Clues to prehistoric times, found in blind cavefish | Prosanta Chakrabarty

80,239 views ใƒป 2016-08-09

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Gal Abramovitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Ichthyology,
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ืื™ื›ืชื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
00:14
the study of fishes.
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ื—ืงืจ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื.
00:16
It looks like a big, boring word,
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ื–ื• ื ืฉืžืขืช ืžื™ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืžืฉืขืžืžืช,
00:18
but it's actually quite exciting,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžืช ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืจื’ืฉ,
00:21
because ichthyology is the only "ology"
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ื›ื™ ืื™ื›ืชื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืณื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”ืณ
00:24
with "YOLO" in it.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” YOLO.
00:25
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:27
Now, to the cool kids in the audience,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ
00:29
you already know, YOLO stands for "you only live once,"
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉ-YOLO ืื•ืžืจ ืดื—ื™ื™ื ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืชืด,
00:33
and because I only have one life,
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00:35
I'm going to spend it doing what I always dreamt of doing:
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ืื ื™ ืื‘ืœื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืœืžืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช:
00:37
seeing the hidden wonders of the world and discovering new species.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืœืื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื–ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
00:41
And that's what I get to do.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื”.
00:42
Now, in recent years, I really focused on caves for finding new species.
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืžืงื“ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช, ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื–ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
00:47
And it turns out, there's lots of new cavefish species out there.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ืžืขืจื•ืช.
00:50
You just have to know where to look,
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ืืชื” ืจืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืคื” ืœื—ืคืฉ,
00:52
and to maybe be a little thin.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืจื–ื”.
00:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:55
Now, cavefishes can tell me a lot about biology and geology.
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ื“ื’ื™ ืžืขืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
01:00
They can tell me how the landmasses around them have changed and moved
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื™ ืื™ืš ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื•ื ืขื•
01:04
by being stuck in these little holes,
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:06
and they can tell me about the evolution of sight, by being blind.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื.
01:11
Now, fish have eyes that are essentially the same as ours.
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ืœื“ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื ื•.
01:14
All vertebrates do, and each time a fish species starts to adapt
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ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื”. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื–ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื•
01:18
to this dark, cold, cave environment,
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ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืงืจื” ื‘ืžืขืจื”,
01:20
over many, many generations, they lose their eyes and their eyesight
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”
01:24
until the end up like an eyeless cavefish like this one here.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื“ื’ื™ ืžืขืจื” ื—ืกืจื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉื›ืืŸ.
01:27
Now, each cavefish species has evolved in a slightly different way,
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ื›ืœ ื–ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ืžืขืจื” ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื”,
01:31
and each one has a unique geological and biological story to tell us,
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื•,
01:35
and that's why it's so exciting when we find a new species.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจื’ืฉ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื–ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
01:39
So this is a new species we described, from southern Indiana.
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ื–ื” ื–ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืงื™ื˜ืœื’ื ื•, ืžื“ืจื•ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื”.
01:43
We named it Amblyopsis hoosieri, the Hoosier cavefish.
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ืงืจืื ื• ืœื• Amblyopsis hoosieri, ื“ื’ ื”ืžืขืจื” ืžืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื” (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Hoosier).
01:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:48
Its closest relatives are cavefishes in Kentucky,
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ื”ื–ื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื“ื’ื™ ืžืขืจื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื˜ืืงื™,
01:51
in the Mammoth Cave system.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ืžืืžื•ืชืณ.
01:52
And they start to diverge when the Ohio River split them
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืกืชืขืฃ ื›ืฉื ื”ืจ ืื•ื”ื™ื• ืคื™ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื
01:55
a few million years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
01:57
And in that time they developed these subtle differences
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:00
in the genetic architecture behind their blindness.
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ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:03
There's this gene called rhodopsin that's super-critical for sight.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื ืจื•ื“ื•ืคืกื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ืคืจ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœืจืื™ื™ื”.
02:06
We have it, and these species have it too,
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ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื’ื ืœื–ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื•,
02:09
except one species has lost all function in that gene,
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ืจืง ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื–ื ื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
02:12
and the other one maintains it.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื•.
02:14
So this sets up this beautiful natural experiment
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื™ืคื”ืคื”:
02:18
where we can look at the genes behind our vision,
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ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
02:21
and at the very roots of how we can see.
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ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช.
02:25
But the genes in these cavefishes
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื” ื”ืืœื”
02:26
can also tell us about deep geological time,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืงื“ื•ื.
02:29
maybe no more so than in this species here.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื–ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:32
This is a new species we described from Madagascar
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ื–ื” ื–ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืงื™ื˜ืœื’ื ื• ื‘ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ,
02:34
that we named Typhleotris mararybe.
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ืงืจืื ื• ืœื• Typhleotris mararybe.
02:38
That means "big sickness" in Malagasy,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืดื—ื•ืœื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœืด ื‘ืžืœื’ืฉื™ืช,
02:41
for how sick we got trying to collect this species.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื ืขืฉื ื• ื‘ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
02:44
Now, believe it or not,
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ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื,
02:46
swimming around sinkholes full of dead things
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ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื
02:48
and cave full of bat poop
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ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉืœืฉืช ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื
02:50
isn't the smartest thing you could be doing with your life,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
02:53
but YOLO.
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ืื‘ืœ - ื—ื™ื™ื ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช!
02:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:58
Now, I love this species despite the fact that it tried to kill us,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ื–ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื ื•,
03:03
and that's because this species in Madagascar,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื–ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ,
03:05
its closest relatives are 6,000 kilometers away,
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ื”ื–ื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžืฆืื™ื 6000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืžื ื•,
03:08
cavefishes in Australia.
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ื“ื’ื™ ืžืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
03:10
Now, there's no way a three-inch-long freshwater cavefish
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื“ื’ ืžืขืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืขืฉืจื” ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื
03:14
can swim across the Indian Ocean,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™.
03:16
so what we found when we compared the DNA of these species
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืฉื•ื•ื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
03:19
is that they've been separated for more than 100 million years,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื,
03:22
or about the time that the southern continents were last together.
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ืื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืื– ืฉื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช.
03:27
So in fact, these species didn't move at all.
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ืื–, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื–ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื–ื–ื•.
03:30
It's the continents that moved them.
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื–ื™ื–ื• ืื•ืชื.
03:31
And so they give us, through their DNA,
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ื•ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื•, ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
03:33
this precise model and measure
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ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช
03:36
of how to date and time these ancient geological events.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืœืชืืจืš ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:41
Now, this species here is so new
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ื”ื–ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื“ืฉ
03:43
I'm not even allowed to tell you its name yet,
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืฉื ืฉืœื•,
03:45
but I can tell you it's a new species from Mexico,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœื›ื ืฉื–ื” ื–ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืžืงืกื™ืงื•,
03:48
and it's probably already extinct.
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ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื—ื“.
03:50
It's probably extinct because the only known cave system it's from
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื—ื“, ื›ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”
03:54
was destroyed when a dam was built nearby.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™, ื ื”ืจืกื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื›ืจ ืกืžื•ืš.
03:56
Unfortunately for cavefishes,
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ืœืจื•ืข ืžื–ืœื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช,
03:58
their groundwater habitat
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ืžืื’ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื
04:00
is also our main source of drinking water.
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ื”ื ื’ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื”.
04:03
Now, we actually don't know this species' closest relative, yet.
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ื”ืืžืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ื”ื–ื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
04:07
It doesn't appear to be anything else in Mexico,
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ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ื ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืงื•,
04:10
so maybe it's something in Cuba,
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื”,
04:12
or Florida, or India.
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ืื• ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”, ืื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
04:14
But whatever it is, it might tell us something new about the geology
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”, ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
04:19
of the Caribbean, or the biology of how to better diagnose
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:22
certain types of blindness.
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ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืช.
04:24
But I hope we discover this species before it goes extinct too.
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื ื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ื–ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื’ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื›ื—ื“ื•.
04:28
And I'm going to spend my one life
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™
04:30
as an ichthyologist trying to discover and save
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ื›ืื™ื›ืชื™ื•ืœื•ื’, ื‘ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ
04:34
these humble little blind cavefishes
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ืขืœ ื“ื’ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืฆื ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:36
that can tell us so much about the geology of the planet
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
04:40
and the biology of how we see.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
04:42
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
04:43
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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