Clues to prehistoric times, found in blind cavefish | Prosanta Chakrabarty

79,930 views ใƒป 2016-08-09

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Ju Hye Lim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
Ichthyology,
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ธ
00:14
the study of fishes.
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์–ด๋ฅ˜ํ•™์€
00:16
It looks like a big, boring word,
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ํ˜„ํ•™์ ์ด๋ฉด์„œ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•ด๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
but it's actually quite exciting,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์žฌ๋ฐŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
because ichthyology is the only "ology"
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์–ด๋ฅ˜ํ•™์€ ํ•™๋ฌธ ์ค‘์— ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฒ ์ž์—
00:24
with "YOLO" in it.
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YOLO๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
00:25
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:27
Now, to the cool kids in the audience,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘ ์‹ ์„ธ๋Œ€์ธ ๋ถ„๋“ค์€
00:29
you already know, YOLO stands for "you only live once,"
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YOLO๊ฐ€ "์ธ์ƒ์€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค" ๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ธ ๊ฑธ ์•„์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
and because I only have one life,
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์ธ์ƒ์€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ฐ–์— ๋ชป ์‚ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
00:35
I'm going to spend it doing what I always dreamt of doing:
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์ €๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฟˆ๊ฟ” ์˜จ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”์น  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
seeing the hidden wonders of the world and discovering new species.
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์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ˆจ์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์—์š”.
00:41
And that's what I get to do.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
Now, in recent years, I really focused on caves for finding new species.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ž˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์–ด์ข…์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋™๊ตด์„ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
And it turns out, there's lots of new cavefish species out there.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์„ธ์ƒ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋™๊ตด์–ด(้ญš)์ข…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
00:50
You just have to know where to look,
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์–ด๋””๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋ด์•ผํ• ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ 
00:52
and to maybe be a little thin.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ ์”ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:55
Now, cavefishes can tell me a lot about biology and geology.
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๋™๊ตด์–ด๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™๊ณผ ์ง€์งˆํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
01:00
They can tell me how the landmasses around them have changed and moved
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ ์†์— ์„œ์‹ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์œก์ง€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ 
01:04
by being stuck in these little holes,
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์›€์ง์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
and they can tell me about the evolution of sight, by being blind.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฅ๋‹˜์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œ๊ฐ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
Now, fish have eyes that are essentially the same as ours.
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
All vertebrates do, and each time a fish species starts to adapt
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ์ด ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์ข…์ด ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์„œ
01:18
to this dark, cold, cave environment,
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01:20
over many, many generations, they lose their eyes and their eyesight
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์–ด๋‘ก๊ณ  ์ถ”์šด ๋™๊ตด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ ์‘ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋ˆˆ์„ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
until the end up like an eyeless cavefish like this one here.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์†์˜ ๋ˆˆ ์—†๋Š” ๋™๊ตด์–ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
Now, each cavefish species has evolved in a slightly different way,
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๋™๊ตด์–ด์ข…์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์”ฉ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
and each one has a unique geological and biological story to tell us,
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋™๊ตด์–ด์ข…์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์ง€์งˆํ•™์ , ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
01:35
and that's why it's so exciting when we find a new species.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์‹ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
So this is a new species we described, from southern Indiana.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ธ๋””์• ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์–ด์ข…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
We named it Amblyopsis hoosieri, the Hoosier cavefish.
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์‹œ๊ณจ๋œจ๊ธฐ ๋™๊ตด์–ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฆ„๋ถ™์—ฌ์คฌ์–ด์š”. (์ธ๋””์• ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ณ„๋ช…์ด ์‹œ๊ณจ)
01:46
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:48
Its closest relatives are cavefishes in Kentucky,
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์ด ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์นœ์ฒ™์€ ์บ”ํ„ฐํ‚ค์˜ ๋งˆ๋ชจ์Šค ๋™๊ตด์— ์‚ฌ๋Š”
01:51
in the Mammoth Cave system.
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๋™๊ตด์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
And they start to diverge when the Ohio River split them
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๋ช‡ ๋ฐฑ ๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์— ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค ๊ฐ•์ด ๊ฐˆ๋ผ๋†จ์„ ๋•Œ
01:55
a few million years ago.
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๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:57
And in that time they developed these subtle differences
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์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋‘ ์–ด์ข…์€ ๋งน์•ˆ ์†์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ
02:00
in the genetic architecture behind their blindness.
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๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
There's this gene called rhodopsin that's super-critical for sight.
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์‹œ๊ฐ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋กœ๋•์‹ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:06
We have it, and these species have it too,
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์ธ๊ฐ„๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋„ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
except one species has lost all function in that gene,
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๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ์ข…๋งŒ ์ด ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ชฝ๋•… ์ƒ์‹คํ–ˆ๊ณ 
02:12
and the other one maintains it.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
So this sets up this beautiful natural experiment
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€
02:18
where we can look at the genes behind our vision,
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์‹œ๊ฐ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
02:21
and at the very roots of how we can see.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
But the genes in these cavefishes
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์ด ๋™๊ตด์–ด๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋กœ
02:26
can also tell us about deep geological time,
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๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ์ง€์งˆ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
maybe no more so than in this species here.
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์‚ฌ์ง„ ์†์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์ข…์œผ๋กœ์š”.
02:32
This is a new species we described from Madagascar
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค์นด๋ฅด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
that we named Typhleotris mararybe.
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์ด๋ฆ„์€ 'ํƒ€์ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์˜คํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋งˆ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ' ๋กœ ์ง€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
That means "big sickness" in Malagasy,
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๋งˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค์นด๋ฅด์–ด๋กœ 'ํฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘'์„ ๋œปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
for how sick we got trying to collect this species.
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์ด ์ข…์„ ์ฐพ๋Š๋ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์•„ํŒ ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
Now, believe it or not,
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๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
02:46
swimming around sinkholes full of dead things
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์‚ฌ์ฒด๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ์‹ฑํฌํ™€๊ณผ ๋ฐ•์ฅ ๋˜ฅ์ด ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ๋™๊ตด์„
02:48
and cave full of bat poop
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ํ—ค์—„์น˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฑด
02:50
isn't the smartest thing you could be doing with your life,
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๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
but YOLO.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ YOLO, ์ธ์ƒ์€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ฟ์ด์ž–์•„์š”.
02:55
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:58
Now, I love this species despite the fact that it tried to kill us,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ค ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
and that's because this species in Madagascar,
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๋งˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค์นด๋ฅด์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์นœ์ฒ™์ด
03:05
its closest relatives are 6,000 kilometers away,
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6000km ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋™๊ตด์–ด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
cavefishes in Australia.
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03:10
Now, there's no way a three-inch-long freshwater cavefish
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๋‹ด์ˆ˜์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” 8cm์งœ๋ฆฌ ๋™๊ตด์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋„์–‘์„ ํ—ค์—„์ณ
03:14
can swim across the Indian Ocean,
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๊ฑด๋„œ์„ ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
so what we found when we compared the DNA of these species
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘˜์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ 1์–ต๋…„ ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ด์ „์—
03:19
is that they've been separated for more than 100 million years,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—
03:22
or about the time that the southern continents were last together.
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๋‘ ์ข…์ด ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
So in fact, these species didn't move at all.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
It's the continents that moved them.
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๋Œ€๋ฅ™์ด ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๋†“์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:31
And so they give us, through their DNA,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ DNA๋Š”
03:33
this precise model and measure
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๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ์ง€์งˆํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š”
03:36
of how to date and time these ancient geological events.
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์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ์ธก์ •๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
Now, this species here is so new
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์ด ์–ด์ข…์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
I'm not even allowed to tell you its name yet,
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์•„์ง ์ด๋ฆ„๋„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์š”.
03:45
but I can tell you it's a new species from Mexico,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์–ด์ข…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ, ์•„๋งˆ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฉธ์ข…๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑด
03:48
and it's probably already extinct.
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์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
It's probably extinct because the only known cave system it's from
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๋ฉธ์ข…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ธ๊ทผ์— ๋Œ์ด ๊ฑด์„ค๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
03:54
was destroyed when a dam was built nearby.
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์ด ์–ด์ข…์ด ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋™๊ตด์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
Unfortunately for cavefishes,
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๋™๊ตด์–ด์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„
03:58
their groundwater habitat
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€์ธ ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜๋Š”
04:00
is also our main source of drinking water.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์›์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
Now, we actually don't know this species' closest relative, yet.
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์ด ์–ด์ข…์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์นœ์ฒ™์€ ์•„์ง ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
It doesn't appear to be anything else in Mexico,
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๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด์ข…์€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
so maybe it's something in Cuba,
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์ฟ ๋ฐ”๋‚˜ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค, ์ธ๋„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ผ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
or Florida, or India.
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04:14
But whatever it is, it might tell us something new about the geology
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์–ด๋–ค ์–ด์ข…์ด ์นœ์ฒ™์ด๋“ ์ง€ ๊ฐ„์— ์บ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•ˆ ํ•ด์˜ ์ง€์งˆํ•™์  ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋‚˜
04:19
of the Caribbean, or the biology of how to better diagnose
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ํŠน์ • ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋งน์•ˆ์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ง„๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
04:22
certain types of blindness.
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์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
But I hope we discover this species before it goes extinct too.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ข…์ด ๋ฉธ์ข…๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
And I'm going to spend my one life
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ œ ์ผ์ƒ์„
04:30
as an ichthyologist trying to discover and save
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์ด ๋ณด์ž˜๊ฒƒ ์—†๋Š” ์žฅ๋‹˜ ๋™๊ตด์–ด๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ 
04:34
these humble little blind cavefishes
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์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
that can tell us so much about the geology of the planet
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹œ๋ ฅ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง€์งˆํ•™์  ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
04:40
and the biology of how we see.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
04:42
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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