241
๋‚š์‹œ๊พผ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์‹  ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
It's pretty annoying for the fishermen.
98
260076
1938
04:22
On an entirely different tack,
99
262038
1439
์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ
04:23
at University of Washington a few years ago,
100
263501
2590
์ˆ˜๋…„ ์ „ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ตฌ๋‚ด ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€ ๋ช‡ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์•„์„œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒ€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
they were doing an experiment where they captured some crows on campus.
101
266115
3360
๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€ ๋ช‡ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์•„์™€์„œ
04:29
Some students went out, netted some crows, brought them in,
102
269499
2818
๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์™€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ท€์ฐฎ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:32
weighed and measured them, and let them back out again.
103
272341
2584
๋‹ค์‹œ ํ’€์–ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
And they were entertained to discover that for the rest of the week,
104
274949
3212
๊ทธ ํ›„์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋Š” ์ ์ด
๊ทธ ์ฃผ ๋‚ด๋‚ด
์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
04:38
whenever these particular students walked around campus,
105
278185
2632
๊ทธ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋“ค์ด ๊นŒ์•…๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ
04:40
these crows would caw at them and run around,
106
280841
2111
์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ๋งด๋Œ๊ณ  ๊ท€์ฐฎ๊ฒŒ ๊ตด๋”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
and make their life kind of miserable.
107
282976
1812
04:44
(Laughter)
108
284812
1002
๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ์—๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ๊ณ„์†๋˜์ž ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
04:45
They were significantly less entertained
109
285838
1945
04:47
when this went on for the next week.
110
287807
1729
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ์ด ๋˜๊ณ , ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐฉํ•™์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ ,
04:49
And the next month.
111
289560
1273
04:50
And after summer break.
112
290857
1728
04:52
Until they finally graduated and left campus,
113
292609
2299
์กธ์—…๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ธฐ์˜๊ฒŒ
04:54
and -- glad to get away, I'm sure --
114
294932
1740
ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋„
04:56
came back sometime later, and found the crows still remembered them.
115
296696
3239
์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์กธ์—… ํ›„ ๋Œ์•„์™”์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๊ทธ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
(Laughter)
116
299959
1006
์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ตํ›ˆ์€ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€์˜ ๋น„์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
So, the moral being: don't piss off crows.
117
300989
2075
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์š”์ฆ˜ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด๋Œ€์—์„œ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€
05:03
So now, students at the University of Washington
118
303088
3219
05:06
that are studying these crows, do so with a giant wig and a big mask.
119
306331
3372
ํฐ ๊ฐ€๋ฐœ๊ณผ
์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์š”.
05:09
(Laughter)
120
309727
2215
(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:11
It's fairly interesting.
121
311966
1310
๋ฌด์ฒ™ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ด์•ผ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
(Laughter)
122
313300
1571
05:14
So we know these crows are really smart,
123
314895
1924
์ด์ œ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
but the more I dug into this, the more I found
124
316843
2180
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก
๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ ์‘๋ ฅ์€ ๋” ๊ต‰์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
that they actually have an even more significant adaptation.
125
319047
3165
05:23
Video: Crows have become highly skilled at making a living
126
323276
3414
๋น„๋””์˜ค: ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋“ค์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚œ ๋„์‹ฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
๋งค์šฐ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์ ์‘๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
in these new urban environments.
127
326714
2347
05:29
In this Japanese city, they have devised a way of eating a food
128
329085
3911
์ผ๋ณธ ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋“ค์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์„
๊ณ ์•ˆํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
that normally they can't manage:
129
333020
2287
05:37
drop it among the traffic.
130
337623
1810
๋”ฑ๋”ฑํ•œ ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„๋กœ์— ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
The problem now is collecting the bits, without getting run over.
131
343633
5141
์ด์ œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ป์งˆ์ด ๋ฒ—๊ฒจ์ง„ ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ
์ฐจ์— ์น˜์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ฃผ์›Œ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
Wait for the light to stop the traffic.
132
348798
2301
์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ธธ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
Then, collect your cracked nut in safety.
133
362939
3466
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
(Laughter)
134
370032
1274
(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:11
(Applause)
135
371330
1079
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
06:12
Joshua Klein: Yeah, pretty interesting.
136
372433
1993
์กฐ์Šˆ์•„ ํด๋ผ์ธ: ๋„ค, ๋„ค. ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
What's significant about this isn't that crows are using cars
137
374450
2937
์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊นŒ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
to crack nuts.
138
377411
1151
์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑด ์ผ€์ผ€ ๋ฌต์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์—์š”.
06:18
In fact, that's old hat for crows.
139
378586
1641
์ด๊ฑด 10๋…„ ์ „ ๋„์ฟ„ ๊ทผ๊ต์˜ ์„ผ๋‹ค์ด์‹œ(ๅธ‚)์— ์žˆ๋Š”
06:20
This happened about 10 years ago
140
380251
1535
06:21
in a place called Sendai City, at a driving school
141
381810
2527
์ž๋™์ฐจ ์šด์ „ ํ•™์›์—์„œ
06:24
in the suburbs of Tokyo.
142
384361
1161
์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์ด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
06:26
And since that time,
143
386067
1155
๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ
06:27
all the crows in the neighborhood are picking up this behavior.
144
387246
3062
๋™๋„ค์— ๋ชจ๋“  ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ์ด ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์„œ
์š”์ฆ˜์€ ๊ทธ 5km ๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ํšก๋‹จ๋ณด๋„ ์•ž์—์„œ
06:30
Now every crow within five kilometers is standing by a sidewalk,
145
390332
3027
์ ์‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
waiting to collect its lunch.
146
393383
1413
06:35
So they're learning from each other. And research bears this out.
147
395321
3070
์ด๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•™์Šตํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
Parents seem to be teaching their young.
148
398415
2514
์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ , ์ ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฐฐ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
They learn from their peers, they learn from their enemies.
149
400953
2850
06:43
If I have a little extra time,
150
403827
1455
๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‚จ์œผ๋ฉด ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ํ”ผ์šฐ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜
06:45
I'll tell you about a case of crow infidelity
151
405306
2147
์ผํ™”๋„ ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
06:47
that illustrates that nicely.
152
407477
1438
์š”์ ์€ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋“ค์ด ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ ์‘๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
The point being, they've developed cultural adaptation.
153
409342
2668
์–ด์ œ ๋“ค์œผ์‹  ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
06:52
And as we heard yesterday,
154
412034
1245
06:53
that's the Pandora's box that's getting human beings in trouble,
155
413303
3042
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์„ ๊ณค๊ฒฝ์— ๋น ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŒ๋„๋ผ์˜ ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋“ค๋„ ์—ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
and we're starting to see it with them.
156
416369
1873
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์—
06:58
They're able to very quickly and very flexibly adapt
157
418266
2536
07:00
to new challenges and new resources in their environment,
158
420826
2728
๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ์‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
which is really useful if you live in a city.
159
423578
2245
์ ์‘๋ ฅ์€ ๋„์‹œ ์ƒํ™œ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ž–์•„์š”.
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
So we know that there's lots of crows.
160
427011
2082
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
We found out they're really smart and they can teach each other.
161
429117
3061
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์€ ์ €๋Š”
07:12
When all this became clear,
162
432202
1301
07:13
I realized the only obvious thing to do is build a vending machine.
163
433527
3163
์ด์ œ ์žํŒ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด ๋˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
So that's what we did.
164
436714
1153
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:17
This is a vending machine for crows.
165
437891
1737
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€์šฉ ์žํŒ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
And it uses Skinnerian training to shape their behavior over four stages.
166
439652
3667
์Šคํ‚ค๋„ˆ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ฃผ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ 4๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:23
It's pretty simple.
167
443343
1357
07:24
Basically, what happens is that we put this out in a field
168
444724
3004
๋“คํŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณณ์—
07:27
or someplace where there's lots of crows.
169
447752
1970
์žํŒ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
07:29
We put coins and peanuts all around the base of the machine.
170
449746
2837
๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์˜จํ†ต ๋™์ „๊ณผ ๋•…์ฝฉ์„ ๋Š˜์–ด ๋†“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋“ค์ด ์™€์„œ ๋•…์ฝฉ์„ ๋จน์œผ๋ฉด์„œ
07:32
Crows eventually come by, eat the peanuts,
171
452607
2041
์žํŒ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ 
07:34
and get used to the machine being there.
172
454672
1934
๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ๋•…์ฝฉ์„ ๋‹ค ๋จน์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
Eventually, they eat all the peanuts.
173
456630
1781
๊ทธ ํ›„์—๋Š” ๋จน์ด ์ ‘์‹œ์— ๋•…์ฝฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ 
07:38
Then they see peanuts here on the feeder tray,
174
458435
2319
07:40
and hop up and help themselves.
175
460778
1722
๋›ฐ์–ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ์™€ ๋” ๋จน๊ณ 
07:42
Then they leave, the machine spits up more coins and peanuts,
176
462524
2873
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋“ค์ด ๋– ๋‚˜๋ฉด ์žํŒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋™์ „๊ณผ ๋•…์ฝฉ์„ ์Ÿ์•„ ๋†“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋กœ ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์ฐธ ์‰ฝ์ฃ .
07:45
and life is dandy if you're a crow --
177
465421
1770
์–ธ์ œ๋ผ๋„ ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ ๋•…์ฝฉ์„ ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
07:47
you can come back anytime and get yourself a peanut.
178
467215
2446
07:49
So when they get really used to that, we move on to the crows coming back.
179
469685
3485
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์งˆ ๋•Œ์ฏค ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์žํŒ๊ธฐ ์†Œ์Œ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง„ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋“ค์ด ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ
07:53
Now they're used to the sound of the machine;
180
473194
2103
07:55
they keep coming back and digging out peanuts
181
475321
2112
์Œ“์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์ „ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋•…์ฝฉ์„ ๊ณจ๋ผ ๋จน์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
from the pile of coins that's there.
182
477457
1723
์ด ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์งˆ ๋•Œ์ฏค
07:59
When they get really happy about this, we stymie them.
183
479204
2536
๋•…์ฝฉ์„ ๋จน๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ .
08:01
We move to the third stage, where we only give them a coin.
184
481764
2794
์ด์ œ ๋™์ „ ๋ฐ–์— ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
Now, like most of us who have gotten used to a good thing,
185
484582
2738
์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜๋˜ ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ์ด
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋“ค๋„ ์—ด์ด ๋ฐ›๊ฒ ์ฃ .
08:07
this really pisses them off.
186
487344
1339
์ด์ œ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ๋’ค์ ์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
So they do what they do in nature when they're looking for something:
187
488707
3280
๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋•…์„ ํ›“์–ด๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
sweep things out of the way with their beak.
188
492011
2073
๋™์ „ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์ž…๊ตฌ์— ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€์ž
08:14
They do that here, and that knocks the coins down the slot.
189
494108
2842
08:16
When that happens, they get a peanut.
190
496974
1786
๋•…์ฝฉ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
This goes on for some time.
191
498784
1295
์–ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ์ง€ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
The crows learn that all they have to do is show up,
192
500103
2436
๊ทธ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๋™์ „์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋™์ „์„ ํˆฌ์ž…๊ตฌ์— ๋„ฃ๊ณ  ๋•…์ฝฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
08:22
wait for the coin to come out, put it in the slot,
193
502563
2350
08:24
then get their peanut.
194
504937
1151
์ด ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ ์‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
08:26
When they're good and comfortable with that,
195
506112
2079
๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋“ค์ด ์ด ๊ณณ์— ์™€๋„ ์•„๋ฌด ์ผ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
we move to the final stage, where they show up and nothing happens.
196
508215
3171
08:31
This is where we see the difference between crows and other animals.
197
511410
3207
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์ด ์ด ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‹ค๋žŒ์ฅ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์„œ ๋•…์ฝฉ์„ ์ฐพ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ฐ€๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
Squirrels, for example, would show up, look for the peanut, go away.
198
514641
3712
๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ ์ฐพ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฒ„๋ ค์š”.
08:38
Come back, look for the peanut, go away.
199
518377
2554
08:40
They do this maybe half a dozen times before they get bored,
200
520955
2838
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ 6๋ฒˆ ์ •๋„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ฒจ์›Œ์ง€๋ฉด
08:43
and then they go off and play in traffic.
201
523817
1977
๋„๋กœ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ๋†€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
Crows, on the other hand, show up and they try and figure it out.
202
525818
3648
๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ์‹œ๋„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
They know this machine has been messing with them
203
529490
2305
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋“ค์€ ์ด์ „์˜ ์„ธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žํŒ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
08:51
through three different stages of behavior.
204
531819
2022
์žฅ๋‚œ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„์ฑ˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
(Laughter)
205
533865
1002
(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:54
They figure there must be more to it.
206
534891
1779
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
So they poke at it and peck at it.
207
536694
1809
์ฐ”๋Ÿฌ๋ณด๊ณ , ์ชผ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์—ฌ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
And eventually some crow gets a bright idea:
208
538527
2154
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์ค‘ ๋ช‡ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€์—๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋””์–ด ์ข‹์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
"Hey, there's lots of coins lying around from the first stage,
209
540705
3921
"์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋•…๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๋™์ „๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์•˜์—ˆ์ง€!"
๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ด๋ ค์™€์„œ ๋™์ „์„ ๋ฌผ์–ด์™€์„œ ํˆฌ์ž…๊ตฌ์— ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
hops down, picks it up, drops it in the slot, and we're off to the races.
210
544650
4165
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์€ ์ด๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์ง€์š”.
09:08
That crow enjoys a temporary monopoly on peanuts,
211
548839
2420
์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋•…์ฝฉ ๋จน๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋“ค๋งŒ
๋•…์ฝฉ์„ ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณง ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
until his friends figure out how to do it, and then there we go.
212
551283
3643
09:14
So, what's significant about this to me
213
554950
2356
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ๋•…์ฝฉ์„ ์ค๋„๋ก ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜
09:17
isn't that we can train crows to pick up peanuts.
214
557330
2334
์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
09:19
Mind you, there's 216 million dollars' worth of change lost every year,
215
559688
3830
๋งค๋…„ ๋ถ„์‹ค๋˜๋Š” ๋™์ „์ด 2์–ต 1,600๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:23
but I'm not sure I can depend on that ROI from crows.
216
563542
2655
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๋™์ „์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋งŒํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๋ฐ”์—์•ผ
09:26
(Laughter)
217
566221
1047
09:27
Instead, I think we should look a little bit larger.
218
567292
3184
๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
I think crows can be trained to do other things.
219
570500
2266
์ €๋Š” ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”.
09:32
For example, why not train them to pick up garbage after stadium events?
220
572790
3476
์ผ๋ก€๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์—์„œ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ค๋„๋ก ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
09:36
Or find expensive components from discarded electronics?
221
576290
2904
๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„ ์ „์ž์ œํ’ˆ์—์„œ ๋น„์‹ผ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์–ด๋•Œ์š”?
์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์กฐ๋‚œ ๋‹นํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด ๊ตฌ์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋“ ๊ฐ€?
09:39
Or maybe do search and rescue?
222
579218
1885
์ด ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์€
09:41
The main point of all this for me is,
223
581679
2627
09:44
we can find mutually beneficial systems for these species.
224
584330
2729
์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋•์„ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
We can find ways to interact with these other species
225
587083
2504
๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฉธ์ข…์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
09:49
that doesn't involve exterminating them,
226
589611
1934
์ƒํ˜ธ ์œ ์ตํ•œ ๊ท ํ˜•์ ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์š”.
09:51
but involves finding an equilibrium with them that's a useful balance.
227
591569
3302
09:54
Thanks very much.
228
594895
1255
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
(Applause)
229
596174
5600
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7