A Darwinian theory of beauty | Denis Dutton

655,332 views ใƒป 2010-11-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
Delighted to be here
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ืชืขื ื•ื’ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ
00:18
and to talk to you about a subject dear to my heart,
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ื•ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืœื™ื‘ื™,
00:20
which is beauty.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืคื™.
00:23
I do the philosophy of art, aesthetics,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืชืคืจื ืก ืžืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”
00:26
actually, for a living.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ืืกื˜ืชื™ืงื”.
00:28
I try to figure out intellectually,
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ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช,
00:30
philosophically, psychologically,
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ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
00:32
what the experience of beauty is,
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ืžื”ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™,
00:35
what sensibly can be said about it
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ืžื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™
00:38
and how people go off the rails in trying to understand it.
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ื•ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื”.
00:41
Now this is an extremely complicated subject,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš,
00:44
in part because the things that we call beautiful
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ืคื™ื
00:47
are so different.
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ื”ื ื›ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
00:49
I mean just think of the sheer variety --
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื•ื --
00:51
a baby's face,
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ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง,
00:53
Berlioz's "Harold in Italy,"
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"ื”ืจื•ืœื“ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”" ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ื–,
00:55
movies like "The Wizard of Oz"
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ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ื”ืงื•ืกื ืžืืจืฅ ืขื•ืฅ",
00:57
or the plays of Chekhov,
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ืื• ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื›ื•ื‘,
00:59
a central California landscape,
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ื ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
01:01
a Hokusai view of Mt. Fuji,
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ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจ ืคื•ื’'ื™ ืข"ื™ ื”ื•ืงื•ืกืื™,
01:04
"Der Rosenkavalier,"
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ืจื•ื–ื ืงื•ื•ืœื™ืจ,
01:06
a stunning match-winning goal
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ื’ื•ืœ ืžื ืฆื— ืžื“ื”ื™ื
01:08
in a World Cup soccer match,
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ื‘ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ,
01:10
Van Gogh's "Starry Night,"
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"ืœื™ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš,
01:12
a Jane Austen novel,
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ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ,
01:14
Fred Astaire dancing across the screen.
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ืคืจื“ ืืกื˜ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืจื•ืงื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš.
01:17
This brief list includes human beings,
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ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
01:20
natural landforms,
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ื ื•ืคื™ ื˜ื‘ืข,
01:22
works of art and skilled human actions.
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
01:25
An account that explains the presence of beauty
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช
01:28
in everything on this list
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ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™
01:30
is not going to be easy.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:32
I can, however, give you at least a taste
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ, ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ืขื™ืžื”
01:35
of what I regard
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ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘
01:37
as the most powerful theory of beauty
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ื›ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืขืฆืžืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืคื™
01:39
we yet have.
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ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข.
01:41
And we get it not from a philosopher of art,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื™ื ื• ืœื ืžื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช,
01:43
not from a postmodern art theorist
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ืœื ืžืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืืžื ื•ืช ืคื•ืกื˜-ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™,
01:45
or a bigwig art critic.
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ืื• ืžืžื‘ืงืจ ืืžื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
01:47
No, this theory
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ืœื, ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช
01:49
comes from an expert
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืžื•ืžื—ื”
01:51
on barnacles and worms and pigeon breeding,
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ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ ื™ื, ืชื•ืœืขื™ื, ื•ื”ื›ืœืืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื.
01:57
and you know who I mean:
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื™ ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ --
02:00
Charles Darwin.
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ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
02:02
Of course, a lot of people think they already know
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
02:05
the proper answer to the question,
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ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœืฉืืœื”
02:08
"What is beauty?"
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ืžื”ื• ื™ื•ืคื™?
02:11
It's in the eye of the beholder.
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ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืคื”.
02:13
It's whatever moves you personally.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
02:15
Or, as some people,
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ืื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื --
02:17
especially academics prefer,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืงื“ืžืื™ื --
02:19
beauty is in the culturally conditioned
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ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื• ื”ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช
02:22
eye of the beholder.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืคื”.
02:24
People agree that paintings or movies or music
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืื• ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
02:27
are beautiful
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ื”ื ื™ืคื™ื
02:29
because their cultures determine a uniformity of aesthetic taste.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื˜ืขื ืืกืชื˜ื™ ืื—ื™ื“.
02:33
Taste for both natural beauty and for the arts
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ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช
02:36
travel across cultures
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช
02:38
with great ease.
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ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.
02:40
Beethoven is adored in Japan.
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ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื ืขืจืฅ ื‘ื™ืคืŸ.
02:42
Peruvians love Japanese woodblock prints.
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ื”ืคืจื•ืื ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ื“ืคืกื™ ืขืฅ ื™ืคื ื™ื™ื.
02:45
Inca sculptures are regarded as treasures
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ืคืกืœื™ ื”ืื™ื ืงื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืฆืจื•ืช
02:47
in British museums,
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ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื,
02:49
while Shakespeare is translated
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ืžืชื•ืจื’ื
02:51
into every major language of the Earth.
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ืœื›ืœ ืฉืคื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:54
Or just think about American jazz
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ืื• ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื’'ืื– ืืžืจื™ืงืื™,
02:56
or American movies --
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ืื• ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื --
02:58
they go everywhere.
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ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
03:00
There are many differences among the arts,
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ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช,
03:03
but there are also universal,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื”ื ืื•ืช
03:05
cross-cultural aesthetic pleasures
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ืืกืชื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื
03:07
and values.
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ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื™ื.
03:09
How can we explain
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ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
03:12
this universality?
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ืืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•?
03:15
The best answer lies in trying to reconstruct
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื—ื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ
03:17
a Darwinian evolutionary history
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ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืช
03:20
of our artistic and aesthetic tastes.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
03:23
We need to reverse-engineer
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื”
03:25
our present artistic tastes and preferences
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ืœื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื,
03:28
and explain how they came
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ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื•
03:30
to be engraved in our minds
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ืœื—ืจื•ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—ื ื•.
03:33
by the actions of both our prehistoric,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคืจื”-ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช,
03:36
largely pleistocene environments,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืคืœืื™ืกื˜ื•ืงื ื™ืช, ืฉืœื ื•,
03:38
where we became fully human,
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ื‘ื” ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™,
03:40
but also by the social situations
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื
03:42
in which we evolved.
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ื‘ื”ื ื ื‘ืจืจื ื•.
03:44
This reverse engineering
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ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ื”ื–ื•
03:46
can also enlist help
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ืข
03:49
from the human record
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ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
03:51
preserved in prehistory.
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ืฉื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืคืจื”-ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
03:53
I mean fossils, cave paintings and so forth.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืžืขืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
03:56
And it should take into account
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
03:58
what we know of the aesthetic interests
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ืขืžื ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™
04:00
of isolated hunter-gatherer bands
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ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืžืœืงื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
04:03
that survived into the 19th and the 20th centuries.
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ืฉื—ื™ื• ืขื“ ืœืžืื•ืช ื”-19 ื•ื”-20.
04:07
Now, I personally
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื™, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™,
04:09
have no doubt whatsoever
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื•ื
04:11
that the experience of beauty,
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ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™,
04:13
with its emotional intensity and pleasure,
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ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื”ื ืื” ืฉื‘ื”,
04:16
belongs to our evolved human psychology.
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ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื ื‘ืจืจื”.
04:20
The experience of beauty is one component
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“
04:23
in a whole series of Darwinian adaptations.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืื“ืคื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
04:27
Beauty is an adaptive effect,
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ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื ืืคืงื˜ ืื“ืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
04:29
which we extend
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ืื•ืชื• ืื ื• ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื
04:31
and intensify
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ื•ืžืขืฆื™ืžื™ื
04:33
in the creation and enjoyment
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ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ
04:35
of works of art and entertainment.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื ืื” ืžื”ื.
04:39
As many of you will know,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
04:41
evolution operates by two main primary mechanisms.
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ืข"ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื.
04:44
The first of these is natural selection --
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช --
04:47
that's random mutation and selective retention --
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ --
04:50
along with our basic anatomy and physiology --
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• --
04:53
the evolution of the pancreas or the eye or the fingernails.
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘, ืื• ื”ืขื™ืŸ, ืื• ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื.
04:56
Natural selection also explains
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื’ื
04:59
many basic revulsions,
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ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื—ื™ื™ื”,
05:01
such as the horrid smell of rotting meat,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื™ื— ื”ืžื—ืจื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื ืจืงื‘,
05:03
or fears, such as the fear of snakes
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ืื• ืคื—ื“ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžื ื—ืฉื™ื
05:06
or standing close to the edge of a cliff.
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ืื• ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ ืœืงืฆื” ืžืฆื•ืง.
05:09
Natural selection also explains pleasures --
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื’ื ื”ื ืื•ืช --
05:12
sexual pleasure,
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ื”ื ืื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช,
05:14
our liking for sweet, fat and proteins,
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ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžืชื•ืง, ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื•ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
05:17
which in turn explains a lot of popular foods,
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ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื,
05:20
from ripe fruits through chocolate malts
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ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื, ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ื™ืง ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“,
05:23
and barbecued ribs.
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ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืฆืœืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืฉ.
05:26
The other great principle of evolution
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ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
05:28
is sexual selection,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช,
05:30
and it operates very differently.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
05:32
The peacock's magnificent tail
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ื”ื–ื ื‘ ื”ืžืคื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ืก
05:35
is the most famous example of this.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืš.
05:38
It did not evolve for natural survival.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื‘ืจืจ ืœืฉื ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช.
05:41
In fact, it goes against natural survival.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช.
05:44
No, the peacock's tail
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ืœื, ื–ื ื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ืก
05:46
results from the mating choices
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ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
05:48
made by peahens.
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ืฉืขืฉื• ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ืก.
05:50
It's quite a familiar story.
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ.
05:52
It's women who actually push history forward.
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ืืœื” ื”ืžืงื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
05:56
Darwin himself, by the way,
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ืœื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื“ืจืš-ืื’ื‘,
05:58
had no doubts that the peacock's tail
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืกืคืงื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื–ื ื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ืก
06:00
was beautiful in the eyes of the peahen.
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ื™ืคื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช.
06:02
He actually used that word.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:05
Now, keeping these ideas firmly in mind,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
06:08
we can say that the experience of beauty
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™
06:11
is one of the ways that evolution has
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ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
06:14
of arousing and sustaining
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ืœืจื’ืฉ ื•ืœืฉืžืจ
06:16
interest or fascination,
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ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ืงืกื,
06:18
even obsession,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื”,
06:20
in order to encourage us
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื ื•
06:22
toward making the most adaptive decisions
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื“ืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:25
for survival and reproduction.
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ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
06:29
Beauty is nature's way
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ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
06:31
of acting at a distance,
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ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžืจื—ื•ืง,
06:34
so to speak.
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ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช.
06:36
I mean, you can't expect to eat
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืชื ืœื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ
06:38
an adaptively beneficial landscape.
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ื ื•ืฃ ื‘ืขืœ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื™.
06:40
It would hardly do to eat your baby
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง
06:42
or your lover.
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ืื• ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื›ื.
06:44
So evolution's trick
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ืื– ื”ืชื›ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
06:46
is to make them beautiful,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœื™ืคื™ื,
06:48
to have them exert a kind of magnetism
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื›ื”
06:51
to give you the pleasure of simply looking at them.
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ืฉืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœืขื•ื ื’ ืžืขืฆื ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื.
06:55
Consider briefly an important source of aesthetic pleasure,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืจื’ืข ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื” ืืกืชื˜ื™ืช,
06:58
the magnetic pull
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ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
07:00
of beautiful landscapes.
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ืฉืœ ื ื•ืคื™ื ื™ืคื™ื.
07:02
People in very different cultures
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“
07:04
all over the world
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ืžื›ืœ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืชื‘ืœ
07:06
tend to like a particular kind of landscape,
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ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฃ,
07:09
a landscape that just happens to be similar
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ื ื•ืฃ ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืงืจื”
07:12
to the pleistocene savannas where we evolved.
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ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื•ืื ื” ื”ืคืœืื™ื™ืกื˜ื•ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ื” ื ื‘ืจืจื ื•.
07:15
This landscape shows up today
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ื ื•ืฃ ื–ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ื
07:17
on calendars, on postcards,
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ื‘ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื”, ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช,
07:20
in the design of golf courses and public parks
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ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื’ื•ืœืฃ ื•ืคืืจืงื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื
07:23
and in gold-framed pictures
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ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”ื‘
07:25
that hang in living rooms
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ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื ื™ื
07:27
from New York to New Zealand.
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ืžื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ืขื“ ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“.
07:30
It's a kind of Hudson River school landscape
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืฃ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืกื›ื•ืœืช ื ื”ืจ ื”ื“ืกื•ืŸ (ืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื)
07:33
featuring open spaces
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ื”ืžืชืืจ ื ื•ืคื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื
07:35
of low grasses
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ืฉืœ ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื
07:37
interspersed with copses of trees.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ืขืฆื™ื.
07:40
The trees, by the way, are often preferred
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ื”ืขืฆื™ื, ื“ืจืš-ืื’ื‘, ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื
07:42
if they fork near the ground,
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ืื ื”ื ืžืชืคืฆืœื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืงืจืงืข,
07:44
that is to say, if they're trees you could scramble up
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืœื” ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœื™ื”ื
07:47
if you were in a tight fix.
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ืื™ืœื• ื ืงืœืขืชื ืœืฆืจื”.
07:50
The landscape shows the presence
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ื”ื ื•ืฃ ืžืจืื” ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช
07:52
of water directly in view,
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ,
07:54
or evidence of water in a bluish distance,
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ืื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืง ื›ื—ืœื—ืœ,
07:58
indications of animal or bird life
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ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
08:01
as well as diverse greenery
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ื•ื’ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื
08:03
and finally -- get this --
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ -- ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ --
08:06
a path
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ืฉื‘ื™ืœ
08:08
or a road,
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ืื• ื“ืจืš,
08:10
perhaps a riverbank or a shoreline,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื“ืช ื ื”ืจ ืื• ืงื• ื—ื•ืฃ,
08:13
that extends into the distance,
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ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืœ ื”ืื•ืคืง,
08:16
almost inviting you to follow it.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืชื›ื ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื•.
08:20
This landscape type is regarded as beautiful,
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ื ื•ืฃ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื™ืคื”,
08:23
even by people in countries
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
08:25
that don't have it.
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืงื™ื™ื.
08:27
The ideal savanna landscape
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ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืกื•ื•ืื ื” ื”ืื™ื“ืืœื™
08:29
is one of the clearest examples
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ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:31
where human beings everywhere
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ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื
08:33
find beauty
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ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื™ื•ืคื™
08:35
in similar visual experience.
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ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
08:37
But, someone might argue,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ,
08:39
that's natural beauty.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืคื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
08:41
How about artistic beauty?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืคื™ ืืžื ื•ืชื™?
08:44
Isn't that exhaustively cultural?
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ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืชืœื•ื™-ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ?
08:47
No, I don't think it is.
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ืœื, ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืš.
08:49
And once again, I'd like to look back to prehistory
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืคืจื”-ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
08:52
to say something about it.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
08:54
It is widely assumed
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ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
08:56
that the earliest human artworks
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ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:58
are the stupendously skillful cave paintings
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ื”ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื
09:01
that we all know from Lascaux
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžืœืกืงื•
09:03
and Chauvet.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื™.
09:06
Chauvet caves
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ืžืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื™
09:08
are about 32,000 years old,
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื ื•ืช 32,000 ืฉื ื”,
09:10
along with a few small, realistic sculptures
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืžื” ืคืกืœื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื
09:13
of women and animals from the same period.
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ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”.
09:20
But artistic and decorative skills
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื™ื
09:22
are actually much older than that.
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:26
Beautiful shell necklaces
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ืžื—ืจื•ื–ื•ืช ืฆื“ืคื™ื ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื•ืช
09:28
that look like something you'd see at an arts and crafts fair,
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ื”ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื” ืฉืชืžืฆืื• ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช,
09:31
as well as ochre body paint,
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ื•ื›ืŸ ืฆื‘ืข ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืื“ืžื” ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื”,
09:33
have been found
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ื ืžืฆืื•
09:35
from around 100,000 years ago.
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ืžืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 100,000 ืฉื ื”.
09:37
But the most intriguing prehistoric artifacts
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื”-ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:40
are older even than this.
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ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:42
I have in mind
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ
09:44
the so-called Acheulian hand axes.
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ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ืจื–ื ื™ ื™ื“ ืืฉืœื™ื™ื.
09:48
The oldest stone tools are choppers
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ื›ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืงื•ืฆืฆื™ื
09:51
from the Olduvai Gorge in East Africa.
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ืžืขืจื•ืฅ ืื•ืœื“ื•ื‘ื™ื™ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
09:53
They go back about two-and-a-half-million years.
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ื”ื ืžืœืคื ื™ ื›-2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
09:56
These crude tools
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ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื’ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื”
09:58
were around for thousands of centuries,
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
10:01
until around 1.4 million years ago
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ืขื“ ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืคื ื™ 1.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”,
10:04
when Homo erectus
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก
10:06
started shaping
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ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขืฆื‘
10:08
single, thin stone blades,
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
10:10
sometimes rounded ovals,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืกื’ืœื’ืœื”,
10:13
but often in what are to our eyes
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ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื ื•
10:15
an arresting, symmetrical pointed leaf
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ื›ืขืœื” ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ื•ืžื—ื•ื“ื“,
10:18
or teardrop form.
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ืื• ืฆื•ืจืช ื“ืžืขื”.
10:20
These Acheulian hand axes --
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ื’ืจื–ื ื™ ื™ื“ ืืฉืœื™ื™ื ืืœื” --
10:22
they're named after St. Acheul in France,
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ื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ืข"ืฉ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืฉืœ ืžืฆืจืคืช,
10:24
where finds were made in 19th century --
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 --
10:27
have been unearthed in their thousands,
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ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช,
10:30
scattered across Asia, Europe and Africa,
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ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืืกื™ื”, ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
10:33
almost everywhere Homo erectus
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก
10:36
and Homo ergaster roamed.
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ื•ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจื’ืืกื˜ืจ ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•.
10:39
Now, the sheer numbers of these hand axes
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจื–ื ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืœืœื•
10:42
shows that they can't have been made
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ืžืจืื” ืฉืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื•
10:44
for butchering animals.
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ืœื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘ืฉืจ.
10:46
And the plot really thickens when you realize
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ื•ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ืžืกืชื‘ื›ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
10:49
that, unlike other pleistocene tools,
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ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื”ืคืœืื™ื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ,
10:52
the hand axes often exhibit
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ื’ืจื–ื ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืืœื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื
10:54
no evidence of wear
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ืœื ืžืจืื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื‘ืœืื™
10:56
on their delicate blade edges.
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ืขืœ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ื™ื”ื ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื.
10:58
And some, in any event, are too big
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ื•ื—ืœืงื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื›ื“ื™
11:00
to use for butchery.
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ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœืงืฆื‘ื•ืช.
11:03
Their symmetry, their attractive materials
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ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื ืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
11:05
and, above all,
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ื•ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ,
11:07
their meticulous workmanship
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ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื ื ืขืฉื•,
11:09
are simply quite beautiful
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืคื™ื ืœืžื“ื™
11:12
to our eyes, even today.
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ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื•, ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
11:15
So what were these ancient --
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื --
11:19
I mean, they're ancient, they're foreign,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื, ื”ื ื–ืจื™ื,
11:21
but they're at the same time
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ืืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
11:23
somehow familiar.
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ื”ื ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื.
11:25
What were these artifacts for?
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ืœืžื” ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื•?
11:28
The best available answer
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:30
is that they were literally
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•
11:32
the earliest known works of art,
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื ื•,
11:34
practical tools transformed
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ื›ืœื™ื ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืžืจื•
11:36
into captivating aesthetic objects,
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ืœื—ืคืฆื™ื ืืกืชื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืœื‘,
11:39
contemplated both for their elegant shape
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ืฉื”ื•ืขืจื›ื• ื’ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืชื ื”ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
11:41
and their virtuoso craftsmanship.
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ืช.
11:45
Hand axes mark
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ื’ืจื–ื ื™ ื™ื“ ืžืกืžื ื™ื
11:47
an evolutionary advance in human history --
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ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช --
11:49
tools fashioned to function
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ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ืœืชืคืงื“
11:51
as what Darwinians call "fitness signals" --
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ื›ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืช --
11:54
that is to say, displays
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช
11:56
that are performances
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ื”ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช
11:58
like the peacock's tail,
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื ื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ืก,
12:00
except that, unlike hair and feathers,
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ืคืจื˜ ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ื•ื ื•ืฆื•ืช,
12:03
the hand axes are consciously
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ื’ืจื–ื ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื
12:05
cleverly crafted.
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ื‘ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื”.
12:07
Competently made hand axes
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ื’ืจื–ื ื™ ื™ื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
12:09
indicated desirable personal qualities --
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ืกื™ืžื ื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช --
12:13
intelligence, fine motor control,
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ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ืฆื™ื”, ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืขื“ื™ื ื”,
12:16
planning ability,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ,
12:18
conscientiousness
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ืžืฆืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช
12:20
and sometimes access to rare materials.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื.
12:23
Over tens of thousands of generations,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช,
12:26
such skills increased the status
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ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก
12:28
of those who displayed them
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื,
12:30
and gained a reproductive advantage
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ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื™ืชื™
12:32
over the less capable.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื.
12:34
You know, it's an old line,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื™ืฉืŸ,
12:36
but it has been shown to work --
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ --
12:38
"Why don't you come up to my cave, so I can show you my hand axes?"
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"ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ืชืขืœื™ ืืœื™ ืœืžืขืจื”, ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœืš ืืช ื’ืจื–ื ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™."
12:41
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:43
Except, of course, what's interesting about this
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ืคืจื˜ ืœื›ืš, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื•ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
12:46
is that we can't be sure how that idea was conveyed,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ,
12:49
because the Homo erectus
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ื›ื™ ืœื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก
12:51
that made these objects
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ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื”
12:54
did not have language.
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืคื”.
12:56
It's hard to grasp,
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ืงืฉื” ืœืชืคื•ืก,
12:58
but it's an incredible fact.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
13:01
This object was made
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ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ
13:03
by a hominid ancestor,
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ืข"ื™ ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื“ --
13:06
Homo erectus or Homo ergaster,
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ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก ืื• ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจื’ืกื˜ืจ --
13:10
between 50,000 and 100,000 years
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50-100 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”
13:13
before language.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืคื”.
13:16
Stretching over a million years,
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ืžืกื•ืจืช ื’ืจื–ื ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ืžืฉืชืจืขืช
13:18
the hand axe tradition
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ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื,
13:20
is the longest artistic tradition
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:23
in human and proto-human history.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืงื“ื-ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
13:26
By the end of the hand axe epic, Homo sapiens --
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ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืจื–ื ื™ ื”ื™ื“, ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ืื ืก --
13:29
as they were then called, finally --
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ื›ืš ืงืจืื• ืœื”ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” --
13:31
were doubtless finding new ways
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ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
13:33
to amuse and amaze each other
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ืœื‘ื“ืจ ื•ืœื”ื“ื”ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”
13:36
by, who knows, telling jokes,
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™, ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช,
13:38
storytelling, dancing, or hairstyling.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืื• ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืขืจ.
13:41
Yes, hairstyling -- I insist on that.
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ื›ืŸ, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืขืจ -- ืื ื™ ืžืชืขืงืฉ.
13:44
For us moderns,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•, ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื,
13:46
virtuoso technique
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ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ืช
13:48
is used to create imaginary worlds
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ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื
13:50
in fiction and in movies,
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ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื,
13:52
to express intense emotions
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขื–ื™ื
13:54
with music, painting and dance.
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ืขื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื•ืžื—ื•ืœ.
13:57
But still,
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ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
13:59
one fundamental trait
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ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช
14:01
of the ancestral personality persists
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ืžื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื ืฉืžืจืช
14:03
in our aesthetic cravings:
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•:
14:06
the beauty we find
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ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื
14:08
in skilled performances.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื™ื™ื,
14:10
From Lascaux to the Louvre
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืœืกืงื•, ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื•ื‘ืจ
14:12
to Carnegie Hall,
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ื•ื”ืงืจื ื’ื™ ื”ื•ืœ,
14:14
human beings
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ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื
14:16
have a permanent innate taste
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ืžื•ืœื“ืช
14:18
for virtuoso displays in the arts.
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ืœืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ื•ืช.
14:22
We find beauty
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ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื™ื•ืคื™
14:24
in something done well.
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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
14:28
So the next time you pass a jewelry shop window
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืจืื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ืช ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื,
14:30
displaying a beautifully cut
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ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ ืื‘ืŸ ื—ืŸ ื—ืชื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื
14:32
teardrop-shaped stone,
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื“ืžืขื”,
14:34
don't be so sure
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ืืœ ืชื”ื™ื• ื›"ื› ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื
14:36
it's just your culture telling you
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ืฉื–ืืช ืจืง ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ืœื›ื
14:38
that that sparkling jewel is beautiful.
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ืฉื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ื”ื ื•ืฆืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืคื”.
14:40
Your distant ancestors loved that shape
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ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื›ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•
14:43
and found beauty in the skill needed to make it,
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ื•ืžืฆืื• ื™ื•ืคื™ ื‘ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื›ื ืชื”,
14:46
even before
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ื–ืืช ืืฃ ืœืคื ื™
14:48
they could put their love into words.
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืื”ื‘ืชื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื.
14:50
Is beauty in the eye of the beholder?
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืคื”?
14:53
No, it's deep in our minds.
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ืœื. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื˜ื‘ืข ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืžื•ื—ื ื•.
14:56
It's a gift handed down from the intelligent skills
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ื–ื• ืžืชื ื” ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืืœื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”
14:59
and rich emotional lives
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื
15:01
of our most ancient ancestors.
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ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:04
Our powerful reaction to images,
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื,
15:06
to the expression of emotion in art,
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ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช,
15:09
to the beauty of music, to the night sky,
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ืœื™ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืœืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
15:12
will be with us and our descendants
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื™ืชื ื• ื•ืขื ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื•
15:15
for as long as the human race exists.
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืงื™ื™ื.
15:18
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
15:20
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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