What a driverless world could look like | Wanis Kabbaj

2,440,329 views ใƒป 2016-11-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Dani Segdan ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Some people are obsessed by French wines.
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจืคืชื™.
00:16
Others love playing golf
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ื’ื•ืœืฃ
00:18
or devouring literature.
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ืื• ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืกืคืจื™ื.
00:20
One of my greatest pleasures in life is, I have to admit,
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ืื—ืช ื”ื”ื ืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช,
00:24
a bit special.
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ืงืฆืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช.
00:25
I cannot tell you how much I enjoy watching cities from the sky,
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ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืืจ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื ื™ ื ื”ื ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืขืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื,
00:30
from an airplane window.
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ืžื—ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก.
00:32
Some cities are calmly industrious,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืŸ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื’ื•ืขื•ืช,
00:35
like Dusseldorf
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ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ืกืœื“ื•ืจืฃ
00:37
or Louisville.
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ืื• ืœื•ืื™ื•ื•ื™ืœ.
00:39
Others project an energy that they can hardly contain,
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ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ,
00:43
like New York
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ื›ืžื• ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
00:44
or Hong Kong.
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ืื• ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’.
00:46
And then you have Paris
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ืคืจื™ื–
00:49
or Istanbul,
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ืื• ืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ,
00:51
and their patina full of history.
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ื•ื”ืžืฉืงืข ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ืžืœื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
00:54
I see cities as living beings.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:56
And when I discover them from far above,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื’ืœื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืœืžืขืœื”,
00:59
I like to find those main streets and highways that structure their space.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
01:04
Especially at night,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
01:05
when commuters make these arteries look dramatically red and golden:
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ื›ืฉื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ืขื•ืจืงื™ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืœืœื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื ื•ื–ื”ื‘:
01:10
the city's vascular system performing its vital function
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™
01:15
right before your eyes.
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ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื.
01:17
But when I'm sitting in my car
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ืืš ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื™
01:21
after an hour and a half of commute every day,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
01:24
that reality looks very different.
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ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“.
01:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:27
Nothing --
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ื›ืœื•ื --
01:28
not public radio,
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ืœื ืจื“ื™ื• ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™,
01:30
no podcast --
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ืœื ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ --
01:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:32
Not even mindfulness meditation
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืžืœืืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
01:34
makes this time worth living.
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
01:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:38
Isn't it absurd
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“
01:39
that we created cars that can reach 130 miles per hour
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ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-210 ืงืž"ืฉ
01:43
and we now drive them at the same speed as 19th-century horse carriages?
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื›ืจืช ืกื•ืกื™ื ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-19?
01:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:50
In the US alone,
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœื‘ื“ื”,
01:52
we spent 29.6 billion hours commuting in 2014.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014 ื‘ื™ื–ื‘ื–ื ื• 29.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื—ื–ืจื”
01:58
With that amount of time,
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ืขื ื›ืžื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ื–ื•,
01:59
ancient Egyptians could have built 26 Pyramids of Giza.
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ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช 26 ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ื™ื–ื”.
02:04
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:05
We do that in one year.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช.
02:06
A monumental waste of time, energy and human potential.
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ื‘ื™ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
02:12
For decades,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื,
02:13
our remedy for congestion was simple:
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ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขื•ืžืก ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜:
02:15
build new roads or enlarge existing ones.
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
02:19
And it worked.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“.
02:20
It worked admirably for Paris,
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ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืœื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืจื™ื–,
02:22
when the city tore down hundreds of historical buildings
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ื›ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืจืกื” ืžืื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื
02:25
to create 85 miles
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ 137 ืง"ืž
02:27
of transportation-friendly boulevards.
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ืฉืœ ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”.
02:30
And it still works today in fast-growing emerging cities.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ.
02:34
But in more established urban centers,
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ืืš ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:36
significant network expansions are almost impossible:
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ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช:
02:40
habitat is just too dense,
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ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืคื•ืฃ ืžื“ื™,
02:42
real estate, too expensive
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ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื™ืงืจ ืžื“ื™
02:44
and public finances, too fragile.
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ื•ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™.
02:47
Our city's vascular system is getting clogged, it's getting sick,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื ืกืชืžืช, ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ื—ื•ืœื”,
02:51
and we should pay attention.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘.
02:53
Our current way of thinking is not working.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
02:56
For our transportation to flow,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืชื–ืจื•ื,
02:58
we need a new source of inspiration.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื—ื“ืฉ.
03:02
So after 16 years working in transportation,
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ืื– ืœืื—ืจ 16 ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”,
03:05
my "aha moment" happened when speaking with a biotech customer.
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ืจื’ืข ื”-"ืื” ืื”" ืฉืœื™ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื ืœืงื•ื— ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
03:09
She was telling me how her treatment
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ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื™ ืื™ืš ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœื”
03:11
was leveraging specific properties of our vascular system.
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ืžืžื ืคืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:15
"Wow," I thought, "Our vascular system --
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"ื•ื•ืื•", ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, "ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื ื• -
03:18
all the veins and arteries in our body
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ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื•
03:21
making miracles of logistics every day."
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื."
03:25
This is the moment I realized
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื ืชื™
03:27
that biology has been in the transportation business
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ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืขืกืงื™ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”
03:30
for billions of years.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
03:32
It has been testing countless solutions
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ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื ื” ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
03:34
to move nutrients, gases and proteins.
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ืœืฉื™ื ื•ืข ืชื–ื•ื ื”, ื’ื–ื™ื ื•ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
03:38
It really is the world's most sophisticated transportation laboratory.
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ื–ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:43
So, what if the solution to our traffic challenges was inside us?
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ืื–, ืžื” ืื ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•?
03:49
I wanted to know:
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช:
03:51
Why is it that blood flows in our veins most of our lives,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื“ื ื–ื•ืจื ื‘ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
03:55
when our big cities get clogged on a daily basis?
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืขืจื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื ืกืชืžื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื•?
03:58
And the reality is that you're looking at two very different networks.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืชื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื“.
04:04
I don't know if you realize,
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ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื,
04:06
but each of us has 60,000 miles of blood vessels in our bodies --
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ืืš ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ืฉ 90,000 ืง"ืž ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื• --
04:10
60,000 miles.
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90,000 ืง"ืž.
04:12
That's two-and-a-half times the Earth's circumference,
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ื–ื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื›ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:14
inside you.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื›ื.
04:16
What it means is that blood vessels are everywhere inside us,
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•,
04:20
not just under the surface of our skin.
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ืœื ืจืง ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ.
04:22
But if you look at our cities,
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ืืš ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืขืจื™ื ื•,
04:24
yes, we have some underground subway systems
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ืื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”
04:27
and some tunnels and bridges,
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ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ื’ืฉืจื™ื,
04:30
and also some helicopters in the sky.
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ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืจืงื™ืข.
04:32
But the vast majority of our traffic is focused on the ground,
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ืืš ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
04:36
on the surface.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
04:38
So in other words,
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ืื– ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
04:39
while our vascular system uses the three dimensions inside us,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื•,
04:44
our urban transportation is mostly two-dimensional.
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ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ื“ื•-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช.
04:47
And so what we need is to embrace that verticality.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืื ื›ื™ื•ืช.
04:51
If our surface grid is saturated,
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ืื ืจืฉืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืจื•ื•ื™ื”,
04:53
well, let's elevate our traffic.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”.
04:56
This Chinese concept of a bus that can straddle traffic jams --
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืงืงื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืคื™ืกื•ืง --
05:00
that was an eye-opener on new ways to think about space and movement
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœื“ืจื›ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืœ ื•ืชื ื•ืขื”
05:05
inside our cities.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืจื™ื ื•.
05:06
And we can go higher,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ื”,
05:08
and suspend our transportation like we did with our electrical grid.
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ื•ืœืชืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืขื ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.
05:13
Tel Aviv and Abu Dhabi are talking about testing
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ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืื‘ื•-ื“ืื‘ื™ ืฉื•ืงืœื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™
05:17
these futuristic networks of suspended magnetic pods.
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ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื.
05:21
And we can keep climbing, and fly.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืœ ืœื˜ืคืก, ื•ืœื˜ื•ืก.
05:25
The fact that a company like Airbus
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืžื• ืื™ื™ืจื‘ืืก
05:27
is now seriously working on flying urban taxis
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื›ืขืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืกื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช
05:30
is telling us something.
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ืื•ืžืจืช ืžืฉื”ื•.
05:32
Flying cars are finally moving from science-fiction dรฉjร  vu
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ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืคืคื•ืช ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื–'ื”-ื•ื• ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™
05:37
to attractive business-case territory.
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ืœืชื—ื•ื ืขืกืงื™ ืžื•ืฉืš.
05:40
And that's an exciting moment.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืจื’ืข ืžืจื’ืฉ.
05:42
So building this 3-D transportation network
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ืื– ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืจืฉืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช
05:45
is one of the ways we can mitigate and solve traffic jams.
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ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืžืชืŸ ื•ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืคืงืงื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”.
05:50
But it's not the only one.
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ืืš ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
05:52
We have to question
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง
05:53
other fundamental choices that we made, like the vehicles we use.
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ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืชืฉืชื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•.
05:58
Just imagine a very familiar scene:
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืกืฆื ื” ืžืื“ ืžื•ื›ืจืช:
06:00
You've been driving for 42 minutes.
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ืืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื 42 ื“ืงื•ืช.
06:03
The two kids behind you are getting restless.
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื›ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช,
06:06
And you're late.
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ื•ืืชื ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืจ.
06:08
Do you see that slow car in front of you?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ื›ื?
06:11
Always comes when you're late, right?
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ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืื” ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืื—ืจื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:13
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:14
That driver is looking for parking.
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ื”ื ื”ื’ ื”ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืคืฉ ื—ื ื™ื”.
06:17
There is no parking spot available in the area,
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ื—ื ื™ื” ืคื ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
06:19
but how would he know?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื“ืขืช ื–ืืช.
06:21
It is estimated that up to 30 percent of urban traffic is generated
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ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉ-30% ืžื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื ื•ืฆืจืช
06:26
by drivers looking for parking.
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ืข"ื™ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ื ื—ื ื™ื”.
06:29
Do you see the 100 cars around you?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช 100 ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื?
06:31
Eighty-five of them only have one passenger.
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ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืžื”ืŸ ื ื•ืกืข ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
06:34
Those 85 drivers could all fit in one Londonian red bus.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืœื•ื ื“ื•ื ื™ ืื“ื•ื ืื—ื“.
06:39
So the question is:
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื:
06:40
Why are we wasting so much space if it is what we need the most?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื ืื ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื—ืกืจ?
06:43
Why are we doing this to ourselves?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืœืขืฆืžื ื•?
06:45
Biology would never do this.
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ื›ืš.
06:48
Space inside our arteries is fully utilized.
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•.
06:51
At every heartbeat,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืžืช ืœื‘.
06:53
a higher blood pressure literally compacts millions of red blood cells
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ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื•ื—ืก ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืชืื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื
06:57
into massive trains of oxygen
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ืœืชื•ืš ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช
06:59
that quickly flow throughout our body.
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ืฉื–ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžื”ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื•.
07:01
And the tiny space inside our red blood cells is not wasted, either.
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ื•ืืฃ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื–.
07:06
In healthy conditions,
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
07:08
more than 95 percent of their oxygen capacity is utilized.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-95% ืžื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืžื ื•ืฆืœ.
07:12
Can you imagine if the vehicles we used in our cities
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื•
07:15
were 95 percent full,
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื™ื ื‘-95%
07:17
all the additional space you would have to walk, to bike
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื”, ืจื›ื™ื‘ื”
07:20
and to enjoy our cities?
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ื•ืœื”ื ืื” ืžืขืจื™ื ื•?
07:22
The reason blood is so incredibly efficient
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื“ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื•
07:26
is that our red blood cells are not dedicated
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ื ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื
07:29
to specific organs or tissues;
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ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ืจืงืžื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื:
07:31
otherwise, we would probably have traffic jams in our veins.
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ืื—ืจืช, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืคืงืงื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื•.
07:34
No, they're shared.
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ืœื, ื”ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื.
07:35
They're shared by all the cells of our body.
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ื”ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื•.
07:38
And because our network is so extensive,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช,
07:41
each one of our 37 trillion cells gets its own deliveries of oxygen
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืž 37 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืืกืคืงื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืœื•
07:46
precisely when it needs them.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื.
07:48
Blood is both a collective and individual form of transportation.
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ื”ื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ืข ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™ืช ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช,
07:53
But for our cities,
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ืืš ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื•,
07:55
we've been stuck.
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ืื ื• ืชืงื•ืขื™ื.
07:56
We've been stuck in an endless debate
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™
07:58
between creating a car-centric society or extensive mass-transit systems.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืกืขืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื.
08:04
I think we should transcend this.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื”.
08:05
I think we can create vehicles that combine the convenience of cars
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืืช ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
08:10
and the efficiencies of trains and buses.
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ืขื ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื.
08:13
Just imagine.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•.
08:14
You're comfortably sitting in a fast and smooth urban train,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื•ื—ืœืงื”,
08:19
along with 1,200 passengers.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขื•ื“ 1,200 ื ื•ืกืขื™ื.
08:21
The problem with urban trains
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช
08:23
is that sometimes you have to stop five, ten, fifteen times
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ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืืชื ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื—ืžืฉ, ืขืฉืจ, ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืคืขืžื™ื
08:28
before your final destination.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืคื™.
08:30
What if in this train you didn't have to stop?
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ืžื” ืื ืจื›ื‘ืช ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ?
08:33
In this train,
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ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื–ื•,
08:35
wagons can detach dynamically while you're moving
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ืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื ืชืง ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”
08:39
and become express, driverless buses
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืœืœื ื ื”ื’
08:41
that move on a secondary road network.
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ื”ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ืช.
08:44
And so without a single stop,
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ื•ื›ืš ืœืœื ืขืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืœื• ืื—ืช,
08:45
nor a lengthy transfer,
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ืื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช,
08:47
you are now sitting in a bus that is headed toward your suburb.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื”ื ืข ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืคืจื‘ืจ ืฉืœื›ื.
08:51
And when you get close,
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ื•ื›ืฉืชืชืงืจื‘ื• ืœื™ืขื“ื›ื,
08:53
the section you're sitting in detaches
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ื”ืงื˜ืข ื‘ื• ืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืชื ืชืง
08:56
and self-drives you right to your doorstep.
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ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืชื›ื ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœืกืฃ ื“ืœืชื›ื.
09:00
It is collective and individual at the same time.
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™ ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
09:03
This could be one of the shared, modular, driverless vehicles of tomorrow.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื™ื, ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืจ.
09:09
Now ...
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•...
09:11
as if walking in a city buzzing with drones,
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ืื ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืœืื” ื‘ืจื—ืคื ื™ื,
09:14
flying taxis, modular buses and suspended magnetic pods
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ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืจื™ื•ืช, ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื•ืชืื™ื ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื
09:18
was not exotic enough,
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ืื™ื ื ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง,
09:21
I think there is another force in action
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ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”
09:23
that will make urban traffic mesmerizing.
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ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืคื ื˜ืช.
09:26
If you think about it,
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš,
09:28
the current generation of driverless cars is just trying to earn its way
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ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ืกื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•
09:33
into a traffic grid made by and for humans.
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ื‘ืจืฉืช ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืข"ื™ ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื.
09:36
They're trying to learn traffic rules, which is relatively simple,
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ื”ืŸ ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืฉื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช,
09:40
and coping with human unpredictability,
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ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
09:42
which is more challenging.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืชื’ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:45
But what would happen when whole cities become driverless?
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ืืš ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืขืช ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช?
09:48
Would we need traffic lights?
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ื”ืื ื ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืจืžื–ื•ืจื™ื?
09:50
Would we need lanes?
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ื”ืื ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื?
09:52
How about speed limits?
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ืžื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช?
09:54
Red blood cells are not flowing in lanes.
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ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื.
09:57
They never stop at red lights.
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ื”ื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืจืžื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื.
09:59
In the first driverless cities,
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ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืื•ื˜ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
10:01
you would have no red lights and no lanes.
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจืžื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืœื ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื.
10:04
And when all the cars are driverless and connected,
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ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ื•ื ื•ืช,
10:07
everything is predictable and reaction time, minimum.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืฆืคื•ื™ ื•ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื–ืขืจื™ื™ื.
10:11
They can drive much faster
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:13
and can take any rational initiative that can speed them up
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืชื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชืŸ
10:16
or the cars around them.
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ืื• ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืŸ.
10:18
So instead of rigid traffic rules,
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื,
10:22
flow will be regulated
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ื”ื–ืจื™ืžืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื•ืกืชืช
10:23
by a mesh of dynamic and constantly self-improving algorithms.
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ืข"ื™ ืžืจืงื ืฉืœ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช.
10:30
The result: a strange traffic
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”: ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืžื•ื–ืจื”
10:33
that mixes the fast and smooth rigor of German autobahns
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ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืงื” ื•ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ืื ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื
10:36
and the creative vitality of the intersections of Mumbai.
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžืชื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืžื‘ืื™.
10:40
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:42
Traffic will be functionally exuberant.
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ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื ืžืจืฆืช ืชืคืขื•ืœื™ืช.
10:44
It will be liquid like our blood.
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ื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื“ื ืฉืœื ื•.
10:46
And by a strange paradox,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ ื•ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืืœื™,
10:48
the more robotized our traffic grid will be,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืจืฉืช ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:51
the more organic and alive its movement will feel.
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ื›ืŸ ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
10:55
So yes,
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ืื– ื›ืŸ,
10:56
biology has all the attributes of a transportation genius today.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ืชืขื‘ื•ืจืชื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื.
11:00
But this process has taken billions of years,
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ืืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืืจืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
11:03
and went through all sorts of iterations and mutations.
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ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
11:06
We can't wait billions of years to evolve our transportation system.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
11:10
We now have the dreams,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืขืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช,
11:12
the concepts
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ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช,
11:14
and the technology
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ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
11:16
to create 3-D transportation networks,
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ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืจืฉืช ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช,
11:19
invent new vehicles
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ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
11:21
and change the flow in our cities.
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ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื•.
11:23
Let's do it.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช.
11:24
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
11:25
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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